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Peng Y, Zhu L, Bai Q, Wang L, Li Q. Associations between Thyroid Hormones and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0239-24.2024. [PMID: 39288996 PMCID: PMC11457268 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0239-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the correlation of serum thyroid hormone levels to cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. In this retrospective study, 106 Chinese patients without cognitive impairments and 94 patients with cognitive impairments, including 55 with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and 39 with PD dementia (PDD), were analyzed. Clinical data regarding the PD assessments, including disease duration, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part 3 scores, and Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) staging, were analyzed. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3), were measured using ELISA. Significantly altered H-Y staging, disease duration, and UPDRS Part 3 scores were observed in PD patients with cognitive impairment compared with those without. Serum levels of FT3 were significantly decreased, while FT4 and TSH levels were significantly elevated in PD patients with cognitive impairment compared with those without. Combined detection of TSH, FT3, and FT4 showed value in distinguishing PD patients with and without cognitive impairment. Furthermore, a comparison of serum levels between PD-MCI and PDD patients revealed significant association between thyroid hormone levels and the degree of cognitive impairment in PD patients. Our findings suggest a relationship between changes in serum thyroid hormone levels and cognitive impairments in PD patients. Thyroid hormone levels, particularly FT3, may serve as potential markers for cognitive dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Peng
- Departments of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Departments of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Qingling Bai
- Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Departments of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Qian Li
- Departments of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, China
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Wang Z, Wu P, Yang J, Jiang Y, Wang J, Lin C. Serum FT3/FT4, but not TSH is associated with handgrip strength in euthyroid U.S. population: evidence from NHANES. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1323026. [PMID: 38501102 PMCID: PMC10947195 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1323026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Although several studies have examined the relationship between thyroid function and muscle strength, their population primarily derived from Asian areas, and their results were controversial. Thus, this study aimed to explore the association between thyroid function and handgrip strength (HGS) in the U.S. population. Methods A total of 1,067 participants from NHANES were categorized into three different age groups including young (<45 years), middle (45~64 years), and old (≥65 years) age groups. Thyroid function was measured by the competitive binding immune-enzymatic assays, while HGS was examined by a trained evaluator using a dynamometer. The weighted multiple linear regression models were used to examine the association between thyroid function and handgrip strength. The restricted cubic splines were employed to explore the non-linear relationship between these two variables. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 20.0 and R software. Results After adjustment for potential covariates, FT3/FT4, but not TSH was positively associated with HGS in middle age group (β=0.091, t=2.428, P=0.016). The subgroup analysis by sex revealed that the positive association between FT3/FT4 and HGS was observed in the middle age group for both male and female participants (β=0.163, t=2.121, P=0.035; β=0.157, t=2.180, P=0.031). The RCS analysis showed a statistically significant non-linear association between FT3/FT4 and HGS in overall population (P for non-linear=0.026). After adjustment for covariates, men with low HGS had a significant lower FT3/FT4 than those without low HGS in old age group (P=0.013). There was a significant increase in TSH level for female participants with low HGS in old age group compared to those with normal HGS (P=0.048). Conclusions This study demonstrated FT3/FT4, but not TSH, was positively associated with HGS in middle age group, and the different association was observed in men in middle age group when participants were stratified by sex. Future longitudinal cohort study should be conducted to reveal the causal relationship between thyroid function and muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Greco F, Moulton C, Antinozzi C, Lista M, Di Luigi L, Dimauro I, Sgrò P. Relationship between Euthyroidism and Muscle Mass and Strength: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:704-710. [PMID: 37429319 DOI: 10.1055/a-2093-2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in skeletal muscle development, suggesting that thyroid function may influence muscle mass and muscle strength, which are both fundamental health-related indicators of several age-related consequences. However, whether there is a relationship between thyroid hormones, muscle mass, and muscle strength in individuals without thyroid dysfunctions is still unknown. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate whether thyroid hormones are related to muscle mass and strength parameters in euthyroid individuals. Three databases were searched (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) up to February 14, 2022, for peer-reviewed papers published in English. The search results were conducted independently by two different reviewers. The review included 13 studies with a total of 241,044 participants. All studies were observational: twelve studies measured thyroid stimulating hormone, ten and thirteen studies measured free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine, four studies analyzed the thyroid hormone ratio. The assessment methods for muscle mass were computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioimpedance analysis, whereas hand dynamometer for muscle strength. Low levels within the normal range of free triiodothyronine, high levels within the normal range of free thyroxine, and lower thyroid hormone ratio may contribute to a reduced muscle function, which seems more evident in older males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Greco
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Chantalle Moulton
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Cristina Antinozzi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Lista
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
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Blomkvist A, Izzo G, Vaccaro MG, La Vignera S, Brunetti A, Aversa A, Liuzza MT. The Scent of Monogamy: Self-Reported Olfactory Function Predicts Sexual Well-Being and Infidelity in an Italian Population. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:2879-2889. [PMID: 34791581 PMCID: PMC8597879 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that olfactory function plays an essential role in the bonding of a romantic relationship. Body odors, in particular, seem involved in both mate choices and other intimate behaviors. Our sense of smell is also crucial to detect possible pathogen threats, by activating a suitable disgust reaction. Previous studies have shown that disgust sensitivity is negatively related to sociosexuality, and disgust generally inhibits our sexual drive. In the present study, we explored the possible relation between olfactory function, pathogen disgust sensitivity, sociosexuality, sexual well-being, and infidelity through a web survey. Our exploratory analyses found that, in a large Italian sample (N = 1107), among those in a stable relationship, self-reported olfactory function predicted sexual well-being (p < .05) and negatively predicted infidelity (p < .05) when controlling for other relevant sociodemographics variables. Moreover, the relation between self-reported olfactory function and sexual well-being was mediated by pathogen disgust sensitivity. Although significant, these results must be interpreted with caution, because the effect sizes were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blomkvist
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Izzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine "Gaetano Salvatore", Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Vaccaro
- Neuroscience Research Center, Università Degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine "Gaetano Salvatore", Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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IZZO G, PUJIA R, VACCARO MG, GRECO F, AVERSA A, LA VIGNERA S, LIUZZA MT, EMERENZIANI GP. The relationship between sociosexual orientation, muscle performance and disgust sensitivity: a preliminary correlational study. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022; 47:140-149. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dance and Music for Improving Health among Patients with Breast Cancer and Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review. ENDOCRINES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines2040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a longer life may bring new opportunities for older people and society, advancing age is a leading risk factor for developing several chronic diseases, consequently limiting the health span. During the ageing process, changes in the activity of several endocrine glands may occur, leading to different clinical conditions. Being physically active becomes fundamental for healthy ageing. Despite regular physical activity being shown to have many health benefits, patients with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases remain physically inactive. Over the past two decades, there has been a major increase in arts engagement (e.g., dance and music) on health and well-being in both clinical and non-clinical contexts. Dance and music have been shown to induce positive effects on hormonal glands, patients’ sociality, and self-confidence. Therefore, this review aims to highlight evidence regarding the effects of music and dance on hormonal responses and as preventive and compliance tools for heathy ageing in breast cancer and Parkinson’s disease patients.
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Bonavolontà V, Greco F, Sabatini U, Saavedra FJ, Fischetti F, Baldari C, Guidetti L, Vaccaro MG, Emerenziani GP. Effects of Ballroom Dance on Physical Fitness and Reaction Time in Experienced Middle-Aged Adults of Both Genders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2036. [PMID: 33669760 PMCID: PMC7922230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ballroom dance practice might play a pivotal role for successful aging, but its effects could differ depending on dancers' experience level. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of six months of ballroom dance (three times/w) on physical fitness and reaction time (RT) in 24 middle-aged adults who are experienced dancers (age: 59.4 ± 11.6 years). Body composition, handgrip test (HG), standing long-jump test (SLJ), step test (ST), one-legged stance balance test (OLSB), and RT were assessed before (T0) and after six months (T6) of dance practice. RT was re-evaluated four months later (T10). RT was significantly (p < 0.05) lower at T6 (221.2 ± 20.3 ms) and T10 (212.0 ± 21.9 ms) than T0 (239.1 ± 40,7 ms); no significant differences were found between T6 and T10. No significant differences were observed for all the other parameters between T0 and T6: weight and muscle mass were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in females than in males, and percentage of fat mass was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in females than in males. HG was significantly higher in males than females (p < 0.01). Results suggest that in experienced middle-aged adults of both genders, ballroom dance may positively influence RT, and this result could be maintained for four months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Bonavolontà
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesca Greco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.G.); (G.P.E.)
| | - Umberto Sabatini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neuroradiology, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francisco J. Saavedra
- Research Centre for Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development Sport Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy;
| | | | | | - Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.G.); (G.P.E.)
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Thyroid hormone signaling is associated with physical performance, muscle mass, and strength in a cohort of oldest-old: results from the Mugello study. GeroScience 2020; 43:1053-1064. [PMID: 33219914 PMCID: PMC8110652 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in the homeostasis of muscle function, such as myogenesis and energy metabolism, suggesting that the thyroid may be also involved in the entropic processes of muscle aging. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of TH signaling on physical performance, muscle mass, and strength in a cohort of community-dwelling oldest-old subjects (> 90 years). The study population was selected in a rural area of central Italy (Mugello, Tuscany), and the design was cross-sectional. Four hundred seventy-five subjects (130 males and 345 females) were enrolled, representing about 65% of all the nonagenarians living in the Mugello area. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors (sex, age, diabetes, and levothyroxine administration), the lowest quartile of FT3/FT4 ratio distribution showed lower physical performance compared to the other quartiles (β ± SE: − 0.49 ± 0.12; p < 0.001), whereas the highest quartile of FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher skeletal muscle index (β ± SE: 1.11 ± 0.42; p = 0.009). In addition, the lowest quartile of FT4 showed a statistically significant higher handgrip strength (β ± SE: 1.78 ± 0.68; p = 0.009) compared to all other quartiles. This study demonstrates that nonagenarians with higher FT3/FT4 ratios had better preserved muscle function, therefore successfully overcoming the imbalance of homeostatic and entropic processes involved in muscle aging. However, we could not establish a cause-effect relationship due to the cross-sectional design of the study.
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Spaziani M, Semeraro A, Bucci E, Rossi F, Garibaldi M, Papassifachis MA, Pozza C, Anzuini A, Lenzi A, Antonini G, Radicioni AF. Hormonal and metabolic gender differences in a cohort of myotonic dystrophy type 1 subjects: a retrospective, case-control study. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:663-675. [PMID: 31786795 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a genetic disorder caused by CTG expansion in the DMPK gene. The aim was to investigate the endocrine and metabolic aspects of DM1. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective, case-control study. We compared pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, gonadal and liver function and glycolipid metabolism of 63 DM1 patients against 100 control subjects. Given age-related differences, 2 further subgroups were created to investigate the pituitary-gonadal axis: < 41 (1a) and ≥ 41 (1b) years old for male subjects and < 46 (2a) and ≥ 46 (2b) years old for female subjects. Testicular and thyroid ultrasounds were also performed in the DM1 group. RESULTS FT3 and FT4 were significantly lower in DM1 men than controls, while for both males and females, thyroglobulin, ACTH and cortisol were significantly higher in the DM1 group. Gonadotropin levels were significantly higher and inhibin B and DHEA-S levels significantly lower in DM1 patients than controls for both male subgroups. Testosterone and SHBG were significantly higher in controls than in patients for subgroup 1a. Prolactin was significantly higher in patients in subgroups 1b, while testosterone was lower in subgroup 2a than in age-matched female controls. A correlation between the number of CTG repeats and the percentage of male hypogonadal subjects was found. Finally, there was a worse glucose and lipid pattern and significantly higher transaminase and gamma-GT levels in both male and female patients. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in DM1 highlights the importance of endocrine monitoring to enable the prompt initiation of a suitable therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spaziani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Level - 1, Room 33, Rome, Italy.
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Semeraro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Level - 1, Room 33, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - E Bucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Level - 1, Room 33, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - M Garibaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M A Papassifachis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Level - 1, Room 33, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - C Pozza
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - A Anzuini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Level - 1, Room 33, Rome, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Level - 1, Room 33, Rome, Italy
| | - G Antonini
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A F Radicioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Level - 1, Room 33, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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Vaccaro MG, Izzo G, Ilacqua A, Migliaccio S, Baldari C, Guidetti L, Lenzi A, Quattrone A, Aversa A, Emerenziani GP. Characterization of the Effects of a Six-Month Dancing as Approach for Successful Aging. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:2048391. [PMID: 31316562 PMCID: PMC6601485 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2048391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decline in multiple domains. Positive effects of dance practice on several health issues have been evaluated in young adults, while the effects of regular social dance practice on physical fitness, sexual health, and cognitive functions have not been studied yet in older experienced dancers. Thus, the aim of this study has been to investigate whether a 6-month social dance practice might influence fitness performance, sexual health, and specific cognitive functions and/or mood characteristics in older experienced dancers. Thirty experienced dancers (age: 71.2±5.1 years, 18 females/12 males) were enrolled from the dance school "NonSoloLiscio" of Catanzaro. Body composition, physical fitness, sexual health, and cognitive functions were assessed before (T0) and after (T6) intervention. After 6 months of dance practice, percent of fat mass (%FM) significantly decreased (p<0.01), while fat-free mass (FFM) significantly increased (p<0.01) in both genders. Moreover, significant main effects of time on physical fitness tests, such as chair stand test (CST) (p<0.01), gait speed (p<0.05), and timed up and go (p<0.05), were found. Sexual health was significantly higher in males than in females at T0 and no significant effects of dance on subjects' sexual health were found. Interestingly, trait of anxiety significant decreased (p<0.05) and perception of retrospective memory significantly increased (p=0.05) after training independently of gender. Our preliminary results suggest that, even in older intermediate-level dancer, the practice of social dance might positively influence body composition and also increase fitness performance, memory functions, and anxiety. In contrast, no effects on sexual health were observed after 6 months of dancing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Izzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ilacqua
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, “Foro Italico” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, “Foro Italico” University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, “Foro Italico” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Neuroscience Centre, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro, Italy
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