1
|
Application of pooled testing in estimating the prevalence of COVID-19. HEALTH SERVICES AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2021; 22:163-191. [PMID: 34393618 PMCID: PMC8349243 DOI: 10.1007/s10742-021-00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Testing at a mass scale has been widely accepted as an effective way to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. In the initial stages, the shortage of test kits severely restricted mass-scale testing. Pooled testing was offered as a partial solution to this problem. However, it is a relatively lesser-known fact that pooled testing can also result in significant gains, both in terms of cost savings as well as measurement accuracy, in prevalence estimation surveys. We review here the statistical theory of pooled testing for screening as well as for prevalence estimation. We study the impact of the diagnostic errors, and misspecification of the sensitivity and the specificity on the performances of the pooled as well as individual testing procedures. Our investigation clarifies some of the issues hotly debated in the context of COVID-19 and shows the potential gains for the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) in using a pooled sampling for their upcoming COVID-19 prevalence surveys.
Collapse
|
2
|
Brault V, Mallein B, Rupprecht JF. Group testing as a strategy for COVID-19 epidemiological monitoring and community surveillance. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008726. [PMID: 33661887 PMCID: PMC7932094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an analysis and applications of sample pooling to the epidemiologic monitoring of COVID-19. We first introduce a model of the RT-qPCR process used to test for the presence of virus in a sample and construct a statistical model for the viral load in a typical infected individual inspired by large-scale clinical datasets. We present an application of group testing for the prevention of epidemic outbreak in closed connected communities. We then propose a method for the measure of the prevalence in a population taking into account the increased number of false negatives associated with the group testing method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Brault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LJK, Grenoble, France
| | - Bastien Mallein
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, LAGA, UMR 7539, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre de Physique Théorique, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zoha N, Ghosh SK, Arif-Ul-Islam M, Ghosh T. A numerical approach to maximize the number of testing of COVID-19 using conditional cluster sampling method. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021; 23:100532. [PMID: 33619454 PMCID: PMC7889008 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the defining health crisis of the world in 2020 and the world economy is affected as well. Bangladesh is also one of the impacted countries, which needs to conduct sufficient tests to identify patients and accordingly adopt measures to limit the massive outbreak of this viral infection. But due to economic drawbacks and also unavailability of testing equipment, Bangladesh is lagging critically behind in test numbers. This study shows a pool testing method named Conditional Cluster Sampling (CCS) that utilizes soft computing and data analysis techniques to reduce the expense of total testing equipment. The proposed method also demonstrates its effectiveness compared to the traditional individual testing method. Firstly, according to patients’ symptoms and severity of their conditions, they are classified into four classes- Minor, Moderate, Major, Critical. After that Random Forest Classifier (RFC) is used to predict the class. Then random sampling is done from each class according to CCS. Finally, using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) for 100 cycles, the effectiveness of CCS is demonstrated for different probability levels of infection. It is shown that the CCS method can save up to 22% of the test kits that can save a huge amount of money as well as testing time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naurin Zoha
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sourav Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Arif-Ul-Islam
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science & Technology University (NSTU), Noakhali, 3802, Bangladesh
| | - Tusher Ghosh
- Department of Marketing, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Agoti CN, Mutunga M, Lambisia AW, Kimani D, Cheruiyot R, Kiyuka P, Lewa C, Gicheru E, Tendwa M, Said Mohammed K, Osoti V, Makale J, Tawa B, Odundo C, Cheruiyot W, Nyamu W, Gumbi W, Mwacharo J, Nyamako L, Otieno E, Amadi D, Thoya J, Karani A, Mugo D, Musyoki J, Gumba H, Mwarumba S, M. Gichuki B, Njuguna S, Riako D, Mutua S, Gitonga JN, Sein Y, Bartilol B, Mwangi SJ, O. Omuoyo D, M. Morobe J, de Laurent ZR, Bejon P, Ochola-Oyier LI, Tsofa B. Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:186. [PMID: 33134555 PMCID: PMC7590893 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16113.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. International recommendations for the control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emphasize the central role of laboratory testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent, at scale. The availability of testing reagents, laboratory equipment and qualified staff are important bottlenecks to achieving this. Elsewhere, pooled testing (i.e. combining multiple samples in the same reaction) has been suggested to increase testing capacities in the pandemic period. Methods. We discuss our experience with SARS-CoV-2 pooled testing using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on the Kenyan Coast. Results. In mid-May, 2020, our RT-PCR testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 was improved by ~100% as a result of adoption of a six-sample pooled testing strategy. This was accompanied with a concomitant saving of ~50% of SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test kits at both the RNA extraction and RT-PCR stages. However, pooled testing came with a slight decline of test sensitivity. The RT-PCR cycle threshold value (ΔCt) was ~1.59 higher for samples tested in pools compared to samples tested singly. Conclusions. Pooled testing is a useful strategy to increase SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing capacity especially in low-income settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Agoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Martin Mutunga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Arnold W. Lambisia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Domtila Kimani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robinson Cheruiyot
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patience Kiyuka
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Clement Lewa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Elijah Gicheru
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Metrine Tendwa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Khadija Said Mohammed
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Victor Osoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Makale
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Brian Tawa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Calleb Odundo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wesley Cheruiyot
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wilfred Nyamu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wilson Gumbi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jedidah Mwacharo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lydia Nyamako
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - David Amadi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Janet Thoya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Angela Karani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Mugo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Musyoki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Horace Gumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Salim Mwarumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bonface M. Gichuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Susan Njuguna
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Debra Riako
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shadrack Mutua
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John N. Gitonga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Yiakon Sein
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Brian Bartilol
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shaban J. Mwangi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Donwilliams O. Omuoyo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John M. Morobe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Zaydah R. de Laurent
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynette Isabella Ochola-Oyier
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Tsofa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schulte PA, Weissman DN, Luckhaupt SE, de Perio MA, Beezhold D, Piacentino JD, Radonovich LJ, Hearl FJ, Howard J. Considerations for Pooled Testing of Employees for SARS-CoV-2. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:1-9. [PMID: 33378322 PMCID: PMC7773162 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify important background information on pooled tested of employees that employers workers, and health authorities should consider. METHODS This paper is a commentary based on the review by the authors of pertinent literature generally from preprints in medrixiv.org prior to August 2020. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Pooled testing may be particularly useful to employers in communities with low prevalence of COVID-19. It can be used to reduce the number of tests and associated financial costs. For effective and efficient pooled testing employers should consider it as part of a broader, more comprehensive workplace COVID-19 prevention and control program. Pooled testing of asymptomatic employees can prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and help assure employers and customers that employees are not infectious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Schulte); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia (Dr Weissman, Dr Beezhold, Dr Radonovich); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Luckhaupt, Dr de Perio); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 395 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20024 (Dr Piacentino, Hearl, Dr Howard)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fernández-Salinas J, Aragón-Caqueo D, Valdés G, Laroze D. Modelling pool testing for SARS-CoV-2: addressing heterogeneity in populations. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 149:e9. [PMID: 33436132 PMCID: PMC7809222 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820003052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplifying the testing capacity and making better use of testing resources is a crucial measure when fighting any pandemic. A pooled testing strategy for SARS-CoV-2 has theoretically been shown to increase the testing capacity of a country, especially when applied in low prevalence settings. Experimental studies have shown that the sensitivity of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is not affected when implemented in small groups. Previous models estimated the optimum group size as a function of the historical prevalence; however, this implies a homogeneous distribution of the disease within the population. This study aimed to explore whether separating individuals by age groups when pooling samples results in any further savings on test kits or affects the optimum group size estimation compared to Dorfman's pooling, based on historical prevalence. For this evaluation, age groups of interest were defined as 0-19 years, 20-59 years and over 60 years old. Generalisation of Dorfman's pooling was performed by adding statistical weight to the age groups based on the number of confirmed cases and tests performed in the segment. The findings showed that when the pooling samples are based on age groups, there is a decrease in the number of tests per subject needed to diagnose one subject. Although this decrease is minuscule, it might account for considerable savings when applied on a large scale. In addition, the savings are considerably higher in settings where there is a high standard deviation among the positivity rate of the age segments of the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo Valdés
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial y de Sistemas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
| | - David Laroze
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, CEDENNA, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sample pooling strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection. J Virol Methods 2020; 289:114044. [PMID: 33316285 PMCID: PMC7834440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic outburst has caused a serious public health issue with increasing needs of accurate and rapid diagnostic and screening testing. This situation requires an optimized management of the chemical reagents, the consumables, and the human resources, in order to respond accurately and effectively, controlling the spread of the disease. Testing on pooled samples maximizes the number of tested samples, by minimizing the time and the lab supplies needed. The general conceptualization of the pooling method is based on mixing samples together in a batch. Individual testing is needed only if a specific pool exhibits a positive result. The development of alternative hybrid methods, based on "in house" protocols, utilizing commercially available consumables, in combination with a reliable pooling method would provide a solution, focusing on the better exploitation of the personnel and the lab supplies, allowing for rapid screening of a population in a reasonably short time.
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith DRM, Duval A, Pouwels KB, Guillemot D, Fernandes J, Huynh BT, Temime L, Opatowski L. Optimizing COVID-19 surveillance in long-term care facilities: a modelling study. BMC Med 2020; 18:386. [PMID: 33287821 PMCID: PMC7721547 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are vulnerable to outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Timely epidemiological surveillance is essential for outbreak response, but is complicated by a high proportion of silent (non-symptomatic) infections and limited testing resources. METHODS We used a stochastic, individual-based model to simulate transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) along detailed inter-individual contact networks describing patient-staff interactions in a real LTCF setting. We simulated distribution of nasopharyngeal swabs and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests using clinical and demographic indications and evaluated the efficacy and resource-efficiency of a range of surveillance strategies, including group testing (sample pooling) and testing cascades, which couple (i) testing for multiple indications (symptoms, admission) with (ii) random daily testing. RESULTS In the baseline scenario, randomly introducing a silent SARS-CoV-2 infection into a 170-bed LTCF led to large outbreaks, with a cumulative 86 (95% uncertainty interval 6-224) infections after 3 weeks of unmitigated transmission. Efficacy of symptom-based screening was limited by lags to symptom onset and silent asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission. Across scenarios, testing upon admission detected just 34-66% of patients infected upon LTCF entry, and also missed potential introductions from staff. Random daily testing was more effective when targeting patients than staff, but was overall an inefficient use of limited resources. At high testing capacity (> 10 tests/100 beds/day), cascades were most effective, with a 19-36% probability of detecting outbreaks prior to any nosocomial transmission, and 26-46% prior to first onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Conversely, at low capacity (< 2 tests/100 beds/day), group testing strategies detected outbreaks earliest. Pooling randomly selected patients in a daily group test was most likely to detect outbreaks prior to first symptom onset (16-27%), while pooling patients and staff expressing any COVID-like symptoms was the most efficient means to improve surveillance given resource limitations, compared to the reference requiring only 6-9 additional tests and 11-28 additional swabs to detect outbreaks 1-6 days earlier, prior to an additional 11-22 infections. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 surveillance is challenged by delayed or absent clinical symptoms and imperfect diagnostic sensitivity of standard RT-PCR tests. In our analysis, group testing was the most effective and efficient COVID-19 surveillance strategy for resource-limited LTCFs. Testing cascades were even more effective given ample testing resources. Increasing testing capacity and updating surveillance protocols accordingly could facilitate earlier detection of emerging outbreaks, informing a need for urgent intervention in settings with ongoing nosocomial transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R M Smith
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion (EMAE), Paris, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.
- Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France.
| | - Audrey Duval
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion (EMAE), Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Didier Guillemot
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion (EMAE), Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- AP-HP, Paris Saclay, Public Health, Medical Information, Clinical Research, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Fernandes
- Clinique de soins de suite et réadaptation, Choisy-Le-Roi, France
| | - Bich-Tram Huynh
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion (EMAE), Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Laura Temime
- Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France
- PACRI unit, Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France
| | - Lulla Opatowski
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion (EMAE), Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abid S, Ferjani S, El Moussi A, Ferjani A, Nasr M, Landolsi I, Saidi K, Gharbi H, Letaief H, Hechaichi A, Safer M, Ben Alaya NBE, Boubaker IBB. Assessment of sample pooling for SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing for screening of asymptomatic persons in Tunisia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115125. [PMID: 32768876 PMCID: PMC7335417 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to test a pooling approach for the RT-PCR test to detect low viral loads of SARS-CoV-2. We found that a single positive specimen can still be detected in pools of up to 10. Each laboratory should conduct its own evaluation and validation of pooling protocols according to its specific context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Abid
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, LR99ES09, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ferjani
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, LR99ES09, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Awatef El Moussi
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, LR99ES09, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asma Ferjani
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, LR99ES09, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mejda Nasr
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Ichrak Landolsi
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Karima Saidi
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Gharbi
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Letaief
- Ministry of Health, National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Hechaichi
- Ministry of Health, National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Safer
- Ministry of Health, National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Ilhem Boutiba-Ben Boubaker
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Virology unit, National Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses Center-Tunisia, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, LR99ES09, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Agoti CN, Mutunga M, Lambisia AW, Kimani D, Cheruiyot R, Kiyuka P, Lewa C, Gicheru E, Tendwa M, Said Mohammed K, Osoti V, Makale J, Tawa B, Odundo C, Cheruiyot W, Nyamu W, Gumbi W, Mwacharo J, Nyamako L, Otieno E, Amadi D, Thoya J, Karani A, Mugo D, Musyoki J, Gumba H, Mwarumba S, M. Gichuki B, Njuguna S, Riako D, Mutua S, Gitonga JN, Sein Y, Bartilol B, Mwangi SJ, O. Omuoyo D, M. Morobe J, de Laurent ZR, Bejon P, Ochola-Oyier LI, Tsofa B. Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:186. [PMID: 33134555 PMCID: PMC7590893 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16113.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. International recommendations for the control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emphasize the central role of laboratory testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent, at scale. The availability of testing reagents, laboratory equipment and qualified staff are important bottlenecks to achieving this. Elsewhere, pooled testing (i.e. combining multiple samples in the same reaction) has been suggested to increase testing capacities in the pandemic period. Methods. We discuss our experience with SARS-CoV-2 pooled testing using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on the Kenyan Coast. Results. In mid-May, 2020, our RT-PCR testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 was improved by ~100% as a result of adoption of a six-sample pooled testing strategy. This was accompanied with a concomitant saving of ~50% of SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test kits at both the RNA extraction and RT-PCR stages. However, pooled testing came with a slight decline of test sensitivity. The RT-PCR cycle threshold value (ΔCt) was ~1.59 higher for samples tested in pools compared to samples tested singly. Conclusions. Pooled testing is a useful strategy to increase SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing capacity especially in low-income settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Agoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Martin Mutunga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Arnold W. Lambisia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Domtila Kimani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robinson Cheruiyot
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patience Kiyuka
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Clement Lewa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Elijah Gicheru
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Metrine Tendwa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Khadija Said Mohammed
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Victor Osoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Makale
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Brian Tawa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Calleb Odundo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wesley Cheruiyot
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wilfred Nyamu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wilson Gumbi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jedidah Mwacharo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lydia Nyamako
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - David Amadi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Janet Thoya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Angela Karani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Mugo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Musyoki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Horace Gumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Salim Mwarumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bonface M. Gichuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Susan Njuguna
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Debra Riako
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shadrack Mutua
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John N. Gitonga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Yiakon Sein
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Brian Bartilol
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shaban J. Mwangi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Donwilliams O. Omuoyo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John M. Morobe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Zaydah R. de Laurent
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynette Isabella Ochola-Oyier
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Tsofa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ciucurel C, Iconaru EI. An Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of the Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Romanian People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5082. [PMID: 32674479 PMCID: PMC7400248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the clinical features of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in Romanian population through a novel online survey. The survey included categorical socio-demographic and health-related variables. A total of 1830 participants were selected for statistical data processing (a response rate of 90.9%). We determined reasonable reliability of the survey section for clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Cronbach's Alpha 0.671). Two meaningful dimensions were identified through CATPCA (Categorical Principal Component Analysis) for the survey's items. We separated two significant clusters of items, each measuring a distinct factor: the sociodemographic characteristics linked to social distancing and the relevant clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Next, a two-step cluster analysis helped to classify the sample group taking into consideration the similarity of subjects. The clustering revealed a three-cluster solution, with significant differences between clusters and allowed the cluster detection of a group of individuals, possibly more affected by the infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Through binomial logistic regression analysis, we identified a statistically significant prediction model for the presumptive diagnostic of some relevant clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study validated a cost-effective model for rapid assessment of the health status of subjects, adapted to the context of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Ioana Iconaru
- Department of Medical Assistance and Physical Therapy, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|