1
|
De Stefano M, Singh K, Raina A, Mohan S, Ul Haq MI, Ruggiero A. Tribocorrosion of 3D printed dental implants: An overview. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:644-663. [PMID: 38807965 PMCID: PMC11131088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advancements in dental science and the growing need for improved dental health, it has become imperative to develop new implant materials which possess better geometrical, mechanical, and physical properties. The oral environment is a corrosive environment and the relative motion between the teeth also makes the environment more hostile. Therefore, the combined corrosion and tribology commonly known as tribocorrosion of implants needs to be studied. The complex shapes of the dental implants and the high-performance requirements of these implants make manufacturing difficult by conventional manufacturing processes. With the advent of additive manufacturing or 3D-printing, the development of implants has become easy. However, the various requirements such as surface roughness, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance further make the manufacturing of implants difficult. The current paper reviews the various studies related to3D-printed implants. Also, the paper tries to highlight the role of 3D-Printing can play in the area of dental implants. Further studies both experimental and numerical are needed to devise optimized conditions for 3D-printing implants to develop implants with improved mechanical, corrosion, and biological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Stefano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Khushneet Singh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ankush Raina
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sanjay Mohan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mir Irfan Ul Haq
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Alessandro Ruggiero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costa TNQ, Dotta TC, Galo R, Soares MEDC, Pedrazzi V. Effect of tribocorrosion on surface-treated titanium alloy implants: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 145:106008. [PMID: 37423010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the results of tribocorrosion in titanium alloys of dental implants submitted to surface treatment with those whose treatment was not performed. An electronic search was carried out on the MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Virtual Health Library and Scopus databases. The search strategy used was PECO: Participants (P): titanium alloys; Exposure (E): surface treatment; Comparison (C): absence of surface treatment; and Result/Outcome (O): tribocorrosion. The search found a total of 336 articles, where 27 was selected by title or abstract, resulted to 10 after reading in full. The treatments that formed the rutile layer had better tribological results and therefore better protected the material from mechanical and chemical degradation, contrary to the technique with the addition of nanotubes. It was concluded that the surface treatment proves to be efficient to protect metals from mechanical and chemical wear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Naves Queiroz Costa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Cristina Dotta
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Galo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eliza da Consolação Soares
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of the Vales of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Pedrazzi
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Basir A, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Jamadon NH, Foudzi FM. Recent Advances in Processing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys through Metal Injection Molding for Biomedical Applications: 2013-2022. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113991. [PMID: 37297124 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) is one of the most widely used manufacturing processes worldwide as it is a cost-effective way of producing a variety of dental and orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and other important biomedical products. Titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are popular modern metallic materials that have revamped the biomedical sector as they have superior biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, and high static and fatigue strength. This paper systematically reviews the MIM process parameters that extant studies have used to produce Ti and Ti alloy components between 2013 and 2022 for the medical industry. Moreover, the effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of the MIM-processed sintered components has been reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that by appropriately selecting and implementing the processing parameters at different stages of the MIM process, defect-free Ti and Ti alloy-based biomedical components can be produced. Therefore, this present study could greatly benefit future studies that examine using MIM to develop products for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Al Basir
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhamidi Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nashrah Hani Jamadon
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Mohd Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bio-Tribocorrosion of Titanium Dental Implants and Its Toxicological Implications: A Scoping Review. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:4498613. [PMID: 36312451 PMCID: PMC9616655 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4498613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-tribocorrosion is a phenomenon that combines the essentials of tribology (friction, wear, and lubrication) and corrosion with microbiological processes. Lately, it has gained attention in implant dentistry because dental implants are exposed to wear, friction, and biofilm formation in the corrosive oral environment. They may degrade upon exposure to various microbial, biochemical, and electrochemical factors in the oral cavity. The mechanical movement of the implant components produces friction and wear that facilitates the release of metal ions, promoting adverse oro-systemic reactions. This review describes the bio-tribocorrosion of the titanium (Ti) dental implants in the oral cavity and its toxicological implications. The original research related to the bio-tribo or tribocorrosion of the dental implants was searched in electronic databases like Medline (Pubmed), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. About 34 studies included in the review showed that factors like the type of Ti, oral biofilm, acidic pH, fluorides, and micromovements during mastication promote bio-tribocorrosion of the Ti dental implants. Among the various grades of Ti, grade V, i.e., Ti6Al4V alloy, is most susceptible to tribocorrosion. Oral pathogens like Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis produce acids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that cause pitting corrosion and degrade the TiO2. The low pH and high fluoride concentration in saliva hinder passive film formation and promote metal corrosion. The released metal ions promote inflammatory reactions and bone destruction in the surrounding tissues resulting in peri-implantitis, allergies, and hyper-sensitivity reactions. However, further validation of the role of bio-tribocorrosion on the durability of the Ti dental implants and Ti toxicity is warranted through clinical trials.
Collapse
|
5
|
(Bio)Tribocorrosion in Dental Implants: Principles and Techniques of Investigation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tribocorrosion is a current and very discussed theme in tribology and medicine for its impact on industrial applications. Currently, the phenomena are mainly oriented to the biological environment and, in particular, to medical devices such as hip prostheses, dental implants, knee joints, etc. The term tribocorrosion underlines the simultaneous action of wear and corrosion in a tribocouple. It has a non-negligible effect on the total loss of contact materials and the potential failure of the bio-couplings. This overview aims to focus firstly on the basic principles of prosthesis tribocorrosion and subsequently to describe the techniques and the analytical models developed to quantify this phenomenon, reporting the most relevant results achieved in the last 20 years, proposed in chronological order, in order to discuss and to depict the future research developments and tendencies. Despite considerable research efforts, from this investigation come many issues worthy of further investigation, such as how to prevent or minimize tribocorrosion in biological tribopairs, the development of a consolidated protocol for tribological experiments in corrosive environments joined with new biomaterials and composites, the possibility to achieve more and more accurate theoretical models, and how to be able to ensure the success of new implant designs by supporting research and development for the management of implant complications. The above issues certainly constitute a scientific challenge for the next years in the fields of tribology and medicine.
Collapse
|
6
|
López-Ortega A, Sáenz de Viteri V, Alves SA, Mendoza G, Fuentes E, Mitran V, Cimpean A, Dan I, Vela A, Bayón R. Multifunctional TiO 2 coatings developed by plasma electrolytic oxidation technique on a Ti20Nb20Zr4Ta alloy for dental applications. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212875. [PMID: 35913254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed β-Ti alloy based on the Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta system (Ti20Nb20Zr4Ta) has been subjected to Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) treatment to obtain a multifunctional ceramic-like (TiO2) coating with superior tribocorrosion (wear and corrosion) resistance and improved biocompatibility. For this aim, elements such as Ca, P, and Ag NPs have been incorporated into the oxide film to obtain bioactive and biocide properties. The chemical composition and morphology of the TiO2-PEO coating was characterized, and its multifunctionality was addressed by several means, including antibacterial activity assessment, formation of bone-like apatite, metallic ion release evaluation, in vitro cellular response analysis, and corrosion and tribocorrosion tests in artificial saliva. The developed coatings enhanced the corrosion and tribocorrosion resistance of the bare alloy and exhibited antibacterial ability with low cytotoxicity and negligible ion release. Furthermore, they were able to sustain MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast viability/proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Altogether, the results obtained demonstrate the potential of the TiO2 coating incorporating Ca, P, and Ag NPs to be used for dental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A López-Ortega
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Aliance (BRTA), Eibar, Spain.
| | | | - S A Alves
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Aliance (BRTA), Eibar, Spain
| | - G Mendoza
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Aliance (BRTA), Eibar, Spain
| | - E Fuentes
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Aliance (BRTA), Eibar, Spain
| | - V Mitran
- University of Bucharest, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Cimpean
- University of Bucharest, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I Dan
- R&D Consulting and Services SRL, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Vela
- Mugape S.L., Mallabia, Spain
| | - R Bayón
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Aliance (BRTA), Eibar, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wear Resistance of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Eli Alloy Processed by Additive Manufacturing. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The additive manufacturing (AM) technique can produce Ti-6Al-4V ELI (extra low interstitial) alloy for personalized biomedical devices. However, the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy presents poor tribological behavior. Regarding this, coatings are a feasible approach to improve the wear resistance of this alloy. In the literature, the tribological behavior of TiO2 coatings incorporated with Ca and P formed by one-step plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy processed by AM has not been investigated. Thus, in the present work, it was studied the influence of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy processed by AM on the wear resistance and morphologic of the coating obtained by PEO (plasma electrolytic oxidation). In this way, three different voltages (200, 250, and 300 V) were employed for the PEO process and the voltage effect on the properties of the coatings. The coatings were characterized by contact profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, the sessile drop method, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, and wear tests, on a ball-on-plate tribometer. The increase in applied voltage promoted an increase in roughness, pore area, and a decrease in the pore population of the coatings. In addition, the coatings, mainly composed of anatase and rutile, showed good adhesion to the metallic substrate, and the presence of bioactive elements Ca and P were detected. The thickness of the coatings obtained by PEO increases drastically for voltages higher than 250 V (from 4.50 ± 0.33 to 23.83 ± 1.5 µm). However, coatings obtained with lower voltages presented thin and dense layers, which promoted a superior wear resistance (increase in wear rate from 1.99 × 10−6 to 2.60 × 10−5 mm3/s). Finally, compared to the uncoated substrate, the PEO coatings increased the wear resistance of the titanium alloy obtained by AM, also showing a superior wear resistance compared to the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy previously evaluated, being such a positive and promising behavior for application in the area of metallic implants.
Collapse
|
8
|
Molaei M, Attarzadeh N, Fattah-Alhosseini A. Tailoring the biological response of zirconium implants using zirconia bioceramic coatings: A systematic review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 66:126756. [PMID: 33831798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor biological performance of zirconium implants in the human body resulting from their bio-inertness and vulnerability to corrosion and bacterial activity reflects the need for further studies on substitution or performing the surface modification. The suggestion of employing zirconia (ZrO2) bioceramic coatings for surface modification seems beneficial. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to identify and summarize existing documents reporting the biological responses for ZrO2 coatings produced by the PEO process on zirconium implants. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science international databases were searched for the original and English-language studies published between 2000 and 2021. All publications reported at least one study about in-vitro (cellular and immersion studies), in-vivo (animal studies), and antibacterial topics for ZrO2-PEO coated zirconium implants. RESULTS Throughout the initial search, 496 publications were found, and 296 papers remained following the elimination of duplicates. Finally, after multiple screening and eligibility assessments, 25 publications were qualified and included in the review. Among them, 25 in-vitro (cellular and immersion in SBF and Hanks' solutions studies), one in-vivo (animal studies), and eight antibacterial studies were found. CONCLUSION The ZrO2 coated samples demonstrate no cytotoxicity, high cell viability rate, and excellent biocompatibility. However, changing the solution composition and electrical parameters during the PEO procedures result in significant changes to in-vitro responses. As an instance, the ZrO2 coating surface demonstrates greater biocompatibility after irradiated by UV, which makes the surface more suitable for cell growth. Due to weak apatite-forming ability, the zirconium sample shows low bioactivity in SBF. However, most cases (13 out of 16) show that the specific morphology and chemical composition of the ZrO2 coating promote apatite-forming ability with good bioactivity in SBF. Nevertheless, few papers (three out of 16) showed that the ZrO2 coatings immersed in SBF had no apatite precipitates and so no bioactivity. These cases limit the bioactivity enhancement to treatment by UV-light irradiation, hydrothermal and chemical treatment, thermal evaporation, and cathodic polarization post-treatment on ZrO2 coatings. Both zirconium and ZrO2 coated samples do not show apatite-forming ability in Hanks' solution. The ZrO2 coated implant with the bone together indicates a greater shear strength and rapid new bone formation ability during 12 weeks because of containing Ca-P compounds and porous structure. The UV post-treated ZrO2 coating induces faster new bone formation and firmer connection of bond with bone than those of untreated ZrO2 coatings. A stronger antibacterial activity of ZrO2 coatings is confirmed in half of the selected papers (four out of eight studies) compared to the bare zirconium samples. The antibacterial protection of ZrO2 coatings can be influenced by the PEO procedure variables, i.e., solution composition, electrical parameters, and treatment time. In three cases, the antibacterial activity of ZrO2 coatings is enhanced by deposition of Zn, Ag, or Cu antibacterial layers through thermal evaporation post-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Molaei
- Department of Materials Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 65178-38695, Iran
| | - Navid Attarzadeh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Albano CS, Gomes AM, da Silva Feltran G, da Costa Fernandes CJ, Trino LD, Zambuzzi WF, Lisboa-Filho PN. Bisphosphonate-based surface biofunctionalization improves titanium biocompatibility. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:109. [PMID: 33159588 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel-biofunctionalized surfaces are required to improve the performance of endosseous implants, which are mainly related to the resistance against biocorrosion, as well as for the consideration of osteoinductive phenomena. Among different strategies, the use of bisphosphonate molecules as linkers between titanium dioxide (TiO2) surfaces and proteins is a distinctive approach, one in which bisphosphonate could play a role in the osseointegration. Thus, to address this issue, we proposed a novel biofunctionalization of TiO2 surfaces using sodium alendronate (ALN) as a linker and bovine serum albumin as the protein. Physicochemical analysis of the functionalized surfaces was performed using contact angle analyses and surface roughness measurements, which indicated an efficient functionalization. The biocompatibility of the functionalized surfaces was analyzed through the adhesion behavior of the pre-osteoblasts onto the samples. Overall, our data showed a significant improvement concerning the cell adhesion by modulating the adhesion cell-related set of genes. The obtained results show that for modified surfaces there is an increase of up to 100 times in the percentage of cells adhered when compared to the control, besides the extracellular matrix remodeling seemed to be an essential prerequisite for the early stages of cell adhesion on to the biomaterials, which was assayed by evaluating the matrix metalloproteinase activities as well as the gene activations. In the expressions of the Bsp and Bglap2 genes, for the group containing ALN (TiO2 + ALN), it was observed an increase in expression (approximately sixfold change) when compared to the control. Altogether, our data clearly showed that the bisphosphonate-biofunctionalized surface enhanced the biocompatibility of titanium and claims to further progress preclinical in vivo experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simão Albano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
- Department of Physics, UNESP-São Paulo State University, School of Sciences, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Anderson Moreira Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Geórgia da Silva Feltran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luciana Daniele Trino
- Department of Physics, UNESP-São Paulo State University, School of Sciences, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of Micro-Arc Oxidation Process Parameters on Characteristics of Calcium-Phosphate Containing Oxide Layers on the Selective Laser Melted Ti13Zr13Nb Alloy. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Titania-based films on selective laser melted Ti13Zr13Nb have been formed by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) at different process parameters (voltage, current, processing time) in order to evaluate the impact of MAO process parameters in calcium and phosphate (Ca + P) containing electrolyte on surface characteristic, early-stage bioactivity, nanomechanical properties, and adhesion between the oxide coatings and substrate. The surface topography, surface roughness, pore diameter, elemental composition, crystal structure, surface wettability, and the early stage-bioactivity in Hank’s solution were evaluated for all coatings. Hardness, maximum indent depth, Young’s modulus, and Ecoating/Esubstrate, H/E, H3/E2 ratios were determined in the case of nanomechanical evaluation while the MAO coating adhesion properties were estimated by the scratch test. The study indicated that the most important parameter of MAO process influencing the coating characteristic is voltage. Due to the good ratio of structural and nanomechanical properties of the coatings, the optimal conditions of MAO process were found at 300 V during 15 min, at 32 mA or 50 mA of current, which resulted in the predictable structure, high Ca/P ratio, high hydrophilicity, the highest demonstrated early-stage bioactivity, better nanomechanical properties, the elastic modulus and hardness well close to the values characteristic for bones, as compared to specimens treated at a lower voltage (200 V) and uncoated substrate, as well as a higher critical load of adhesion and total delamination.
Collapse
|
11
|
Albano CS, Moreira Gomes A, da Silva Feltran G, da Costa Fernandes CJ, Trino LD, Zambuzzi WF, Lisboa-Filho PN. Biofunctionalization of titanium surfaces with alendronate and albumin modulates osteoblast performance. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04455. [PMID: 32715131 PMCID: PMC7378701 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofunctionalization of titanium surfaces can improve host responses, especially considering the time for osteointegration and patient recovery. This prompted us to modify titanium surfaces with alendronate and albumin and to investigate the behavior of osteoblasts on these surfaces. METHODS The biofunctionalization of titanium surfaces was characterized using classical physicochemical approaches and later used to challenge pre-osteoblast cells up to 24 h. Then their viability and molecular behavior were investigated using mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and RTq-PCR technologies, respectively. Potential stimulus of extracellular remodeling was also investigated by zymography. RESULTS Our data indicates a differential behavior of cells responding to the surfaces, considering the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Molecularly, the differential expression of genes related with cell adhesion highlighted the importance of Integrin-β1, Fak, and Src. These 3 genes were significantly decreased in response to titanium surfaces modified with alendronate, but this behavior was reverted when alendronate was associated with albumin. Alendronate-modified surfaces promoted a significant increase on ECM remodeling, as well as culminating with greater gene activity related to the osteogenic phenotype (Runx2, Alp, Bsp). CONCLUSION Altogether, our study found interesting osteogenic behavior of cells in response to alendronate and albumin surfaces, which indicates the need for in vivo analyses to better consider these surfaces before clinical trials within the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simão Albano
- Bioassays and Cell Dynamics Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University, Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, Brazil
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University School of Sciences, Department of Physics, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Anderson Moreira Gomes
- Bioassays and Cell Dynamics Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University, Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Geórgia da Silva Feltran
- Bioassays and Cell Dynamics Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University, Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes
- Bioassays and Cell Dynamics Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University, Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luciana Daniele Trino
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University School of Sciences, Department of Physics, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Bioassays and Cell Dynamics Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University, Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory – UNESP – São Paulo State University School of Sciences, Department of Physics, Bauru, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marenzi G, Spagnuolo G, Sammartino JC, Gasparro R, Rebaudi A, Salerno M. Micro-Scale Surface Patterning of Titanium Dental Implants by Anodization in the Presence of Modifying Salts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1753. [PMID: 31151141 PMCID: PMC6600742 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The bone-implant interface influences peri-implant bone healing and osseointegration. Among various nano-engineering techniques used for titanium surface modification, anodization is a simple, high-throughput and low-cost process, resulting in a nanoporous oxide coating which can promote osseointegration and impart antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. We anodized rounded tip dental implants of commercial grade titanium in aqueous phosphoric acid modified with calcium and potassium acetate, and characterized the resulting surface morphology and composition with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. The appearance of nanopores on these implants confirmed successful nanoscale morphology modification. Additionally, the metal cations of the used salts were incorporated into the porous coating together with phosphate, which can be convenient for osseointegration. The proposed method for surface nanostructuring of titanium alloy could allow for fabrication of dental implants with improved biocompatibility in the next stage of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Marenzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alberto Rebaudi
- Rebaudi Dental Office, Piazza della Vittoria 8, 16121 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Salerno
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tribocorrosion of Passive Materials: A Review on Test Procedures and Standards. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORROSION 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/7345346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the most recent available literature relating to the electrochemical techniques and test procedures employed to assess tribocorrosion behaviour of passive materials. Over the last few decades, interest in tribocorrosion studies has notably increased, and several electrochemical techniques have been adapted to be applied on tribocorrosion research. Until 2016, the only existing standard to study tribocorrosion and to determine the synergism between wear and corrosion was the ASTM G119. In 2016, the UNE 112086 standard was developed, based on a test protocol suggested by several authors to address the drawbacks of the ASTM G119 standard. Current knowledge on tribocorrosion has been acquired by combining different electrochemical techniques. This work compiles different test procedures and a combination of electrochemical techniques used by noteworthy researchers to assess tribocorrosion behaviour of passive materials. A brief insight is also provided into the electrochemical techniques and studies made by tribocorrosion researchers.
Collapse
|
14
|
Trino LD, Bronze-Uhle ES, George A, Mathew MT, Lisboa-Filho PN. Surface Physicochemical and Structural Analysis of Functionalized Titanium Dioxide Films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Alves SA, Rossi AL, Ribeiro AR, Toptan F, Pinto AM, Shokuhfar T, Celis JP, Rocha LA. Improved tribocorrosion performance of bio-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes under two-cycle sliding actions in artificial saliva. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
17
|
Alves AC, Thibeaux R, Toptan F, Pinto AMP, Ponthiaux P, David B. Influence of macroporosity on NIH/3T3 adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 over bio-functionalized highly porous titanium implant material. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018. [PMID: 29520948 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Highly porous Ti implant materials are being used in order to overcome the stress shielding effect on orthopedic implants. However, the lack of bioactivity on Ti surfaces is still a major concern regarding the osseointegration process. It is known that the rapid recruitment of osteoblasts in bone defects is an essential prerequisite for efficient bone repair. Conventionally, osteoblast recruitment to bone defects and subsequent bone repair has been achieved using growth factors. Thus, in this study highly porous Ti samples were processed by powder metallurgy using space holder technique followed by the bio-functionalization through microarc oxidation using a Ca- and P-rich electrolyte. The biological response in terms of early cell response, namely, adhesion, spreading, viability, and proliferation of the novel biofunctionalized highly porous Ti was carried out with NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts in terms of viability, adhesion, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Results showed that bio-functionalization did not affect the cell viability. However, bio-functionalized highly porous Ti (22% porosity) enhanced the cell proliferation and activity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 107B: 73-85, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Alves
- CMEMS-UMinho - Center of MicroElectroMechanical Systems - Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azuém, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R Thibeaux
- MSSMat, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Sols, Structures et Matériaux, UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - F Toptan
- CMEMS-UMinho - Center of MicroElectroMechanical Systems - Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azuém, Guimarães, Portugal.,DEM - Departament of Mechanical Engineering - Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, Portugal.,IBTN/Br - Brazilian Branch of the Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine, UNESP, Campus de Bauru, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - A M P Pinto
- CMEMS-UMinho - Center of MicroElectroMechanical Systems - Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azuém, Guimarães, Portugal.,DEM - Departament of Mechanical Engineering - Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - P Ponthiaux
- LGPM, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - B David
- MSSMat, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Sols, Structures et Matériaux, UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trino LD, Bronze-Uhle ES, Ramachandran A, Lisboa-Filho PN, Mathew MT, George A. Titanium surface bio-functionalization using osteogenic peptides: Surface chemistry, biocompatibility, corrosion and tribocorrosion aspects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 81:26-38. [PMID: 29477893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) is widely used in biomedical devices due to its recognized biocompatibility. However, implant failures and subsequent clinical side effects are still recurrent. In this context, improvements can be achieved by designing biomaterials where the bulk and the surface of Ti are independently tailored. The conjugation of biomolecules onto the Ti surface can improve its bioactivity, thus accelerating the osteointegration process. Ti was modified with TiO2, two different spacers, 3-(4-aminophenyl) propionic acid (APPA) or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) peptides. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of carbon and nitrogen for all samples, indicating a success in the functionalization process. Furthermore, DMP1 peptides showed an improved coverage area for the samples with APPA and MPA spacers. Biological tests indicated that the peptides could modulate cell affinity, proliferation, and differentiation. Enhanced results were observed in the presence of MPA. Moreover, the immobilization of DMP1 peptides through the spacers led to the formation of calcium phosphate minerals with a Ca/P ratio near to that of hydroxyapatite. Corrosion and tribocorrosion results indicated an increased resistance to corrosion and lower mass loss in the functionalized materials, showing that this new type of functional material has attractive properties for biomaterials application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D Trino
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Erika S Bronze-Uhle
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Amsaveni Ramachandran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Paulo N Lisboa-Filho
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil.
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine at Rockford, University of Illinois-School of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107-1897, USA
| | - Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Tribocorrosion behavior of bio-functionalized highly porous titanium. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:144-152. [PMID: 28073074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in orthopedic and dental implants, however, some major clinical concerns such as poor wear resistance, lack of bioactivity, and bone resorption due to stress shielding are yet to be overcome. In order to improve these drawbacks, highly porous Ti samples having functionalized surfaces were developed by powder metallurgy with space holder technique followed by anodic treatment. Tribocorrosion tests were performed in 9g/L NaCl solution using a unidirectional pin-on-disc tribometer under 3N normal load, 1Hz frequency and 4mm track diameter. Open circuit potential (OCP) was measured before, during and after sliding. Worn surfaces investigated by field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results suggested bio-functionalized highly porous samples presented lower tendency to corrosion under sliding against zirconia pin, mainly due to the load carrying effect given by the hard protruded oxide surfaces formed by the anodic treatment.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Alves SA, Ribeiro AR, Gemini-Piperni S, Silva RC, Saraiva AM, Leite PE, Perez G, Oliveira SM, Araujo JR, Archanjo BS, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M, Celis JP, Shokuhfar T, Borojevic R, Granjeiro JM, Rocha LA. TiO2nanotubes enriched with calcium, phosphorous and zinc: promising bio-selective functional surfaces for osseointegrated titanium implants. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TiO2nanotubes enriched with Ca, P, and Zn by reverse polarization anodization, are promising bio-selective functional structures for osseointegrated titanium implants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Corrosion, Tribology, and Tribocorrosion Research in Biomedical Implants: Progressive Trend in the Published Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40735-016-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
Marques IDSV, Alfaro MF, Saito MT, da Cruz NC, Takoudis C, Landers R, Mesquita MF, Nociti Junior FH, Mathew MT, Sukotjo C, Barão VAR. Biomimetic coatings enhance tribocorrosion behavior and cell responses of commercially pure titanium surfaces. Biointerphases 2016; 11:031008. [PMID: 27514370 PMCID: PMC4982872 DOI: 10.1116/1.4960654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofunctionalized surfaces for implants are currently receiving much attention in the health care sector. Our aims were (1) to create bioactive Ti-coatings doped with Ca, P, Si, and Ag produced by microarc oxidation (MAO) to improve the surface properties of biomedical implants, (2) to investigate the TiO2 layer stability under wear and corrosion, and (3) to evaluate human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) responses cultured on the modified surfaces. Tribocorrosion and cell experiments were performed following the MAO treatment. Samples were divided as a function of different Ca/P concentrations and treatment duration. Higher Ca concentration produced larger porous and harder coatings compared to the untreated group (p < 0.001), due to the presence of rutile structure. Free potentials experiments showed lower drops (-0.6 V) and higher coating lifetime during sliding for higher Ca concentration, whereas lower concentrations presented similar drops (-0.8 V) compared to an untreated group wherein the drop occurred immediately after the sliding started. MAO-treated surfaces improved the matrix formation and osteogenic gene expression levels of hMSCs. Higher Ca/P ratios and the addition of Ag nanoparticles into the oxide layer presented better surface properties, tribocorrosive behavior, and cell responses. MAO is a promising technique to enhance the biological, chemical, and mechanical properties of dental implant surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella da Silva Vieira Marques
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Alfaro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, 801 S Paulina, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Miki Taketomi Saito
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Nilson Cristino da Cruz
- Laboratory of Technological Plasmas, Engineering College, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av Três de Março, 511, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Christos Takoudis
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan St., SEO 218, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Richard Landers
- Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ferraz Mesquita
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti Junior
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107
| | - Cortino Sukotjo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, 801 S Paulina, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shayganpour A, Rebaudi A, Cortella P, Diaspro A, Salerno M. Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:2183-2192. [PMID: 26665091 PMCID: PMC4660911 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical long-term osteointegration of titanium-based biomedical devices is the main goal for both dental and orthopedical implants. Both the surface morphology and the possible functionalization of the implant surface are important points. In the last decade, following the success of nanostructured anodic porous alumina, anodic porous titania has also attracted the interest of academic researchers. This material, investigated mainly for its photocatalytic properties and for applications in solar cells, is usually obtained from the anodization of ultrapure titanium. We anodized dental implants made of commercial grade titanium under different experimental conditions and characterized the resulting surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. The appearance of nanopores on these implants confirm that anodic porous titania can be obtained not only on ultrapure and flat titanium but also as a conformal coating on curved surfaces of real objects made of industrial titanium alloys. Raman spectroscopy showed that the titania phase obtained is anatase. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that by carrying out the anodization in the presence of electrolyte additives such as magnesium, these can be incorporated into the porous coating. The proposed method for the surface nanostructuring of biomedical implants should allow for integration of conventional microscale treatments such as sandblasting with additive nanoscale patterning. Additional advantages are provided by this material when considering the possible loading of bioactive drugs in the porous cavities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Shayganpour
- Nanophysics Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Rebaudi
- Rebaudi Dental Office, piazza della Vittoria 8, 16121 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanophysics Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Salerno
- Nanophysics Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16149 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|