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Paterson KJ, Dahiya A, Williams BD, Phipps RJ. Tertiary Amides as Directing Groups for Enantioselective C-H Amination using Ion-Paired Rhodium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317489. [PMID: 38348742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective C-H amination at a benzylic methylene is a vital disconnection towards chiral benzylamines. Here we disclose that butyric and valeric acid-derived tertiary amides can undergo highly enantioselective benzylic amination using an achiral anionic Rh complex that is ion-paired with a Cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral cation. A broad scope of compounds can be aminated encompassing numerous arene substitutions, amides, and two different chain lengths. Excellent tolerance of ortho substituents was observed, which has not been achieved before in asymmetric intermolecular C-H amination with Rh. We speculate that the tertiary amide group of the substrate engages in hydrogen bonding interactions directly with the chiral cation, enabling a high level of organisation at the transition state for C-H amination. This is in contrast with our previous work where a substrate bearing a hydrogen bond donor was required. Control experiments led to the discovery that methyl ethers also function as proficient directing groups under the optimised conditions, potentially also acting as hydrogen bond acceptors. This finding has the promise to dramatically expand the applicability of our ion-paired chiral catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J Paterson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Dahiya
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D Williams
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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2
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Ermanis K, Gibson DC, Genov GR, Phipps RJ. Interrogating the Crucial Interactions at Play in the Chiral Cation-Directed Enantioselective Borylation of Arenes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:13043-13055. [PMID: 37822864 PMCID: PMC10563137 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Rendering a common ligand scaffold anionic and then pairing it with a chiral cation represents an alternative strategy for developing enantioselective versions of challenging transformations, as has been recently demonstrated in the enantioselective borylation of arenes using a quinine-derived chiral cation. A significant barrier to the further generalization of this approach is the lack of understanding of the specific interactions involved between the cation, ligand, and substrate, given the complexity of the system. We have embarked on a detailed computational study probing the mechanism, the key noncovalent interactions involved, and potential origin of selectivity for the desymmetrizing borylation of two distinct classes of substrate. We describe a deconstructive, stepwise approach to tackling this complex challenge, which involves building up a detailed understanding of the pairwise components of the nominally three component system before combining together into the full 263-atom reactive complex. This approach has revealed substantial differences in the noncovalent interactions occurring at the stereodetermining transition state for C-H oxidative addition to iridium for the two substrate classes. Each substrate engages in a unique mixture of diverse interactions, a testament to the rich and privileged structure of the cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral cations. Throughout the study, experimental support is provided, and this culminates in the discovery that prochiral phosphine oxide substrates, lacking hydrogen bond donor functionality, can also give very encouraging levels of enantioselectivity, potentially through direct interactions with the chiral cation. We envisage that the findings in this study will spur further developments in using chiral cations as controllers in asymmetric transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Ermanis
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - David C. Gibson
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georgi R. Genov
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Phipps
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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3
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Agu PC, Afiukwa CA, Orji OU, Ezeh EM, Ofoke IH, Ogbu CO, Ugwuja EI, Aja PM. Molecular docking as a tool for the discovery of molecular targets of nutraceuticals in diseases management. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13398. [PMID: 37592012 PMCID: PMC10435576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular docking is a computational technique that predicts the binding affinity of ligands to receptor proteins. Although it has potential uses in nutraceutical research, it has developed into a formidable tool for drug development. Bioactive substances called nutraceuticals are present in food sources and can be used in the management of diseases. Finding their molecular targets can help in the creation of disease-specific new therapies. The purpose of this review was to explore molecular docking's application to the study of dietary supplements and disease management. First, an overview of the fundamentals of molecular docking and the various software tools available for docking was presented. The limitations and difficulties of using molecular docking in nutraceutical research are also covered, including the reliability of scoring functions and the requirement for experimental validation. Additionally, there was a focus on the identification of molecular targets for nutraceuticals in numerous disease models, including those for sickle cell disease, cancer, cardiovascular, gut, reproductive, and neurodegenerative disorders. We further highlighted biochemistry pathways and models from recent studies that have revealed molecular mechanisms to pinpoint new nutraceuticals' effects on disease pathogenesis. It is convincingly true that molecular docking is a useful tool for identifying the molecular targets of nutraceuticals in the management of diseases. It may offer information about how nutraceuticals work and support the creation of new therapeutics. Therefore, molecular docking has a bright future in nutraceutical research and has a lot of potentials to lead to the creation of brand-new medicines for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Agu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology (Biochemistry Option), Our Savior Institute of Science, Agriculture, and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria.
| | - C A Afiukwa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - O U Orji
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - E M Ezeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - I H Ofoke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - C O Ogbu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - E I Ugwuja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - P M Aja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Uganda.
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4
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Abuhafez N, Gramage-Doria R. Boosting the activity of Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions with a supramolecular palladium catalyst favouring remote Zn⋯pyridine interactions. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:186-198. [PMID: 37083293 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis benefitting from supramolecular interactions in the secondary coordination sphere in order to pre-organize substrates around the active site and reach a specific selectivity typically occurs under long reaction times and mild reaction temperatures with the aim to maximize such subtle effects. Herein, we demonstrate that the kinetically labile Zn⋯N interaction between a pyridine substrate and a zinc-porphyrin site serving for substrate binding is a unique type of weak interaction that enables identification of supramolecular effects in transition metal catalysis after one hour at a high reaction temperature of 130 °C. Under carefully selected reaction conditions, supramolecularly-regulated palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck reactions between 3-bromopyridine and terminal olefins (acrylates or styrenes) proceeded in a more efficient manner compared to the non-supramolecular version. The supramolecular catalysis developed here also displayed interesting substrate-selectivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naba Abuhafez
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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5
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Gillespie JE, Fanourakis A, Phipps RJ. Strategies That Utilize Ion Pairing Interactions to Exert Selectivity Control in the Functionalization of C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18195-18211. [PMID: 36178308 PMCID: PMC9562467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic attraction between two groups of opposite charge, typically known as ion-pairing, offers unique opportunities for the design of systems to enable selectivity control in chemical reactions. Catalysis using noncovalent interactions is an established and vibrant research area, but it is noticeable that hydrogen bonding interactions are still the main interaction of choice in system design. Opposite charges experience the powerful force of Coulombic attraction and have the ability to exert fundamental influence on the outcome of reactions that involve charged reagents, intermediates or catalysts. In this Perspective, we will examine how ion-pairing interactions have been used to control selectivity in C-H bond functionalization processes. This broad class of reactions provides an interesting and thought-provoking lens through which to examine the application of ion-pairing design strategies because it is one that encompasses great mechanistic diversity, poses significant selectivity challenges, and perhaps most importantly is of immense interest to synthetic chemists in both industry and academia. We survey reactions that proceed via radical and ionic mechanisms alongside those that involve transition metal catalysis and will deal with control of site-selectivity and enantioselectivity. We anticipate that as this emerging area develops, it will become an ever-more important design strategy for selectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gillespie
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alexander Fanourakis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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6
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Yuan YC, Mellah M, Schulz E, David ORP. Making Chiral Salen Complexes Work with Organocatalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8841-8883. [PMID: 35266711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisimine derivatives of salicylaldehyde with chiral diamines (salens) are privileged ligands in asymmetric organometallic catalysis, which can be used in cooperation with organocatalysts as additives. The latter can be a modifier of the metal reactivity by liganding or a true co-catalyst working in tandem or in a dual system. All scenarios encountered in the literature are reviewed and classified according to the organocatalyst. In each case, mechanistic and physical-organic chemistry considerations are discussed to better understand the gears of these complex catalytic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Yuan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France.,Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Mohamed Mellah
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuelle Schulz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier R P David
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles, France
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7
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Li S, Wang S, Li J, Qi Y, Wang C, Zong L, Tan CH. Monocationic Cinchoninium Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxohydroxylation of Enoates. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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8
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Grau BW, Dill M, Hampel F, Kahnt A, Jux N, Tsogoeva SB. Four‐Step Domino Reaction Enables Fully Controlled Non‐Statistical Synthesis of Hexaarylbenzene with Six Different Aryl Groups**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt W. Grau
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Dill
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM) Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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9
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Grau BW, Dill M, Hampel F, Kahnt A, Jux N, Tsogoeva SB. Four-Step Domino Reaction Enables Fully Controlled Non-Statistical Synthesis of Hexaarylbenzene with Six Different Aryl Groups*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22307-22314. [PMID: 34060211 PMCID: PMC8518863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hexaarylbenzene (HAB) derivatives are versatile aromatic systems playing a significant role as chromophores, liquid crystalline materials, molecular receptors, molecular-scale devices, organic light-emitting diodes and candidates for organic electronics. Statistical synthesis of simple symmetrical HABs is known via cyclotrimerization or Diels-Alder reactions. By contrast, the synthesis of more complex, asymmetrical systems, and without involvement of statistical steps, remains an unsolved problem. Here we present a generally applicable synthetic strategy to access asymmetrical HAB via an atom-economical and high-yielding metal-free four-step domino reaction using nitrostyrenes and α,α-dicyanoolefins as easily available starting materials. Resulting domino product-functionalized triarylbenzene (TAB)-can be used as a key starting compound to furnish asymmetrically substituted hexaarylbenzenes in high overall yield and without involvement of statistical steps. This straightforward domino process represents a distinct approach to create diverse and still unexplored HAB scaffolds, containing six different aromatic rings around central benzene core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt W. Grau
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Maximilian Dill
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM)Permoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
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10
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Trouvé J, Gramage-Doria R. Beyond hydrogen bonding: recent trends of outer sphere interactions in transition metal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3565-3584. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of interactions beyond hydrogen bonding in the 2nd coordination sphere of transition metal catalysts is rare. However, it has already shown great promise in last 5 years, providing new tools to control the activity and selectivity as here reviewed.
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11
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Zhang J, Gao J, Feng J, Lu T, Du D. Recent Advances in Synergistic Catalysis by Merging N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Transition Metals. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Fanourakis A, Docherty PJ, Chuentragool P, Phipps RJ. Recent Developments in Enantioselective Transition Metal Catalysis Featuring Attractive Noncovalent Interactions between Ligand and Substrate. ACS Catal 2020; 10:10672-10714. [PMID: 32983588 PMCID: PMC7507755 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective transition metal catalysis is an area very much at the forefront of contemporary synthetic research. The development of processes that enable the efficient synthesis of enantiopure compounds is of unquestionable importance to chemists working within the many diverse fields of the central science. Traditional approaches to solving this challenge have typically relied on leveraging repulsive steric interactions between chiral ligands and substrates in order to raise the energy of one of the diastereomeric transition states over the other. By contrast, this Review examines an alternative tactic in which a set of attractive noncovalent interactions operating between transition metal ligands and substrates are used to control enantioselectivity. Examples where this creative approach has been successfully applied to render fundamental synthetic processes enantioselective are presented and discussed. In many of the cases examined, the ligand scaffold has been carefully designed to accommodate these attractive interactions, while in others, the importance of the critical interactions was only elucidated in subsequent computational and mechanistic studies. Through an exploration and discussion of recent reports encompassing a wide range of reaction classes, we hope to inspire synthetic chemists to continue to develop asymmetric transformations based on this powerful concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fanourakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Docherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Padon Chuentragool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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13
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Genov GR, Douthwaite JL, Lahdenperä ASK, Gibson DC, Phipps RJ. Enantioselective remote C-H activation directed by a chiral cation. Science 2020; 367:1246-1251. [PMID: 32165586 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chiral cations have been used extensively as organocatalysts, but their application to rendering transition metal-catalyzed processes enantioselective remains rare. This is despite the success of the analogous charge-inverted strategy in which cationic metal complexes are paired with chiral anions. We report here a strategy to render a common bipyridine ligand anionic and pair its iridium complexes with a chiral cation derived from quinine. We have applied these ion-paired complexes to long-range asymmetric induction in the desymmetrization of the geminal diaryl motif, located on a carbon or phosphorus center, by enantioselective C-H borylation. In principle, numerous common classes of ligand could likewise be amenable to this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi R Genov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - James L Douthwaite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Antti S K Lahdenperä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David C Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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