1
|
Oliveira EF, Forbes SC, Borges EQ, Machado LF, Candow DG, Machado M. Association between dietary creatine and visuospatial short-term memory in older adults. Nutr Health 2023; 29:731-736. [PMID: 35603861 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The purpose was to examine the relationship between habitual dietary creatine intake obtained in food and visuospatial short-term memory (VSSM). Methods: Forty-two participants (32 females, 10 males; > 60 yrs of age) completed a 5-day dietary recall to estimate creatine intake and performed a cognitive assessment which included a visuospatial short-term memory test (forward and reverse corsi block test) and a mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Pearson correlation coefficients were determined. Further, cohorts were derived based on the median creatine intake. Results: There was a significant correlation between the forward Corsi (r = 0.703, P < 0.001), reverse Corsi (r = 0.715, P < 0.001), and the memory sub-component of the MMSE (r = 0.406, P = 0.004). A median creatine intake of 0.382 g/day was found. Participants consuming greater than the median had a significantly higher Corsi (P = 0.005) and reverse Corsi (P < 0.001) scores compared to participants ingesting less than the median. Conclusions: Dietary creatine intake is positively associated with measures of memory in older adults. Clinical Implications: Older adults should consider food sources containing creatine (i.e. red meat, seafood) due to the positive association with visuospatial short-term memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Marco Machado
- Universidade Iguaçu Campus V, Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
- Itaperuna Universitary Foundation (FUNITA), Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sandkühler JF, Kersting X, Faust A, Königs EK, Altman G, Ettinger U, Lux S, Philipsen A, Müller H, Brauner J. The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance-a randomised controlled study. BMC Med 2023; 21:440. [PMID: 37968687 PMCID: PMC10647179 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine is an organic compound that facilitates the recycling of energy-providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscle and brain tissue. It is a safe, well-studied supplement for strength training. Previous studies have shown that supplementation increases brain creatine levels, which might increase cognitive performance. The results of studies that have tested cognitive performance differ greatly, possibly due to different populations, supplementation regimens, and cognitive tasks. This is the largest study on the effect of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance to date. METHODS Our trial was preregistered, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomised, with daily supplementation of 5 g for 6 weeks each. We tested participants on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) and on the Backward Digit Span (BDS). In addition, we included eight exploratory cognitive tests. About half of our 123 participants were vegetarians and half were omnivores. RESULTS Bayesian evidence supported a small beneficial effect of creatine. The creatine effect bordered significance for BDS (p = 0.064, η2P = 0.029) but not RAPM (p = 0.327, η2P = 0.008). There was no indication that creatine improved the performance of our exploratory cognitive tasks. Side effects were reported significantly more often for creatine than for placebo supplementation (p = 0.002, RR = 4.25). Vegetarians did not benefit more from creatine than omnivores. CONCLUSIONS Our study, in combination with the literature, implies that creatine might have a small beneficial effect. Larger studies are needed to confirm or rule out this effect. Given the safety and broad availability of creatine, this is well worth investigating; a small effect could have large benefits when scaled over time and over many people. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was prospectively registered (drks.de identifier: DRKS00017250, https://osf.io/xpwkc/ ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fabienne Sandkühler
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Xenia Kersting
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika Faust
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Kathrin Königs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - George Altman
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silke Lux
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helge Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Jan Brauner
- Department of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Selective Attention and Inhibitory Processing in Older Adults: The Impact of Dietary Creatine. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-023-09524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
4
|
Machado M, Masterson TD, Oliveira EF. Could dietary creatine intake modulate overweight elderly's selective attention and inhibitory function? Nutr Health 2022:2601060221127497. [PMID: 36164669 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221127497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: There is evidence that both aging and increased adiposity may impact creatine levels in the brain, and brain creatine levels are important for cognition. The aim of this study was to assess correlation between dietary creatine intake and cognition in in elderly women with overweight. Methods: Twenty seven overweight women over 60 years of age who were part of a larger study participated in an Eriksen Flanker Task (EFT) to asssess cognitive performance. Additionally, diet was assessed over 5 days via daily diary nutritional recalls and the estimate of the daily amount of creatine was calculated. Results: In the EFT when incongruente stimulus were presented there was a significant diferences between those with low and high intake of creatine (-35.3 ± 5.84; p < 0.001). Similarly, reaction time to answer incongruent stimulus (r = -0.383; p = 0.004) and the percent of correct answers (r = 0.743; p < 0.001) showed weak to strong correlations with self-reported daily creatine intake. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results suggest that in elderly women with overweight that dietary intake of creatine may influence cognitive ability. Clinical Implications: Our findings support the idea that intake of dietary creatine may be an important factor for cognition in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Machado
- 155093Universidade Iguaçu Campus V, Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
- Itaperuna Universitary Foundation (FUNITA), Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
| | - Travis D Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 52469The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang A, Zhao M, Luo J, Zhang T, Zhang D. Association of Dietary Vitamin K Intake With Cognition in the Elderly. Front Nutr 2022; 9:900887. [PMID: 35811956 PMCID: PMC9260313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.900887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies discussed the association between vitamin K (VK) status and cognition. But the association between dietary VK consumption and cognitive performance in the elderly was not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between dietary VK intake and the cognition of the elderly. Our research used the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014. The dietary intake of VK was assessed by two 24-h dietary recalls. The cognitive function was measured in the survey of NHANES, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD W-L), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to assess the relationship between dietary VK intake and cognition. Compared with the lowest dietary VK intake group, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (95% CI)] of low CERAD W-L score for the highest intake group was 0.39 (0.26–0.60), the multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) of low AFT score was 0.59 (0.38–0.92), and the multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) of low DSST score was 0.44 (0.29–0.65), respectively. There was an L-shaped dose–response relationship between dietary VK intake and low CERAD W-L score. There was a linear dose–response relationship between dietary VK intake and low AFT score, and there was also a linear dose–response relationship for the low DSST score. In addition, we also found a negative association between VK from vegetables and the risk of low CERAD W-L scores. Dietary VK intake and VK intake from vegetables were inversely related to the risk of low cognitive performance of the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Dongfeng Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun W, Li S, Chen C, Lu Z, Zhang D. Dietary fiber intake is positively related with cognitive function in US older adults. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
7
|
Ostojic SM, Forbes SC. Perspective: Creatine, a Conditionally Essential Nutrient: Building the Case. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:34-37. [PMID: 34662902 PMCID: PMC8803499 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a major component of energy metabolism that is abundant in human skeletal muscle, brain, and heart. Either synthesized internally or provided via an omnivorous diet, creatine is required for normal growth, development, and health. Recent advances in creatine nutrition and physiology suggest that the quantity of creatine the body naturally synthesizes is not sufficient to meet human needs. As a result, humans have to obtain enough creatine from the diet, which nominates creatine as an essential nutrient in certain circumstances. In this article, we summarize arguments that creatine should be considered a conditionally essential nutrient for humans and propose several questions that should be addressed in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lewgood J, Oliveira B, Korzepa M, Forbes SC, Little JP, Breen L, Bailie R, Candow DG. Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:2378. [PMID: 34371888 PMCID: PMC8308746 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing, which creates a large economic burden. Diet is a critical factor in the treatment and management of T2D; however, there are a large number of dietary approaches and a general lack of consensus regarding the efficacy of each. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is twofold: (1) to critically evaluate the effects of various dietary strategies on diabetes management and treatment, such as Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, low-calorie and very low-calorie diets, intermittent fasting, low-carbohydrate and very low-carbohydrate diets, and low glycemic diets and (2) to examine several purported supplements, such as protein, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, and vitamin D to improve glucose control and body composition. This review can serve as a resource for those wanting to evaluate the evidence supporting the various dietary strategies and supplements that may help manage T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lewgood
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Barbara Oliveira
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Robert Bailie
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Forbes SC, Candow DG, Ostojic SM, Roberts MD, Chilibeck PD. Meta-Analysis Examining the Importance of Creatine Ingestion Strategies on Lean Tissue Mass and Strength in Older Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061912. [PMID: 34199420 PMCID: PMC8229907 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training (RT) augments gains in lean tissue mass and strength in aging adults; however, there is a large amount of heterogeneity between individual studies that may be related to creatine ingestion strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to (1) perform updated meta-analyses comparing creatine vs. placebo (independent of dosage and frequency of ingestion) during a resistance training program on measures of lean tissue mass and strength, (2) perform meta-analyses examining the effects of different creatine dosing strategies (lower: ≤5 g/day and higher: >5 g/day), with and without a creatine-loading phase (≥20 g/day for 5-7 days), and (3) perform meta-analyses determining whether creatine supplementation only on resistance training days influences measures of lean tissue mass and strength. Overall, creatine (independent of dosing strategy) augments lean tissue mass and strength increase from RT vs. placebo. Subanalyses showed that creatine-loading followed by lower-dose creatine (≤5 g/day) increased chest press strength vs. placebo. Higher-dose creatine (>5 g/day), with and without a creatine-loading phase, produced significant gains in leg press strength vs. placebo. However, when studies involving a creatine-loading phase were excluded from the analyses, creatine had no greater effect on chest press or leg press strength vs. placebo. Finally, creatine supplementation only on resistance training days significantly increased measures of lean tissue mass and strength vs. placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-727-9637
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4SOA2, Canada;
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovcenska 16, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | | | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|