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Malkin A, Jacobs EA, Kretschmer A. Behavior Analysts' Relationship to Relating Relations: A Survey on Perceptions, Acceptability, Knowledge, and Capacity for Derived Stimulus Relations Research and Practice. Behav Anal Pract 2024; 17:257-269. [PMID: 38405275 PMCID: PMC10891018 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The study and application of procedures that result in stimulus relations via relational frame theory (RFT) and stimulus equivalence (applied as equivalence-based instruction; EBI), have made tremendous strides in contemporary behavior analysis. However, applications at scale lag basic and translational research. We turn our attention inward to investigate potential causes. We replicated and extended Enoch and Nicholson (Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13(3), 609-617, 2020) by conducting a survey of behavior analysts (n = 129) to determine their perceptions, experiences, and barriers in carrying out research and practice based on RFT and EBI. Participants indicated an interest in RFT and EBI, and mostly perceive both within the scope of behavior analysis. A majority of behavior analysts reported formal education in EBI (78.3%), in contrast to a minority in RFT (15.5%). Adoption of procedures derived from RFT and EBI may be in proportion to formal education. Compounded with a lack of accuracy on basic knowledge questions, there is a potential gap in capacity in the field in addressing behavior related to complex verbal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Malkin
- Faculty of Education, Western University, 1137 Western Road, London, Ontario N6G 1G7 Canada
| | | | - Allison Kretschmer
- Faculty of Education, Western University, 1137 Western Road, London, Ontario N6G 1G7 Canada
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2
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Critchfield TS. A peek into the room where it happens: Quantifying ABA's influence on public policy discussions. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:288-303. [PMID: 38247278 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To maximize its influence, applied behavior analysis must both create solutions and shape public policy to implement those solutions at scale. From the perspective of data-driven decision making, it is illogical to talk about seeking public policy influence without consulting evidence showing when influence has been achieved. One relevant form of evidence is the attention that behavioral solutions receive in published discussions about policy issues, and here I show how much of this attention has been earned by articles published in Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. I also propose using the same kind of data to support finer grained analyses focusing on specific behavior problems, specific types of interventions, and the research programs of individual investigators. Although this is far from a complete account of the influence of applied behavior analysis on policy, it is better to have data than none if the goal is to transform the quest for influence on policy from a matter of speculation and casual discussion into an evidence-based practice.
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Pomorska K, Ostaszewski P. From direct contingencies to derived relations: the ever-developing nature of theory and practice in behavior analysis. POSTEPY PSYCHIATRII NEUROLOGII 2023; 32:200-208. [PMID: 38559605 PMCID: PMC10976621 DOI: 10.5114/ppn.2023.135529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To illustrate the processes of development within the behavioral theory and the corresponding expansion of the areas in which it is applied, especially the advancement (conceptual developments) of the functional analysis of language inspired by Relational Frame Theory (RFT) research. Views Classical and operant conditioning are well-established behavioral learning processes, discovered and described at the beginning of the twentieth century. They provide the tools for analyzing, establishing and modifying the functions of stimuli and responses of the organisms through manipulation of the environment. Although B. F. Skinner provided grounds for the functional analysis of complex behaviors such as language, it was not until the beginning of the twenty-first century that RFT was introduced. From this moment behavior analysts could use behavioral principles to explain how stimulus functions may change without direct learning. The practical application of the growing knowledge about Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding (AARR), a basic generalized operant described within RFT, allows us to analyze, explain and change behaviors that had hitherto been beyond the scope of behavioral therapy. The continued growth and development of behavior theory and practice holds the promise for an expansion of its application to new areas and populations in need. One such development is the functional analysis of verbal behavior e.g., relational frames, ROE (relating-orienting-evoking). Conclusions It seems useful to add advancements proposed by RFT to the behavioral toolbox with which we could effectively describe, explain and change behavior with precision, scope and depth.
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Constructing Global Climate Justice: The Challenging Role of Behavior Science. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-022-00119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Burney V, Arnold-Saritepe A, McCann CM. Rethinking the Place of Qualitative Methods in Behavior Analysis. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:185-200. [PMID: 37006599 PMCID: PMC10050534 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractSingle-case design research is pervasive and dominant in the field of behavior analysis (BA). It allows for effective application of behavior change technologies in a wide variety of real-world settings. However, as the field has grown, behavioral scholars have suggested incorporating other methods into the investigator’s toolbox to supplement single-case design. To date, the call to expand beyond using only variations of single-case design as the standard for behavior analytic research has gone largely unheard. Given the need for behavior analytic work to be more closely aligned with consumer and stakeholder needs and priorities, along with a proliferation of practitioners and researchers in the field, now is the time to consider the benefits of qualitative research methods for behavior analysts. In particular, in areas of social validity and in exploring diverse applied topics, qualitative methods may help the field of behavior analysis to achieve greater success with documenting the outcomes from behavior change interventions. The present article explores areas where behavior analysis may benefit from utilizing qualitative methods, namely social validity and breadth of topics for study, and provides examples of the value of qualitative research from other fields. A brief outline of qualitative research is provided alongside consideration of the seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis. In situations where single-case design does not offer behavior analysts sufficient methodological opportunity, qualitative research methods could form a powerful addition to the field of behavior analysis.
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Dixon MR, Hayes SC. On the Disruptive Effects of Behavior Analysis on Behavior Analysis: The High Cost of Keeping Out Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Training. Behav Anal Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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7
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ABA from A to Z: Behavior Science Applied to 350 Domains of Socially Significant Behavior. Perspect Behav Sci 2022; 45:327-359. [DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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8
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Belisle J, Payne A, Paliliunas D. A Sociobehavioral Model of Racism against the Black Community and Avenues for Anti-Racism Research. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 15:1134-1150. [PMID: 36618114 PMCID: PMC9745009 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sociological researchers have made immense strides in understanding systemic racism, privilege, and bias against Black people. Relational frame theory provides a contemporary account of human language and cognition that intersects within complex external contingency systems that may provide a provisionally adequate model of racial bias and racism. We propose a reticulated model that includes nested relational frames and external contingency systems that operate at the level of the individual (implicit), communities (white privilege), and system policies (systemic racism). This approach is organized from within the framework of critical race theory as an area of sociological scholarship that captures racial disadvantages at multiple levels of organization. We extend this model by describing avenues for future research to inform anti-racism strategies to dismantle this complex and pervasive sociobehavioral phenomenon. At all levels, police violence against the Black community is provided as a case example of negative social impact of racism in our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Belisle
- Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO USA
| | - Ashley Payne
- Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO USA
| | - Dana Paliliunas
- Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO USA
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Deochand N, Costello MS. Building a Social Justice Framework for Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in ABA. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 15:893-908. [PMID: 36465600 PMCID: PMC9582066 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABA may be uniquely positioned to have broader impacts with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) client populations, not only due to its growth and increased social acceptability, but also because a segment of the field practices within the education system. Decades of misinformation have potentially reduced the widespread reliance on learning pedagogies derived from behavior analytic research. Disseminating ABA technologies depends on an advocacy-based approach to close gaps from research-to-practice. Social justice is both an approach and a framework that can be integrated into our strategic planning for the field. This article describes how to apply social justice guidelines when working with CLD students and families. There are culturally relevant considerations that can be included in our research, training, and service delivery, in particular if we want the field to grow in a sustainable fashion. Behavior analysts must consider it an ongoing long-term objective to engage in culturally informed assessment, culturally and linguistically relevant intervention, culturally focused advocacy and collaboration with families, and use self-assessment of their cultural competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- grid.24827.3b0000 0001 2179 9593Behavior Analysis Program, University of Cincinnati, 450H Teachers-Dyer Complex, Cincinnati, OH 45244 USA
| | - Mack S. Costello
- grid.262557.10000 0001 0683 8240Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 USA
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Cihon TM, Borba A, Benvenuti M, Sandaker I. Research and Training in Culturo-Behavior Science. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021; 30:237-275. [PMID: 38624823 PMCID: PMC8635479 DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Culturo-behavior science (CBS) is a developing area and recently formalized specialization in behavior science that brings together principles and techniques from behavior analysis (e.g., Skinner, 1953), behavioral systems analysis (e.g., Brethower, 2008), cultural analysis (e.g., Glenn et al., 2016), and cultural systems analysis (Mattaini, 2020). Culturo-behavior scientists typically work within a selectionist and/or (ecological) systems perspective to advance our understanding of how cultural phenomena develop and change over time and how more effective cultures and systems can be designed (Cihon & Mattaini, 2019, 2020b). The purpose of the current article is to describe CBS, to introduce the recently formulated Association for Behavior Analysis International verified course sequence (VCS) and certificate program in CBS, and to present different pathways to training in CBS. We do this through the presentation of examples from the literature and from four universities that have adopted the CBS VCS and certificate program that are illustrative of how different programs may approach research and training in CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci M. Cihon
- Department of Behavior Analysis, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310919, Denton, TX 76203 USA
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11
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Shawler LA, Blair BJ. A Proposed Functional Analysis of Transmission Prevention Behaviors for a Respiratory Virus (SARS-CoV-2). BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021; 30:666-691. [PMID: 38624752 PMCID: PMC8412977 DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had a global impact on lives everywhere and has led to the disruption of, and interference with, virtually every aspect of life. In response, leading experts, political leaders, doctors, and scientists have released guidelines that attempt to prevent and mitigate the exponential rate of infection. The response to these safety recommendations has produced tremendous behavior variability as a society. Although a plethora of factors are likely relevant, a more complete analysis of human behavior during this time might help explain this disparity. The principles of applied behavior analysis allow for a functional analysis of an individual's use of transmission prevention behaviors (TPBs) during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Thus, the purpose of this discussion is to provide a conceptual analysis for some possible explanations for why individuals might or might not engage in virus TPBs, as well as some recommendations to help combat the current pandemic, as well as those in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A. Shawler
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 9810 Patuxent Woods Dr., Ste. C., Columbia, MD 21046 USA
| | - Bryan J. Blair
- School of Education, Long Island University, Orangeburg, NY USA
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12
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Edwards TL, Lotfizadeh AD, Poling A. Rethinking motivating operations: A reply to commentaries on Edwards, Lotfizadeh, and Poling (2019). J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 112:47-59. [PMID: 31294841 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Poling
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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14
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Blair BJ, Shawler LA. Developing and Implementing Emergent Responding Training Systems With Available and Low-Cost Computer-Based Learning Tools: Some Best Practices and a Tutorial. Behav Anal Pract 2020; 13:509-520. [PMID: 32647608 PMCID: PMC7314885 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-019-00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems and protocols based on emergent responding training have been demonstrated to be effective instructional tools for teaching a variety of skills to typically developing adult learners across a number of content areas in controlled research settings. However, these systems have yet to be widely adopted by instructors and are not often used in applied settings such as college classrooms or staff trainings. Proponents of emergent responding training systems have asserted that this failure might be because the protocols require substantial resources to develop, and there are no known manuals or guidelines to assist teachers or trainers with the development of the training systems. In order to assist instructors with the implementation of systems, we provide a brief summary of emergent responding training systems research; review the published computer-based training systems studies; present general guidelines for developing and implementing a training and testing system; and provide a detailed, task-analyzed written and visually supported manual/tutorial for educators and trainers using free and easily accessible computer-based learning tools and web applications. Educators and trainers can incorporate these methods and learning tools into their current curriculum and instructional designs to improve overall learning outcomes and training efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Blair
- Long Island University, Library Learning Center, Room 228, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA
- Behavior Analysis Unlimited, LLC, Boston, MA USA
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15
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Belisle J, Paliliunas D, Lauer T, Giamanco A, Lee B, Sickman E. Derived Relational Responding and Transformations of Function in Children: A Review of Applied Behavior-Analytic Journals. Anal Verbal Behav 2020; 36:115-145. [PMID: 32699742 PMCID: PMC7343693 DOI: 10.1007/s40616-019-00123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical extensions of Skinner's verbal behavior that emphasize derived relational responding (stimulus equivalence, relational frame theory, and bidirectional naming) can improve the complexity and scope of applied behavior-analytic training models with children. We evaluated the prevalence and content of empirical research on derived relational responding in children within 8 major applied behavior-analytic journals. We identified 123 empirical articles that met all inclusion criteria (i.e., they demonstrated derived relational responding in children). Whereas prior citation analyses have shown higher rates of research with adult participants, considerable research within these journals has involved child participants. In addition, 55% of the research targeted socially relevant or culturally established verbal relations, rather than culturally arbitrary relations (e.g., unknown symbols, consonant-vowel-consonant combinations) that are unlikely to affect real-world behavior. Generalization and transformation tests were also present in 47% of articles. We also conducted a content analysis of all articles that contained culturally relevant relations and demonstrated generalization or transformation of stimulus function (21% of all articles, N = 26); we argue that studies that meet these criteria are likely to be the most immediately impactful for learners. Results suggest that future research is needed to evaluate relational frames other than coordination (e.g., distinction, opposition), as well as to extend considerably the complexity of target relational classes and transformations of stimulus function with children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Belisle
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO USA
| | - Dana Paliliunas
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO USA
| | - Taylor Lauer
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO USA
| | - Annalise Giamanco
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO USA
| | - Breanna Lee
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO USA
| | - Elana Sickman
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO USA
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16
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Belisle J, Dixon MR. Relational Density Theory: Nonlinearity of Equivalence Relating Examined through Higher-Order Volumetric-Mass-Density. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:259-283. [PMID: 32647782 PMCID: PMC7316902 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-020-00248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose relational density theory, as an integration of stimulus equivalence and behavioral momentum theory, to predict the nonlinearity of equivalence responding of verbal humans. Consistent with Newtonian classical mechanics, the theory posits that equivalence networks will demonstrate the higher order properties of density, volume, and mass. That is, networks containing more relations (volume) that are stronger (density) will be more resistant to change (i.e., contain greater mass; mass = volume * density). Data from several equivalence experiments that are not easily interpreted through existing accounts are described in terms of the theory, generating predictable results in most cases. In addition, we put forward the higher-order properties of relational acceleration and gravity, which follow directly from the theory and may inspire future researchers to evaluate the seemingly self-organizing nature of human cognition. Finally, we conclude by describing avenues for real-world translation, considering past research interpreted through relational density theory, and call for basic experimental research to validate and extend core theoretical assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Dixon
- Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1640 W. Roosevelt Rd. 436 DHSP (MC 626), Chicago, IL 60608 USA
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17
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Matsuda K, Garcia Y, Catagnus R, Brandt JA. Can Behavior Analysis Help Us Understand and Reduce Racism? A review of the Current Literature. Behav Anal Pract 2020; 13:336-347. [PMID: 32642393 PMCID: PMC7314880 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts to eradicate racism, it persists globally, negatively affecting education, mental health, community relations, and economic development. Every behavior analyst can, and should, contribute to the reduction of racism in some way. Unfortunately, little behavior-analytic research exists to guide us. This article proposes ways that members of our scientific community can learn about racism from a behavioral perspective, extend experimental analyses of prejudice, and intervene to reduce racism in varied settings. It describes both traditional behavior-analytic and functional-contextualist accounts of racism and summarizes the small amount of related empirical and applied research. The review suggests that combining traditional behavior-analytic methods with acceptance and commitment training techniques may attenuate racism more effectively. The article ends with a call to collaborate around this globally important issue-and to do more to reduce racism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Matsuda
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 325 N. Wells St, Chicago, IL 60654 USA
| | - Yors Garcia
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 325 N. Wells St, Chicago, IL 60654 USA
| | - Robyn Catagnus
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 325 N. Wells St, Chicago, IL 60654 USA
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Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, Kissi A. The Study of Rule-Governed Behavior and Derived Stimulus Relations: Bridging the Gap. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:361-385. [PMID: 32647787 PMCID: PMC7316874 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-020-00256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of rule-governed behavior or instructional control has been widely recognized for many decades within the behavior-analytic literature. It has also been argued that the human capacity to formulate and follow increasingly complex rules may undermine sensitivity to direct contingencies of reinforcement, and that excessive reliance upon rules may be an important variable in human psychological suffering. Although the concept of rules would appear to have been relatively useful within behavior analysis, it seems wise from time to time to reflect upon the utility of even well-established concepts within a scientific discipline. Doing so may be particularly important if it begins to emerge that the existing concept does not readily orient researchers toward potentially important variables associated with that very concept. The primary purpose of this article is to engage in this reflection. In particular, we will focus on the link that has been made between rule-governed behavior and derived relational responding, and consider the extent to which it might be useful to supplement talk of rules or instructions with terms that refer to the dynamics of derived relational responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Harte
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dermot Barnes-Holmes
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Yvonne Barnes-Holmes
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ama Kissi
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Belisle J. Model Dependent Realism and the Rule-Governed Behavior of Behavior Analysts: Applications to Derived Relational Responding. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:321-342. [PMID: 32647785 PMCID: PMC7316928 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-020-00247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental assumption within radical behaviorism is that all human behavior, including the rule-governed behavior of scientists, can be understood within a functional account. I propose that models of human behavior can be best described as a set of rules that are selected by behavior analysts to solve applied challenges, rather than descriptions of nature as it "truly exists." Model dependent realism (MDR) developed within the field of physics may provide useful criteria that could allow behavior analysts to more accurately track the relative probability of success of a given model within applied contexts. As a case example, I examine dispersive models of derived relational responding in terms of the criteria outlined within MDR, and I describe a preliminary level-scaling account of derived relational responding that encompasses several models in pursuit of a unified account. The account is context dependent and adopts a pragmatic truth criterion, consistent with assumptions within functional contextualism and radical behaviorism as an overarching rule governing the behavior of our applied subfield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Belisle
- Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO USA
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Mattaini MA. Out of the Lab: Shaping an Ecological and Constructional Cultural Systems Science. Perspect Behav Sci 2019; 42:713-731. [PMID: 31976457 PMCID: PMC6901649 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary societies face critical, interlocking, "wicked" challenges, including economic inequities and marginalization, personal and collective violence, ethnic and religious conflicts, degradation of "the commons," climate change, and more, and all of these issues clearly are grounded in behavior. An adequate culturo-behavior science could be positioned to advance and leverage research and interventions supporting community well-being, and contribute to overcoming urgent societal and global challenges. The current state of cultural systems science, however, is limited by theory and methodology, and by competition for attention with well-established research and practice opportunities related to individual-level challenges. In this article, the author explores those limitations, and suggests a more expansive perspective drawing on historical and contemporary ecological science and contemporary theories of complex systems. Research guided by established science within those disciplines offers opportunities to move cultural systems science out of the lab, and into a more adequate, environmentally rich stance drawing on ecological strategies, recursively integrating contextual observations, conceptual advances, and in vivo experimentation. Examples of each of those strategies and exploration of developmental programs of research grounded in such integration are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Mattaini
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Paguate, USA
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Malott ME. How a Few Individuals Brought about a Cultural Cusp: From a Mexican Mural Program to a Movement. Perspect Behav Sci 2019; 42:773-814. [PMID: 31976460 PMCID: PMC6901651 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant cultural change often results from the interlocking behavior of a few individuals. The phenomenon is nonreplicable because a considerable portion of the major players' interactions are nonrecurring and driven by unique circumstances. Yet, these interactions can be analyzed from a behavioral science perspective. As an example, I describe how five individuals made possible the cultural cusp that created an unprecedented social revolution through public murals in Mexico. I analyze how their repertoires complemented each other, the circumstances that brought them together, and the values that united them. Their unique interactions coalesced with recurring interlocking behavioral contingencies that created the movement. The example could shed light on the understanding of other cultural phenomenon with similar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Malott
- Association for Behavior Analysis International, Portage, MI USA
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Cihon TM, Mattaini MA. Editorial: Emerging Cultural and Behavioral Systems Science. Perspect Behav Sci 2019; 42:699-711. [PMID: 31976456 PMCID: PMC6901637 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Traci M. Cihon
- Department of Behavior Analysis, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310919, Denton, TX 76203 USA
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Ivancic M, Belisle J. Resolving Barriers to an Applied Science of the Human Condition: Rule Governance and the Verbal Behavior of Applied Scientists. Anal Verbal Behav 2019; 35:196-220. [PMID: 31976230 PMCID: PMC6877674 DOI: 10.1007/s40616-019-00117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rules / verbal behavior governing applied behavior scientists since Skinner have achieved great success resolving challenges experienced by individuals with severe developmental and intellectual disabilities. We extend prior work by Dixon, Belisle, Rehfeldt, and Root (2018, "Why We Are Still Not Acting to Save the World: The Upward Challenge of a Post-Skinnerian Behavior Science," Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41, 241-267) by suggesting that many of these rules, applied inflexibly, are unlikely to resolve significant problems experienced by humans without these same intellectual challenges (i.e., most humans). Particularly, methodological models of human behavior that ignore both private events and advances in relational frame theory and that favor a bottom-up inductive theorizing have not, and we argue cannot, address uniquely human challenges. Instead, we propose alternative rules developed in part within contextual behavior science that are more consistent with Skinner's radical behaviorism than are current approaches and that may expand the scope of applied behavior science. Only by adapting our own public and private verbal behavior as applied scientists can we move toward solving the wide range of challenges within the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ivancic
- J. Iverson Riddle Developmental Center, 300 Enola Road, Morganton, NC 28655 USA
| | - Jordan Belisle
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO USA
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Seniuk HA, Cihon TM, Benson M, Luke MM. Making a Footprint in Environmental Sustainability: A Behavioral Systems Approach to Engaging the Behavioral Community. Perspect Behav Sci 2019; 42:911-926. [PMID: 31976466 PMCID: PMC6901653 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is arguably the most pressing issue facing humanity today. There is significant research to support the argument that climate change is a human-created problem and it can only be addressed by changing human behavior. Despite the magnitude of the issue and the potential for behavior science to make a significant contribution, there are few behavior analysts/scientists currently working in climate change. One possible explanation is that there is limited access to preparation for and opportunities to apply our science to large-scale issues. In response, the Behaviorists for Social Responsibility Special Interest Group of the Association for Behavior Analysis International developed the Matrix Project as a way to apply Behavioral Systems Analysis to issues of social importance. By understanding the contingencies that hinder or promote working in a particular area we can begin to create the conditions that will facilitate such work. The purpose of this article is twofold: 1) to demonstrate how the Matrix Project may be used to increase the likelihood that behavior analysts/scientists will work in areas of social importance using environmental sustainability as an example, and 2) encourage behavior analysts/scientists to target and understand complex systems by providing examples of actionable steps that could be generalized to other important social issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Seniuk
- Behavior Analyst Certification Board; Behaviorists for Social Responsibility, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV USA
- Behavior Analyst Certification Board, 7950 Shaffer Pkwy, Littleton, CO 80127 USA
| | - Traci M. Cihon
- University of North Texas; Behaviorists for Social Responsibility, 1155 Union Circle #310919, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Molly Benson
- Behavior Analyst Certification Board; Behaviorists for Social Responsibility, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV USA
| | - Molli M. Luke
- Behavior Analyst Certification Board, 7950 Shaffer Pkwy, Littleton, CO 80127 USA
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Dowdy A. Survival Contingencies: A Review of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari. Perspect Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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