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Corsetti G, Pasini E, Scarabelli TM, Romano C, Singh A, Scarabelli CC, Dioguardi FS. Importance of Energy, Dietary Protein Sources, and Amino Acid Composition in the Regulation of Metabolism: An Indissoluble Dynamic Combination for Life. Nutrients 2024; 16:2417. [PMID: 39125298 PMCID: PMC11313897 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to present a unique perspective that emphasizes the intricate interplay between energy, dietary proteins, and amino acid composition, underscoring their mutual dependence for health-related considerations. Energy and protein synthesis are fundamental to biological processes, crucial for the sustenance of life and the growth of organisms. METHODS AND RESULTS We explore the intricate relationship between energy metabolism, protein synthesis, regulatory mechanisms, protein sources, amino acid availability, and autophagy in order to elucidate how these elements collectively maintain cellular homeostasis. We underscore the vital role this dynamic interplay has in preserving cell life. CONCLUSIONS A deeper understanding of the link between energy and protein synthesis is essential to comprehend fundamental cellular processes. This insight could have a wide-ranging impact in several medical fields, such as nutrition, metabolism, and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25023 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Italian Association of Functional Medicine, 20855 Lesmo, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25023 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Romano
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25023 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Arashpreet Singh
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Lillington, NC 27546, USA;
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Giacosa A, Barrile GC, Mansueto F, Rondanelli M. The nutritional support to prevent sarcopenia in the elderly. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1379814. [PMID: 38798767 PMCID: PMC11119320 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has been described as a muscle disease, with multiple adverse consequences on human health. Recommendations aimed at supporting awareness, prevention, early detection and treatment of this disease are needed. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and early detection of elderly sarcopenia. As far as treatment is concerned, physical activity and nutritional support are specifically evaluated. An individually tailored resistance exercise training program appears to be crucial for a positive outcome of the sarcopenia prevention and treatment. The nutritional intervention is mostly based on the supplementation with high-quality proteins (i.e., whey protein) in order to increase the intake of essential amino acids and in particular of leucine. In addition, of relevant importance appears to be the supplementation with vitamin D, with omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics. This review evaluates the results of the most qualified studies on the nutritional supplementation of sarcopenic elderly subjects and shows that promising results have been achieved in community elderly subjects, or subjects followed in rehabilitation centers and in nursing homes, with additional resistance exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetan Claude Barrile
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Mansueto
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Pasini E, Corsetti G, Romano C, Aquilani R, Scarabelli T, Chen-Scarabelli C, Dioguardi FS. Management of Anaemia of Chronic Disease: Beyond Iron-Only Supplementation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010237. [PMID: 33467658 PMCID: PMC7830481 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases are characterised by altered autophagy and protein metabolism disarrangement, resulting in sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hypo-haemoglobinaemia. Hypo-haemoglobinaemia is linked to a worse prognosis independent of the target organ affected by the disease. Currently, the cornerstone of the therapy of anaemia is iron supplementation, with or without erythropoietin for the stimulation of haematopoiesis. However, treatment strategies should incorporate the promotion of the synthesis of heme, the principal constituent of haemoglobin (Hb) and of many other fundamental enzymes for human metabolism. Heme synthesis is controlled by a complex biochemical pathway. The limiting step of heme synthesis is D-amino-levulinic acid (D-ALA), whose availability and synthesis require glycine and succinil-coenzyme A (CoA) as precursor substrates. Consequently, the treatment of anaemia should not be based only on the sufficiency of iron but, also, on the availability of all precursor molecules fundamental for heme synthesis. Therefore, an adequate clinical therapeutic strategy should integrate a standard iron infusion and a supply of essential amino acids and vitamins involved in heme synthesis. We reported preliminary data in a select population of aged anaemic patients affected by congestive heart failure (CHF) and catabolic disarrangement, who, in addition to the standard iron therapy, were treated by reinforced therapeutic schedules also providing essential animo acids (AAs) and vitamins involved in the maintenance of heme. Notably, such individualised therapy resulted in a significantly faster increase in the blood concentration of haemoglobin after 30 days of treatment when compared to the nonsupplemented standard iron therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evasio Pasini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Lumezzane, 25065 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25065 Brescia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +39-030-3717486
| | - Claudia Romano
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25065 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Aquilani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Tiziano Scarabelli
- Center for Heart and Vessel Preclinical Studies, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Carol Chen-Scarabelli
- Division of Cardiology, Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Richmond, VA 23249, USA;
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Kurien A, Sharma N, Marathe M, Joshi N, Selvam S, Devi S, Sambashivaiah S. Acute Effect of a Protein Supplement on Targeted Plasma Amino Acid Profile among Healthy Asian Indians: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:8946820. [PMID: 32566281 PMCID: PMC7285395 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8946820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indians have a poor protein intake in terms of quantity as well as quality because of their predominantly cereal-based diet. However, there is limited information on circulatory amino acid levels in healthy Indians. Herein, we evaluated the acute effect of a protein supplement on the plasma levels of essential amino acids (EAAs) in healthy Indian adults, using targeted EAA analysis. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 20 healthy Indian adults were randomized to receive the test protein supplement (treatment arm, n = 10) or placebo (control arm, n = 10) with milk, after overnight fasting. After 7 days, the participants returned for the crossover treatment. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 60 and 120 min after protein/placebo consumption. Plasma EAA levels were estimated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to assess the effect of treatment on EAA levels. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS At baseline, mean plasma levels did not differ significantly between the two arms for any of the EAAs. In the treatment arm, the mean levels of all EAAs increased significantly from baseline to 60 min (P < 0.01), with no significant change from 60 to 120 min. There was no significant change in amino acid levels in the control arm. The magnitude as well as percentage of increase from baseline to 60 min was significantly greater in the treatment arm than in the control arm for all EAAs. CONCLUSION Compared to placebo, protein supplement increased circulatory amino acid levels in healthy Indians. The observed increase in EAA levels and its role in conjunction with exercise in both healthy and diseased states need to be further evaluated. This is the first dataset exploring targeted EAA profiles and the effect of a protein supplement among healthy Indians. The clinical trial is registered with CTRI/2018/12/016777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammu Kurien
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madhavi Marathe
- Health Care Nutrition Science & Medical Affairs, Nutricia International Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Nandan Joshi
- Health Care Nutrition Science & Medical Affairs, Nutricia International Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Sumithra Selvam
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Population Health, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sarita Devi
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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Romano C, Corsetti G, Flati V, Pasini E, Picca A, Calvani R, Marzetti E, Dioguardi FS. Influence of Diets with Varying Essential/Nonessential Amino Acid Ratios on Mouse Lifespan. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061367. [PMID: 31216646 PMCID: PMC6628056 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate intake of essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) is crucial to preserve cell integrity and whole-body metabolism. EAA introduced with diet may be insufficient to meet the organismal needs, especially under increased physiological requirements or in pathological conditions, and may condition lifespan. We therefore examined the effects of iso-caloric and providing the same nitrogenous content diets, any diet containing different stoichiometric blends of EAA/NEAA, on mouse lifespan. Three groups of just-weaned male Balb/C mice were fed exclusively with special diets with varying EAA/NEAA ratios, ranging from 100%/0% to 0%/100%. Three additional groups of mice were fed with different diets, two based on casein as alimentary proteins, one providing the said protein, one reproducing the amino acidic composition of casein, and the third one, the control group, was fed by a standard laboratory diet. Mouse lifespan was inversely correlated with the percentage of NEAA introduced with each diet. Either limiting EAA, or exceeding NEAA, induced rapid and permanent structural modifications on muscle and adipose tissue, independently of caloric intake. These changes significantly affected food and water intake, body weight, and lifespan. Dietary intake of varying EAA/NEAA ratios induced changes in several organs and profoundly influenced murine lifespan. The balanced content of EAA provided by dietary proteins should be considered as the preferable means for “optimal” nutrition and the elevated or unbalanced intake of NEAA provided by food proteins may negatively affect the health and lifespan of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romano
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri - IRCCS Lumezzane - Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy.
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Protein-Amino Acid Metabolism Disarrangements: The Hidden Enemy of Chronic Age-Related Conditions. Nutrients 2018. [PMID: 29565819 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040391.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consumed for metabolic proposes. Indeed, AAs are biochemical totipotent molecules which, when deaminated, can be transformed into energy, lipids, carbohydrates, and/or biochemical intermediates of fundamental cycles, such as the Krebs' cycle. The biochemical consequence of hyper-catabolism is protein disarrangement, clinically evident with signs such as sarcopenia, hypalbuminemia, anaemia, infection, and altered fluid compartmentation, etc. Hypercatabolic protein disarrangement (HPD) is often underestimated by clinicians, despite correlating with increased mortality, hospitalization, and morbidity quite independent of the primary disease. Simple, cheap, repeatable measurements can be used to identify HPD. Therefore, identification and treatment of proteins' metabolic impairment with appropriate measurements and therapy is a clinical strategy that could improve the prognosis of patients with acute/chronic hypercatabolic inflammatory disease. Here, we describe the metabolism of protein and AAs in hypercatabolic syndrome, illustrating the clinical impact of protein disarrangement. We also illustrate simple, cheap, repeatable, and worldwide available measurements to identify these conditions. Finally, we provide scientific evidence for HPD nutritional treatment.
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Pasini E, Corsetti G, Aquilani R, Romano C, Picca A, Calvani R, Dioguardi FS. Protein-Amino Acid Metabolism Disarrangements: The Hidden Enemy of Chronic Age-Related Conditions. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040391. [PMID: 29565819 PMCID: PMC5946176 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consumed for metabolic proposes. Indeed, AAs are biochemical totipotent molecules which, when deaminated, can be transformed into energy, lipids, carbohydrates, and/or biochemical intermediates of fundamental cycles, such as the Krebs’ cycle. The biochemical consequence of hyper-catabolism is protein disarrangement, clinically evident with signs such as sarcopenia, hypalbuminemia, anaemia, infection, and altered fluid compartmentation, etc. Hypercatabolic protein disarrangement (HPD) is often underestimated by clinicians, despite correlating with increased mortality, hospitalization, and morbidity quite independent of the primary disease. Simple, cheap, repeatable measurements can be used to identify HPD. Therefore, identification and treatment of proteins’ metabolic impairment with appropriate measurements and therapy is a clinical strategy that could improve the prognosis of patients with acute/chronic hypercatabolic inflammatory disease. Here, we describe the metabolism of protein and AAs in hypercatabolic syndrome, illustrating the clinical impact of protein disarrangement. We also illustrate simple, cheap, repeatable, and worldwide available measurements to identify these conditions. Finally, we provide scientific evidence for HPD nutritional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evasio Pasini
- Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Aquilani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Romano
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy.
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