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Moreira MBP, Pereira HP, Torres IN, Marina S, Ricou M. The stigma towards mental illness: Portuguese validation of the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Healthcare Providers (OMS-HC). Front Psychol 2024; 15:1359483. [PMID: 38515965 PMCID: PMC10955081 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1359483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stigma toward mental illness significantly contributes to a lower quality of healthcare that can be provided. There are few studies on this topic in Portugal, so validating a scale that can evaluate and study the stigma is paramount. The aim of this study was to validate the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Portuguese healthcare professionals. Methods A total of 503 participants were included in this study, and the majority was female (81.1%). The sample consisted mainly of psychologists (39.4%) and physicians (30.8%). Reliability and validity analyses were conducted and included exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results Our results suggest that a 12-item model was the most appropriate (RMSEA = 0.026, SRMR = 0.057, CFI = 0.979, TLI = 0.973, GFI = 0.955) compared to our 15-item model and the original model. Items 8, 9 and 10 were removed. The 12-item scale's internal consistency was adequate (α = 0.71; ω = 0.72). Conclusion The 12-item model of the scale showed good reliability and validity and is appropriate for use with Portuguese healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena P. Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês N. Torres
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Marina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ricou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Shi XL, Li LY, Fan ZG. Psychiatrists’ occupational stigma conceptualization, measurement, and intervention: A literature review. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:298-318. [PMID: 37383285 PMCID: PMC10294130 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i6.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatrists require frequent contact with and treatment of patients with mental illnesses. Due to the influence of associative stigma, psychiatrists may also be targets of stigma. Occupational stigma warrants special consideration because it significantly affects psychiatrists' career advancement, well-being, and their patients’ health. Given that there is no complete summary of this issue, this study reviewed the existing literature on psychiatrists' occupational stigma to clearly synthesize its concepts, measurement tools, and intervention strategies. Herein, we emphasize that psychiatrists’ occupational stigma is a multifaceted concept that simultaneously encompasses physically, socially, and morally tainted aspects. Currently, standardized methods to specifically measure psychiatrists’ occupational stigma are lacking. Interventions for psychiatrists’ occupational stigma may consider the use of protest, contact, education, comprehensive and systematic methods, as well as the use of psychotherapeutic approaches. This review provides a theoretical basis for the development of relevant measurement tools and intervention practices. Overall, this review seeks to raise public awareness of psychiatrists' occupational stigma, thereby promoting psychiatric professionalism and reducing its stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Shi
- School of Education, Jilin International Studies University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lu-Yao Li
- School of Education, Jilin International Studies University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Fan
- School of Education, Jilin International Studies University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
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Gaiha SM, Salisbury TT, Usmani S, Koschorke M, Raman U, Petticrew M. Effectiveness of arts interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma among youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:364. [PMID: 34294067 PMCID: PMC8296649 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Educational interventions engage youth using visual, literary and performing arts to combat stigma associated with mental health problems. However, it remains unknown whether arts interventions are effective in reducing mental-health-related stigma among youth and if so, then which specific art forms, duration and stigma-related components in content are successful. METHODS We searched 13 databases, including PubMed, Medline, Global Health, EMBASE, ADOLEC, Social Policy and Practice, Database of Promoting Health Effectiveness Reviews (DoPHER), Trials Register of Promoting Health Interventions (TRoPHI), EPPI-Centre database of health promotion research (Bibliomap), Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Scopus for studies involving arts interventions aimed at reducing any or all components of mental-health-related stigma among youth (10-24-year-olds). Risk of bias was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Data were extracted into tables and analysed using RevMan 5.3.5. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies met our inclusion criteria (n = 41,621). Interventions using multiple art forms are effective in improving behaviour towards people with mental health problems to a small effect (effect size = 0.28, 95%CI 0.08-0.48; p = 0.007) No studies reported negative outcomes or unintended harms. Among studies using specific art forms, we observed high heterogeneity among intervention studies using theatre, multiple art forms, film and role play. Data in this review are inconclusive about the use of single versus multiple sessions and whether including all stigma components of knowledge, attitude and behaviour as intervention content are more effective relative to studies focused on these stigma components, individually. Common challenges faced by school-based arts interventions included lack of buy-in from school administrators and low engagement. No studies were reported from low- and middle-income countries. CONCLUSION Arts interventions are effective in reducing mental-health-related stigma to a small effect. Interventions that employ multiple art forms together compared to studies employing film, theatre or role play are likely more effective in reducing mental-health-related stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Mathur Gaiha
- Indian Institute of Public Health- Hyderabad, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, India. .,Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA.
| | - Tatiana Taylor Salisbury
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Shamaila Usmani
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XCentre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mirja Koschorke
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Usha Raman
- grid.18048.350000 0000 9951 5557Department of Communication, Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mark Petticrew
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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4
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Sinclair S, Kondejewski J, Jaggi P, Dennett L, Roze des Ordons AL, Hack TF. What Is the State of Compassion Education? A Systematic Review of Compassion Training in Health Care. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:1057-1070. [PMID: 33830949 PMCID: PMC8231671 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the current state and quality of compassion education interventions offered to health care providers during training or practice, determine how the components of each education intervention map onto the domains of an empirically based clinical model of compassion, and identify the most common approaches to compassion education. METHOD The MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science, ERIC, and Education Research Complete databases were searched from inception to March 2020 in this systematic review. Studies that evaluated a compassion education intervention for health care providers or those in training to enhance compassion toward patients and/or families were included. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was performed. The components of each intervention were mapped onto the domains of compassion described in the Patient Compassion Model. RESULTS One hundred eight peer-reviewed publications describing 103 interventions were included. Modalities ranged from establishing curricula and interventions in clinical settings to programs that used humanities-based reflective practices, clinical simulation, role modeling, and contemplative practices, with many education interventions adopting a multimodal approach. Most interventions mapped to the virtuous response domain of the Patient Compassion Model; very few mapped to the other domains of this model. CONCLUSIONS Most interventions were limited as they focused on a single domain of compassion; did not adequately define compassion; were assessed exclusively by self-report; were devoid of a comparator/control group; and did not evaluate retention, sustainability, and translation to clinical practice over time. The authors suggest that compassion education interventions be grounded in an empirically based definition of compassion; use a competency-based approach; employ multimodal teaching methods that address the requisite attitudes, skills, behaviors, and knowledge within the multiple domains of compassion; evaluate learning over time; and incorporate patient, preceptor, and peer evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sinclair
- S. Sinclair is associate professor and director, Compassion Research Lab, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Kondejewski
- J. Kondejewski is research assistant, Compassion Research Lab, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Priya Jaggi
- P. Jaggi is research coordinator, Compassion Research Lab, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liz Dennett
- L. Dennett is librarian, Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda L. Roze des Ordons
- A.L. Roze des Ordons is clinical associate professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas F. Hack
- T.F. Hack is professor, College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, and director, Psychosocial Oncology & Cancer Nursing Research, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Goodwin J, Saab MM, Dillon CB, Kilty C, McCarthy A, O'Brien M, Philpott LF. The use of film-based interventions in adolescent mental health education: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:158-172. [PMID: 33677219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Film-based interventions have been embraced by adolescents as educational tools, but their efficacy in mental health education remains under-explored. In this review, we systematically examined the use of film-based interventions in adolescent mental health education. A systematic review of the empirical literature was conducted using the following databases: Academic Search Complete, Education Full Text [H.W. Wilson], CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Humanities Full Text [H.W. Wilson], MEDLINE, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Social Sciences Full Text [H.W. Wilson], Soc Index, ERIC. Risk of Bias were assessed using Version 2 of the Cochrane RoB tool for randomised trials (RoB2) or the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Ten peer-reviewed studies were included in this review. Film emerged as a promising education method for enhancing metal health literacy and reducing stigma. Mixed reports were found for improving attitudes towards help-seeking, with narrative-based films having a weaker effect on attitudes towards help-seeking when compared with more instructive approaches. No study focussed on resilience. This review highlights the utility and potential for film-based interventions in adolescent mental health education. Further research is warranted around how best to implement such interventions to engage adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Goodwin
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; ENGAGE (Interdisciplinary Clinical Mental Health Research Network), Ireland.
| | - Mohamad M Saab
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christina B Dillon
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caroline Kilty
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoibhie McCarthy
- Cork International Film Festival, Castle Chambers, 6 Castle Street, Cork, Ireland; Sample Studios, Exchange Business Park, Churchfield, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maidy O'Brien
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lloyd F Philpott
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Roe D. Film as an educational tool to train psychotherapists. J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:1492-1503. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Roe
- Department of Community Mental, HealthUniversity of Haifa Haifa Israel
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7
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Fog-Petersen C, Borgnakke K, Hemmingsen R, Gefke M, Arnfred S. Clerkship students' use of a video library for training the mental status examination. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:332-339. [PMID: 31906771 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1709892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Fewer patient encounters and diminished bedside teaching pose a challenge to medical students' opportunity to learn during clinical clerkships in psychiatry. Videos can be used for close examination of signs and symptoms and to increase engagement and recall. A video library holding recordings of psychiatric patients with mental status examinations were prepared. We explored the students' use of this library during their clerkships.Methods and materials: The video library was introduced to three rotations of medical students and made accessible on hospital computers. Four students volunteered as key informants and were followed daily throughout the clerkship by the first author, using the ethnographic method of participant observation. At the end of the clerkship, group interviews were conducted with each rotation of students, including the key informants. Twelve students participated in the study. Field notes taken during participant observation and the transcribed interviews were merged in a thematic analysis.Results: The analysis reveals the students' autonomous and arbitrary use of the video library. Creatively extending the use of the videos, they scheduled their video sessions according to their individual needs. The students furthermore blended experiences gained from the library and in the ward, thus coping in various ways with the shortcomings of the video library.Conclusions: The medical students felt they benefited from the simplified learning situation offered by the video library. Their frequent shortcuts through the videos during sessions highlighted weaknesses in the feedback and reflection processes occasioned by the library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Fog-Petersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Psychiatry est, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Karen Borgnakke
- Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ralf Hemmingsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Gefke
- Psychiatric Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sidse Arnfred
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Psychiatry est, Slagelse, Denmark
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8
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Yager Z, Prichard I, Hart LM. #Ihaveembraced: a pilot cross-sectional naturalistic evaluation of the documentary film Embrace and its potential associations with body image in adult women. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:18. [PMID: 32013953 PMCID: PMC6998832 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this project was to examine the qualitative responses of adult women who had seen the feature-length documentary film ‘Embrace’. In addition, to establish the potential for the documentary to be used as an intervention to improve adult body image, a naturalistic study was conducted to examine whether any differences on measures of body image were apparent among women who had, versus those who had not, seen the film. Method Participants were 1429 women aged 18–77 who were members of the Facebook group ‘Body Image Movement’ facilitated by Taryn Brumfitt, who also directed the documentary Embrace. Participants completed a cross-sectional online questionnaire regarding whether they had seen the film, their perceptions of the impact of the film on their lives and body image, and a range of standardized scales measuring psychological wellbeing. Results Overall, the majority of participants had seen the film (n = 1053, 73.7%). Qualitative analysis of open-ended data asking about the changes participants made after viewing the film revealed that a large proportion (44.1%) felt they had higher levels of body appreciation and body confidence, many reported engaging less in dieting (19.6%), and some reported lowered disordered eating (2.8%), since seeing Embrace. Women who had seen the film also reported significantly higher levels of body appreciation (Body Appreciation Scale; medium effect size), and significantly lower levels of internalization of body ideals, self-objectification, body shame, and dietary restraint, than women who had not seen the film. Conclusions Adult women reported numerous positive responses to their viewing of the film. Future experimental research should explore the efficacy of Embrace as a brief and engaging intervention for improving body image in adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zali Yager
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Laura M Hart
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Pingani L, Coriani S, Galeazzi GM, Nasi AM, Franceschini C. Can stigmatizing attitudes be prevented in psychology students? J Ment Health 2020; 30:488-493. [PMID: 31975618 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1714004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigmatizing attitudes have been found among psychology students in many studies, and they are becoming more common with time. AIMS This study examines whether participation in clinical psychology lessons reduces levels of stigmatization in a population of psychology students and whether it leads to any change in stigmatization. METHODS The study is a pre/post evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical psychology lessons (63 hours of lectures) as a tool to fight stigma. The presence of stigmatizing attitudes was detected using the Italian version of the Attribution Questionnaire-27 (AQ-27-I). Stigmatization was described before and after the lessons with structured equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS Of a total of 387 students contacted, 302 (78.04%) agreed to be involved in the study, but only 266 (68.73%) completed the questionnaires at both t0 and t1. A statistically significant reduction was seen in all six scales and the total score on the AQ-27-I. The models defined by the SEM (pre- and post-intervention) showed excellent model fit indices and described different dynamics of the phenomenon of stigma. CONCLUSIONS A cycle of clinical psychology lessons can be a useful tool for reducing stigmatizing attitudes in a population of students seeking a psychology degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pingani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sandra Coriani
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Nasi
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Al Saif F, Al Shakhoori H, Nooh S, Jahrami H. Association between attitudes of stigma toward mental illness and attitudes toward adoption of evidence-based practice within health care providers in Bahrain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225738. [PMID: 31790468 PMCID: PMC6886841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The health care system is one of the key areas where people with mental illnesses could experience stigma. Clinicians can hold stigma attitudes during their interactions with patients with mental illness. To improve the quality of mental health services and primary care, evidence-based practices should be disseminated and implemented. In this study, we evaluated the attitudes of health care providers in Bahrain toward people with mental illness and adoption of evidence-based practice using the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Healthcare Providers (OMS-HC) and Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS). We conducted a cross-sectional study across 12 primary health care centers and a psychiatric hospital (the country's main mental health care facility). A self-report questionnaire was distributed among all health care providers. A total of 547 health care providers participated, with 274 from mental health services and 273 from primary care services. Results of the OMS-HC indicated differences between both main groups and subgroups. Regression model analysis reported significant outcomes. There was no statistical difference found between both groups in EBPAS scores. A weak but statistically significant negative association was reported between both scales. Participants showed varying stigma attitudes across different working environments, with less stigma shown in mental health services than in primary care services. Providers who were more open to adopting evidence-based practices showed less stigma toward people with mental illness. Comparing our findings with previous research showed that health care providers in Bahrain hold more stigma attitudes than other groups studied. We hope that this study serves as an initial step toward future campaigns against the stigma of mental illness in Bahrain and across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Al Saif
- Psychiatric Hospital, Ministry of Health, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | | - Suad Nooh
- Psychiatric Hospital, Ministry of Health, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Psychiatric Hospital, Ministry of Health, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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