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Adagide S, Canlı S, Aksoy M. The identification of the relationship between nursing students' disgust sensitivity and willingness to care for the elderly: The case of a university. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 59:453-457. [PMID: 39141952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In clinical learning environments, nursing students frequently encounter situations that cause physical disgust. It is believed that a high sensitivity to disgust among students can negatively affect their academic performance and caregiving behavior. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between nursing students' disgust sensitivity and willingness to care for older adults. METHOD This descriptive and cross-sectional research was conducted with 807 volunteer participants studying at the Department of Nursing of a university in southeast Turkey. The research data were collected by using the Personal Information Form, the Disgust Sensitivity Scale - Revised Form (DS-R), and the Willingness to Care for the Elderly Scale (WCES) . Descriptive statistics, the Student's t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the One-Way Analysis of Variance, and Pearson's correlation were used in the analysis of research data. RESULTS In the research, nursing students' mean DS-R and WCES scores were calculated respectively as 77.93 ± 16.40 and 34.16 ± 5.98 points. A statistically significant negative relationship was found between nursing students' DS-R and WCES scores (p < 0.05). In the research, there were statistically significant differences in nursing students' mean DS-R scores as per the variables of student gender and class year. Also, it was found that, as per the variables of student nationality and the status of assuming responsibility for the care of a sick or old relative, there were statistically significant differences in both nursing students' mean DS-R scores and their mean WCES scores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded that nursing students had high-level disgust sensitivity and medium-level willingness to care for an older adult. As the disgust sensitivity of the nursing students increased, their willingness to care for an older adult was negatively affected. Therefore, it is important that nurse educators evaluate nursing students' disgust sensitivity and help nursing students define and eliminate their disgust emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simla Adagide
- Siirt University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Psychiatric, Siirt Turkey
| | - Serap Canlı
- Department of Elderly Care, Haymana Vocational School, University of Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Meyreme Aksoy
- Siirt University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Fundamentals, Siirt Turkey.
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Salles BM, Fadel JV, Mograbi DC. Moderate similarity leads to empathic concern, but high similarity can also induce personal distress towards others' pain. Psych J 2024; 13:322-334. [PMID: 38105597 PMCID: PMC10990819 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Empathic concern and personal distress are common vicarious emotional responses that arise when witnessing someone else's pain. However, the influence of perceived similarity on these responses remains unclear. In this study, we examined how perceived similarity with an injured target impacts vicarious emotional responses. A total of 87 participants watched a video of an athlete in pain preceded by a clip describing the athlete's trajectory, which indicated either high, moderate, or low similarity to the participants. Emotional self-reports, facial expressions, gaze behavior, and pupil diameter were measured as indicators of the participants' emotional responses. Participants in the moderate- and high-similarity groups exhibited greater empathic concern, as evidenced by their display of more sadness compared with those in the low-similarity group. Furthermore, those in the moderate-similarity group exhibited less avoidance by displaying reduced disgust, indicating lower personal distress compared with those in the low-similarity condition. Nevertheless, the high-similarity group displayed just as much disgust as the low-similarity group. These findings suggest that perceived similarity enhances empathic concern to others' suffering, but that high similarity can also lead to personal distress. Future studies on empathy should explore distinct vicarious states using multimodal measurements to further advance our understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Salles
- Department of PsychologyPontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC‐Rio)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - João V. Fadel
- Department of PsychologyPontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC‐Rio)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Daniel C. Mograbi
- Department of PsychologyPontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC‐Rio)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Ellingsen DM, Isenburg K, Jung C, Lee J, Gerber J, Mawla I, Sclocco R, Grahl A, Anzolin A, Edwards RR, Kelley JM, Kirsch I, Kaptchuk TJ, Napadow V. Brain-to-brain mechanisms underlying pain empathy and social modulation of pain in the patient-clinician interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212910120. [PMID: 37339198 PMCID: PMC10293846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212910120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Social interactions such as the patient-clinician encounter can influence pain, but the underlying dynamic interbrain processes are unclear. Here, we investigated the dynamic brain processes supporting social modulation of pain by assessing simultaneous brain activity (fMRI hyperscanning) from chronic pain patients and clinicians during video-based live interaction. Patients received painful and nonpainful pressure stimuli either with a supportive clinician present (Dyadic) or in isolation (Solo). In half of the dyads, clinicians performed a clinical consultation and intake with the patient prior to hyperscanning (Clinical Interaction), which increased self-reported therapeutic alliance. For the other half, patient-clinician hyperscanning was completed without prior clinical interaction (No Interaction). Patients reported lower pain intensity in the Dyadic, relative to the Solo, condition. In Clinical Interaction dyads relative to No Interaction, patients evaluated their clinicians as better able to understand their pain, and clinicians were more accurate when estimating patients' pain levels. In Clinical Interaction dyads, compared to No Interaction, patients showed stronger activation of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC and vlPFC) and primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory areas (Dyadic-Solo contrast), and clinicians showed increased dynamic dlPFC concordance with patients' S2 activity during pain. Furthermore, the strength of S2-dlPFC concordance was positively correlated with self-reported therapeutic alliance. These findings support that empathy and supportive care can reduce pain intensity and shed light on the brain processes underpinning social modulation of pain in patient-clinician interactions. Our findings further suggest that clinicians' dlPFC concordance with patients' somatosensory processing during pain can be boosted by increasing therapeutic alliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Mikael Ellingsen
- Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo0372, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Law, School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo0107, Norway
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Kylie Isenburg
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Changjin Jung
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- KM Research Science Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon461-24, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeungchan Lee
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Jessica Gerber
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Ishtiaq Mawla
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Roberta Sclocco
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO63017
| | - Arvina Grahl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Alessandra Anzolin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Robert R. Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - John M. Kelley
- School of Social Sciences, Communication, and Humanities, Endicott College, Beverley, MA02115
- Program in Placebo Studies & Therapeutic Encounter, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Irving Kirsch
- Program in Placebo Studies & Therapeutic Encounter, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Ted J. Kaptchuk
- Program in Placebo Studies & Therapeutic Encounter, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massa, chusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
- Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO63017
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Steinkopf L. The suffering ape hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e78. [PMID: 37154368 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2200190x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The "fearful ape hypothesis" could be regarded as one aspect of a more general "suffering ape hypothesis": Humans are more likely to experience negative emotions (e.g., fear, sadness), aversive symptoms (e.g., pain, fever), and to engage in self-harming behavior (e.g., cutting, suicide attempts) because these might motivate affiliative, consolatory, and supportive behavior from their prosocial environment thereby enhancing evolutionary fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Steinkopf
- Placebo Lab, Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany ; www.leandersteinkopf.de
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Patient-clinician brain concordance underlies causal dynamics in nonverbal communication and negative affective expressivity. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:44. [PMID: 35091536 PMCID: PMC8799700 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-clinician concordance in behavior and brain activity has been proposed as a potential key mediator of mutual empathy and clinical rapport in the therapeutic encounter. However, the specific elements of patient-clinician communication that may support brain-to-brain concordance and therapeutic alliance are unknown. Here, we investigated how pain-related, directional facial communication between patients and clinicians is associated with brain-to-brain concordance. Patient-clinician dyads interacted in a pain-treatment context, during synchronous assessment of brain activity (fMRI hyperscanning) and online video transfer, enabling face-to-face social interaction. In-scanner videos were used for automated individual facial action unit (AU) time-series extraction. First, an interpretable machine-learning classifier of patients' facial expressions, from an independent fMRI experiment, significantly distinguished moderately painful leg pressure from innocuous pressure stimuli. Next, we estimated neural-network causality of patient-to-clinician directional information flow of facial expressions during clinician-initiated treatment of patients' evoked pain. We identified a leader-follower relationship in which patients predominantly led the facial communication while clinicians responded to patients' expressions. Finally, analyses of dynamic brain-to-brain concordance showed that patients' mid/posterior insular concordance with the clinicians' anterior insula cortex, a region identified in previously published data from this study1, was associated with therapeutic alliance, and self-reported and objective (patient-to-clinician-directed causal influence) markers of negative-affect expressivity. These results suggest a role of patient-clinician concordance of the insula, a social-mirroring and salience-processing brain node, in mediating directional dynamics of pain-directed facial communication during therapeutic encounters.
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Bressan P. Strangers look sicker (with implications in times of COVID-19). Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000158. [PMID: 33215727 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We animals have evolved a variety of mechanisms to avoid conspecifics who might be infected. It is currently unclear whether and why this "behavioral immune system" targets unfamiliar individuals more than familiar ones. Here I answer this question in humans, using publicly available data of a recent study on 1969 participants from India and 1615 from the USA. The apparent health of a male stranger, as estimated from his face, and the comfort with contact with him were a direct function of his similarity to the men in the local community. This held true regardless of whether the face carried overt signs of infection. I conclude that our behavioral immune system is finely tuned to degrees of outgroupness - and that cues of outgroupness are partly processed as cues of infectiousness. These findings, which were consistent across the two cultures, support the notion that the pathogens of strangers are perceived as more dangerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bressan
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Petersen MB. Healthy Out-Group Members Are Represented Psychologically as Infected In-Group Members. Psychol Sci 2017; 28:1857-1863. [PMID: 29048976 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617728270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of studies have demonstrated that people implicitly treat out-groups as the carriers of pathogens and that considerable prejudice against out-groups is driven by concerns about pathogens. Yet the psychological categories that are involved and the selection pressures that underlie these categories remain unclear. A common view is that human pathogen-avoidance psychology is specifically adapted to avoid out-groups because of their potentially different pathogens. However, the series of studies reported here shows that there is no dedicated category for reasoning about out-groups in terms of pathogens. Specifically, a memory-confusion experiment conducted with two large-scale samples of Americans (one nationally representative) yielded strong, replicable evidence that healthy out-group members are represented using the same psychological category that is used to represent manifestly infected in-group members. This suggests that the link between out-group prejudice and pathogen concerns is a by-product of general mechanisms for treating any unfamiliar appearance as an infection cue.
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