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Melchiorre MG, Cerea S, Socci M, Lamura G. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on frail older people ageing in place alone in two Italian cities: Functional limitations, care arrangements and available services. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298074. [PMID: 38489312 PMCID: PMC10942073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to explore and compare effects of lockdown, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, on frail older people living alone at home in Brescia and Ancona, two urban cities located respectively in Northern and Central Italy. This country was the Western epicenter of the first wave of the pandemic (February-May 2020), which affected the two cities differently as for infections, with a more severe impact on the former. A follow-up study of the IN-AGE research project (2019) was carried out in July-September 2020, by means of telephone interviews, involving 41 respondents. Semi-structured questions focused on the effects of the first wave of the pandemic on their mobility and functional limitations, available care arrangements, and access to health services. The lockdown and social distancing measures overall negatively impacted on frail older people living alone, to a different extent in Ancona and Brescia, with a better resilience of home care services in Brescia, and a greater support from the family in Ancona, where however major problems in accessing health services also emerged. Even though the study was exploratory only, with a small sample that cannot be considered as representative of the population, and despite differences between the two cities, findings overall suggested that enhancing home care services, and supporting older people in accessing health services, could allow ageing in place, especially in emergency times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Melchiorre
- Centre for Socio-Economic Research on Ageing, IRCCS INRCA—National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Cerea
- Social Policy Laboratory, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Socci
- Centre for Socio-Economic Research on Ageing, IRCCS INRCA—National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lamura
- Centre for Socio-Economic Research on Ageing, IRCCS INRCA—National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing, Ancona, Italy
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Alfano V. Unlocking the importance of perceived governance: The impact on COVID-19 in NUTS-2 European regions. Soc Sci Med 2024; 343:116590. [PMID: 38290397 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
In the immediate aftermath of the pandemic, governments implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Previous literature suggests that NPI effectiveness is influenced by governance quality. The acceptance and perceived necessity of these measures by the public are crucial to their success, as NPIs cannot be easily enforced without public support. Does regional governance also play a role? This study examines the correlation between the quality of governance in European NUTS-2 regions and the spread of COVID-19. The findings indicate that overall perceived governance, and its perceived quality and corruption pillars, significantly impact the effectiveness of these interventions. This effect was pronounced during the first wave and then diminished in importance, disappearing before vaccines were available, suggesting that regional governance matters especially in the immediate aftermath of an exogenous shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alfano
- University of Napoli "Parthenope" & Center for Economic Studies - CES-ifo, Italy.
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3
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Choi KW, Kim HHS. Social Capital and Willingness to Comply With Anti-Pandemic Government Intervention. Res Aging 2024; 46:43-58. [PMID: 37349177 DOI: 10.1177/01640275231185788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between individual-level social capital and compliance attitudes toward health protective measures in the context of COVID-19. We drew on secondary population-based data fielded during the pandemic's initial phase (April - June of 2020). The analytic sample consists of 9124 older American adults (ages 55 and over) across 18 U.S. States and Metropolitan Statistical Areas. We estimated mixed-effects models with random intercepts and slopes. People who are better socially connected are more willing to comply with anti-pandemic government intervention. This relationship is stronger among those who are more psychologically distressed. Its magnitude also increases in more densely populated areas and places with higher numbers of coronavirus infection. Older Americans' anti-coronavirus compliance attitudes is significantly driven by preexisting interpersonal connectedness and civic engagement. The role of social capital is also contingent on the existing levels of risk factor (threat and vulnerability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Choi
- Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Alfano V, Capasso S, Limosani M. On the determinants of anti-COVID restriction and anti-vaccine movements: the case of IoApro in Italy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16784. [PMID: 37798271 PMCID: PMC10556032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19, and subsequent vaccination campaigns, sentiments against such policies were quick to arise. While individual-level determinants that led to such attitudes have drawn much attention, there are also reasons to believe that the macro context in which these movements arose may contribute to their evolution. In this study, exploiting data on business activities which supported a major Italian anti-restriction and anti-vaccine movement, IoApro, using quantitative analysis that employs both a fractional response probit and logit model and a beta regression model, we investigate the relationship between socio-economic characteristics, institutional quality, and the flourishing of this movement. Our results suggest a U-shaped relationship between income and the proliferation of the movement, meaning that support for these movements increases the greater the degree of economic decline. Our results further indicate that the share of the population between 40 and 60 years old is positively related to support for such movements, as is institutional corruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alfano
- DiSEGIM, University of Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
- Center for Economic Studies - CES-Ifo, Munich, Germany.
| | - Salvatore Capasso
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- University of Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
- CSEF, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Fedorova E, Ledyaeva S, Kulikova O, Nevredinov A. Governmental anti-pandemic policies, vaccination, population mobility, Twitter narratives, and the spread of COVID-19: Evidence from the European Union countries. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 43:1975-2003. [PMID: 36623930 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We provide large-scale empirical evidence on the effects of multiple governmental regulatory and health policies, vaccination, population mobility, and COVID-19-related Twitter narratives on the spread of a new coronavirus infection. Using multiple-level fixed effects panel data model with weekly data for 27 European Union countries in the period of March 2020-June 2021, we show that governmental response policies were effective both in reducing the number of COVID-19 infection cases and deaths from it, particularly, in the countries with higher level of rule of law. Vaccination expectedly helped to decrease the number of virus cases. Reductions in population mobility in public places and workplaces were also powerful in fighting the pandemic. Next, we identify four core pandemic-related Twitter narratives: governmental response policies, people's sad feelings during the pandemic, vaccination, and pandemic-related international politics. We find that sad feelings' narrative helped to combat the virus spread in EU countries. Our findings also reveal that while in countries with high rule of law international politics' narrative helped to reduce the virus spread, in countries with low rule of law the effect was strictly the opposite. The latter finding suggests that trust in politicians played an important role in confronting the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fedorova
- Department of Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance, Financial University, Moscow, Russia
- School of Finance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Ledyaeva
- Department of Finance and Economics, Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oksana Kulikova
- Department of Economics, Logistics and Quality Management, Siberian State Automobile and Highway University, Omsk, Russia
| | - Alexandr Nevredinov
- Department of Entrepreneurship and International Activity, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
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Alfano V, Ercolano S. Fear itself. Is fear a determinant of the efficacy oflockdowns?. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES 2023; 88:101644. [PMID: 37360115 PMCID: PMC10257332 DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2023.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Among non-pharmaceutical measures for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the most important is the implementation of lockdowns. The cost and effectiveness of this policy remains a much-debated topic in economics. In this study we investigate whether a 'fear effect' is at work in influencing the effectiveness of lockdowns. According to previous contributions on the topic, fear can increase protective habits, and for this reason we may imagine that a high number of COVID-19-caused deaths creates fear among the population, which may make people more likely to follow government prescriptions and observe lockdowns strictly. By means of a qualitative-quantitative analysis, we find that among the 46 countries that reported coronavirus-caused deaths before the implementation of a lockdown, the top quartile for per capita deaths has better results in terms of reducing new COVID-19 cases after a lockdown, compared to the worst quartile. This suggests that the number of reported deaths, as well as its communication to the population, are important determinants of the effectiveness of a lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alfano
- DiSEGIM, University of Napoli Parthenope, Italy & Center for Economic Studies CES-ifo, Germany
- National Centre for Applied Economics Studies - CiMET, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ercolano
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Economics, University of Basilicata, Italy
- National Centre for Applied Economics Studies - CiMET, Italy
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Menardo E, Viola M, Bacherini A, Angelini L, Cubelli R, Balboni G. The Effects of the COVID-19-induced Lockdown on the Social Capital and Cultural Capital in Italy. SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH 2023; 168:1-22. [PMID: 37362181 PMCID: PMC10234587 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-023-03140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of the first COVID-19 lockdown on the Cultural and Social Capitals in Italy in a large group of adults (n = 1125). The relationships between the COVID-19 spread and participants' Cultural Capital, Social Capital, educational level, occupational prestige, and age were studied using structural equation models. For women but not for men, pandemic spread was positively affected by occupational prestige and it had a positive relationship with their Social Capital (women: CFI = 0.949; RMSEA = 0.059 [CI = 0.045-0.075]; men: CFI = 0.959; RMSEA = 0.064 [CI = 0.039-0.087]). Moreover, the participants were divided into three validated clusters based on their Cultural and Social Capitals levels to investigate changes in the Capitals compared with the pre-lockdown period. It was found that the lockdown contributed to improving the gap among individuals increasing high levels and decreasing low levels of both the Capitals. People with high Cultural and Social Capitals seemed to have seized the opportunity given by COVID-19 restrictions to cultivate their cultural interests and become more involved within their networks. In contrast, individuals with low Cultural and Social Capitals paid the highest price for the social isolation. Given that the Capitals encourage healthy behavior and influence well-being and mental health, institutions should develop or improve their policies and practices to foster individual resources, and make fairer opportunities available during the pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11205-023-03140-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menardo
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Viola
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Alice Bacherini
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini, 1, Perugia, 06123 Italy
| | - Luana Angelini
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini, 1, Perugia, 06123 Italy
| | - Roberto Cubelli
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Giulia Balboni
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini, 1, Perugia, 06123 Italy
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Alfano V, Ercolano S, Vecchione G. In COVID We Trust: The Impact of The Pandemic on Religiousness-Evidence from Italian Regions. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:1358-1372. [PMID: 36752897 PMCID: PMC9907869 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By changing many aspects of everyday life, the COVID-19 pandemic and the social distance policies implemented to face it have affected the behaviour of people all over the world. Has the pandemic also affected people's approach towards the divine? Previous evidence suggests that prayer searches on the Internet rose during the pandemic and that people tend to rely mainly on intrinsic rather than extrinsic religiousness to cope with adversity. In the present contribution, using a set of panel random effect estimators, we compare the change in religious attendance in Italian regions before and during the pandemic. Our results suggest that there has been an increase in religiousness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings are robust to several specifications of the model and to different estimators. This suggests that people derive more comfort from religious activities during hard times that are characterized by uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alfano
- DiSEGIM, University of Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
- Center for Economic Studies – CESifo, Munich, Germany
| | - Salvatore Ercolano
- Department of Mathematics, Information Sciences and Economics, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vecchione
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Ye Z, Yu Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Huang L. New observation of perceptive mechanism behind the long-lasting change of people's community mobility: evidence from COVID-19 in China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5165. [PMID: 36997595 PMCID: PMC10060925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to investigate how a new and long-lasting threat affects public risk perception and social distancing behavior, which is important for pandemic risk management and recovery of the tertiary industry. We have found that the mechanism that perception decides behavior changes over time. At the beginning of the pandemic, risk directly shapes people's willingness of going out. But under a persistent threat, perception no longer plays the direct role of shape people's willingness. Instead, perception indirectly influences the willingness by shaping people's judgment about the necessity of traveling. Switching from direct to indirect influence, perception's effect is enlarged, which partially prevents people from returning to normal life even if the governmental ban is removed in a zero-COVID community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-Tech Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yuxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-Tech Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chaosheng Zhang
- International Network for Environment and Health, School of Geography, Archaeology and Irish Studies, University of Galway, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-Tech Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Jung JH, Choi KW, Kim HHS. Examining the Complex (Curvilinear and Contingent) Associations between Social Distancing Compliance and Subjective Health during a Global Health Crisis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16058. [PMID: 36498132 PMCID: PMC9738174 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated a potential curvilinear link between social distancing behavior and subjective health in later life. It also evaluated whether food insecurity and community social capital moderated the focal relationship. METHODS Data were drawn from three waves of the COVID Impact Survey (N = 19,234). Mixed-effects models were fitted. RESULTS Social distancing has a non-monotonic (U-shaped) relationship with subjective health, i.e., individuals with low and high levels of social distancing show relatively better health. Moreover, the negative linear relationship between social distancing and health is weaker among people suffering from food insecurity as well as those living in communities with lower stocks of social capital. DISCUSSION This study sheds new light on the health implications of social distancing during the pandemic. Our findings dovetail with the steeling hypothesis, i.e., that social distancing is less harmful for U.S. older adults exposed to prior stressful or vulnerable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Jung
- Department of Sociology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Choi
- Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Harris Hyun-soo Kim
- Department of Sociology, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Vâlsan C, Goschin Z, Druică E. The Measurement of Social Capital in America: A Reassessment. SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH 2022; 165:135-161. [PMID: 36245937 PMCID: PMC9547102 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-022-03007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the more successful approaches to the measurement of social capital across US counties relies on a two-step algorithm procedure. In the first step, ten variables accounting for the per capita number of various types of voluntary organizations are averaged to generate an Aggregate Index. In the second step, the Aggregate Index and three other factors are used to extract an overall Social Capital Index. Here, we propose several methodological improvements to this already solid methodology. We replace the Aggregate Index calculated as a simple average with a measure generated with principal component analysis, and subsequently with a formative partial least squares dimension-reduction procedure. We explore variations of these procedures, according to the rent-seeking nature of the organizations that make up our groupings. We illustrate our methodology by using US county data. We find that, even when holding the normative concept and the data constant we generate alternative metrics with different characteristics. This result has far-reaching implications for both the theory of social capital and the public policies that rely on the evidence surrounding social capital. There appears to be an inherent arbitrariness to measuring complex social phenomena using a reductionist analytical framework. At the same time, there are limits to evidence-based policy interventions. These limits need to be mitigated with a balanced approach relying on both analytical tools and qualitative evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călin Vâlsan
- William School of Business, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, J1M1Z7 Canada
| | - Zizi Goschin
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania
- Institute of National Economy, Romanian Academy, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Druică
- Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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Alfano V, Ercolano S. Back to school or … back to lockdown? The effects of opening schools on the diffusion of COVID-19 in Italian regions. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES 2022; 82:101260. [PMID: 35197654 PMCID: PMC8850264 DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2022.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The opening of schools that coincided with the beginning of fall 2020 and the arrival of the second wave of COVID-19 in continental Europe has fostered significant debate in several countries. Some contributions have suggested that youngsters play a minor role in the spread of the virus, given the specific characteristics of this infection; other scholars have raised concerns about the necessary movement that involves keeping schools open, and the consequent potential spread of the virus. In this study, we focus on the Italian case, an interesting setting in which to test the impact of opening schools on the spread of COVID-19, because of the different dates at which schools have opened in the various Italian provinces, and because of the different rates at which the virus has spread across Italy. Our results suggest that open schools have a positive impact on COVID-19 cases, whose spread occurs between 10 and 14 days after opening. While closing schools or using distance learning have other social and economic consequences, making it necessary for policymakers to adopt a holistic evaluation, it should be taken into account that open schools have an impact on the spread of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alfano
- Department of Economics, University of Messina, Italy
- Center for Economic Studies - CES-ifo, Germany
| | - Salvatore Ercolano
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Economics, University of Basilicata, Italy
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Alfano V. Fighting COVID in Central Asia: Governance Quality and Non-Pharmaceutical Effectiveness in the 'stans. Health Policy Plan 2022; 37:952-962. [PMID: 35260888 PMCID: PMC9047151 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight coronavirus disease 2019, non-pharmaceutical interventions were adopted all over the world. Non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) effectiveness also depends on governments’ capacity to implement sound policies. Stay-at-home orders are binding measures that can raise serious concerns among the population. The perceived quality and effective need for these measures are therefore crucial for the willingness of the citizens to accept NPIs. This study investigates the relationship between the efficacy of NPIs and governance quality in Central Asia. Results suggest that overall governance quality matters and that in this relationship regulatory quality is more important than rule of law, which matters more than government effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alfano
- Department of Economics, University of Messina.,Center for Economic Studies CES-ifo
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