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Mercera G, Kooijmans R, Leijdesdorff S, Heynen E, van Amelsvoort T. Risk and Protective Factors for Sexual Exploitation in Male and Female Youth From a Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1966-1984. [PMID: 37818954 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231201815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Youth are at elevated risk of becoming victims of sexual exploitation, which has a detrimental impact on their physical and psychological well-being. Understanding factors associated with sexual exploitation is key for prevention efforts and adequate and timely treatment. This systematic review sheds more light on this by providing an overview of both risk and protective factors for sexual exploitation in male and female youth from a cross-cultural perspective. In all, 65 studies were selected meeting the inclusion criteria: qualitative or quantitative peer-reviewed studies in English, Dutch, or German with findings on risk and protective factors associated with sexual exploitation in youth aged up to 24 years. Results show that there are common risk factors in male and female youth worldwide (e.g., adverse childhood experiences, lack of a social network, substance use, and running away). Positive and supportive relationships are an important protective factor in mitigating the risk of sexual exploitation. Geographic differences were found. In non-Western continents, more environmental factors (e.g., economic vulnerabilities, residential instability) were cited. Research in countries outside the United States is limited and protective factors and males are underexamined. To fully understand vulnerabilities in youth, their interactions, and possible gender differences and to address the needs of diverse populations, more insight should be gained into the broader range of risk and protective factors worldwide. This systematic review has made a valuable contribution to this by providing practice, policy, and research guidance in the establishment of more targeted prevention efforts, adequate treatment, and areas to address in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle Mercera
- Koraal Center of Expertise, Sittard, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kooijmans
- Koraal Center of Expertise, Sittard, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Leijdesdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Heynen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Mercera G, Noteboom F, Timmermans C, Leijdesdorff S, Heynen E, van Amelsvoort T. Sexual exploitation of young men: Background characteristics and needs from a life-course perspective. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106794. [PMID: 38636156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually exploited young men are prevalent, yet underrepresented in clinical practice, policy and research. There are multiple barriers that often prevent young men to disclose and to seek or receive support, such as gender norms, limited awareness of victimization and feelings of guilt and shame. OBJECTIVE By gaining more insight into the background characteristics of young men who experienced sexual exploitation and their needs, this study aims to raise awareness and to better inform policymakers, care- and educational professionals on adequate prevention and intervention efforts. METHODS Twenty-six young men (age 14-32) who experienced sexual exploitation or other forms of sexual violence in their youth or were at high-risk, participated in this qualitative study that was conducted in The Netherlands. By means of semi-structured interviews and case-file analyses, data was collected to identify risk and protective factors in their life-course and support needs. RESULTS Several vulnerabilities (e.g. previous experiences of abuse and neglect, household dysfunction, social rejection, running away, substance use) and a lack of positive and supportive relationships led young men into high-risk situations. Among these were involvement in pay dates, criminality and having to survive from day to day, which contributed to victimization. Prevailing gender norms and experiences of stigmatization were often a barrier to express vulnerabilities and to disclose victimization. There was a wide variety in support needs, including peer-to-peer support, therapy, support with day-to-day practices and anonymous support. CONCLUSIONS These results will contribute to adequate prevention and trauma-informed intervention strategies that meet the unique needs of young men at risk for, or victim of sexual exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle Mercera
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Noteboom
- Stichting Fier, Holstmeerweg 1, 8936 AS Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Sophie Leijdesdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Evelyn Heynen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Open University, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
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Mercera G, Vervoort-Schel J, Offerman E, Pronk S, Wissink I, Lindauer R. Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Adolescents with Special Educational and Care Needs in the Netherlands: A Case-File Study of Three Special Educational and Care Settings. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:541-554. [PMID: 38938950 PMCID: PMC11199457 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-024-00613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
To date, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in adolescents with special educational and care needs have received little attention as an important risk factor for their behavioral, emotional, and learning problems. This study provides insight into ACE prevalence and family risk factors in three Dutch special educational and care settings for vulnerable school-aged youth. 268 adolescents (10-18 years old) with severe and persistent problems at individual and family level, from a special educational setting (setting 1; n = 59), a residential care setting (setting 2; n = 86) and an alternative educational setting (setting 3; n = 123) were included. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected between 2016 and 2019 through structured case-file analysis. A substantial proportion of the adolescents in all settings experienced at least one ACE, with 69.5% in setting 1, 84.9% in setting 2 and 95.1% in setting 3. Family risk factors were relatively common, among which a limited social network in all settings (20-50%) and debts in setting 2 and 3 (25-40%). The substantial ACE prevalence underlines the need for early ACE awareness. Trauma-informed care and education are needed to adequately understand trauma-related behaviors, prevent retraumatization, and enhance learning and healthy development. Given that ACEs regarding household dysfunction and family risk factors seem to be common in adolescents with special educational and care needs, family centered approaches should be implemented as well in the interest of lifelong health and well-being for both adolescents and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle Mercera
- Koraal Center of Expertise, De Hondsberg, Hondsberg 5, Oisterwijk, 5062 JT The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, Maastricht, 6226 NB The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Vervoort-Schel
- Koraal Center of Expertise, De Hondsberg, Hondsberg 5, Oisterwijk, 5062 JT The Netherlands
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, Amsterdam, 1018 WS The Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Offerman
- Orion, Special Education, Bijlmerdreef 1289-2, Amsterdam 1103 TV The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Pronk
- Academic Workplace Youth at Risk (AWRJ), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychosocial Care, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Wissink
- Department of Clinical Child & Family Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht, 3584 CS The Netherlands
| | - Ramón Lindauer
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands
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Condon EM, Scheibner HR, Kuzel M, Howard M, Cisse M, O'Connell M, Conley Y, Jeon S, Sadler LS, Redeker NS. The CARING study: Examining biological, behavioral, and genetic mechanisms in the intergenerational transmission of toxic stress. Res Nurs Health 2024. [PMID: 38804202 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
When children experience extreme or persistent stressors (e.g., maltreatment, housing insecurity, intimate partner violence), prolonged elevation of the stress-response system can lead to disrupted development of multiple physiological systems. This response, known as toxic stress, is associated with poor physical and mental health across the life course. Emerging evidence suggests that the effects of toxic stress may be transmitted through generations, but the biological and behavioral mechanisms that link caregivers' childhood history with the health of the children they care for remain poorly understood. The purpose of this report is to describe the research protocol for The CARING (Childhood Adversity and Resilience In the Next Generation) Study, a cross-sectional study of caregivers with children aged 3-5 years designed to (1) examine the intergenerational transmission of toxic stress and protective factors; (2) explore three hypothesized pathways of transmission: parenting, daily routines, stressors, and supports; and (3) explore the extent to which genotypic variation in candidate genes related to caregiving and stress contribute to caregivers' and children's susceptibility to the effects of early childhood experiences (i.e., gene × environment interactions). We expect that findings from this study will provide critical data needed to identify targets for precision health interventions, reduce health disparities related to toxic stress, and prevent cycles of adversity among families at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Condon
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Meredith Kuzel
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mackenzie Howard
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mouhamadou Cisse
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Meghan O'Connell
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yvette Conley
- University of Pittsburg School of Nursing, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy S Redeker
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Masten AS. Emergence and evolution of developmental resilience science over half a century. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38456302 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This reflection on the history and future of developmental resilience science (DRS) highlights its co-emergence with developmental psychopathology (DP), as well as the roles of this journal and its founding editor, Dante Cicchetti, in the evolution of these intertwined domains of scholarship. A remarkable constellation of scholars at the University of Minnesota shaped the course of both conceptual frameworks and their dissemination. I describe fundamental assumptions common to DP and DRS frameworks that reflect their common roots and the pervasive influence of systems theory on developmental science. I describe four waves of DRS and key principles of DRS at the present time. In conclusion, I consider the possibility that a fifth wave of DRS is emerging with a focus on understanding patterns of multisystem, multilevel processes of resilience and their implications for interventions in the context of interacting, interdependent, and complex adaptive systems. I close this commentary with questions for future research and a hopeful outlook on the future of human resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Masten
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Wang L, Chen Y, Li Z, Zhou Y, Li J, Lv X, Yu Z, Gao X. The Influences of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Social Support on Male Teenagers' Gaming Motivation: A Moderated Network Analysis. J Pediatr Health Care 2024:S0891-5245(24)00028-2. [PMID: 38456863 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strong gaming motivations can lead to gaming-related health problems, but how gaming motivations are formed is unclear. Therefore, we examined the impact of early life experiences on gaming motivations. METHODS Questionnaire data on the gaming motivations, adverse childhood experiences, and social support of 2,171 teenaged online game players were modeled using moderated network analysis. RESULTS All adverse childhood experience components positively correlated with achievement and escapism motivations (weight range: 0.08-0.40). Social support from friends (weight = -0.04) negatively moderated the relationship between achievement motivation and other adverse childhood experiences and positively moderated (weight = 0.01) the relationship between escapism motivation and familial dysfunction. DISCUSSION The findings indicate that adverse childhood experiences foster negative gaming motivations. Additionally, social support moderates the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and gaming motivations. These findings offer valuable insights that nursing practitioners can apply to gaming-related health problem interventions and prevention in teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Ling Wang, Psychological counselor, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.; Ling Wang, Psychological counselor, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyuan Chen
- Yanyuan Chen, Vice president of Huawei Technical School, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Zhen Li, Psychological counselor, School of Education, Sichuan Vocational and Technical College, Suining, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Yuhong Zhou, Psychological counselor, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Jiayu Li, Psychological counselor, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Xin Lv, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixiang Yu
- Zhixiang Yu, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Gao
- Xuemei Gao, Professor of psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.; Xuemei Gao, Professor of psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China..
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Şanli ME, Çiçek İ, Yıldırım M, Çeri V. Positive childhood experiences as predictors of anxiety and depression in a large sample from Turkey. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104170. [PMID: 38301406 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive childhood experiences positively influence one's adult life, while the absence of such positive experiences can potentially yield mental health problems throughout the lifespan. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of positive childhood experiences on depression and anxiety levels. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 3090 (2059 women) young adults participated in this research. They ranged in age between 18 and 68 years (M = 28.78, SD = 9.44) and completed the self-report measures including the Positive Childhood Experiences Scale, Beck Depression and Anxiety Scales and Personal Information Forms. METHOD A cross-sectional research design was used to collect the data through social media platforms. We conducted a regression analysis to examine how positive childhood experiences contribute to depression and anxiety. RESULTS The results of correlation analysis indicated that positive childhood experiences were significantly negatively related to depression and anxiety. Regression analysis revealed that positive childhood experiences explained a significant amount of variance in the prediction of depression (10 %) and anxiety (8 %) after controlling for demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the frequency of positive experiences lived during childhood might significantly reduce anxiety and depression, and positive childhood experiences might positively affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - İlhan Çiçek
- Health College, Batman University, Batman, Turkey
| | - Murat Yıldırım
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Turkey; Department of Social and Educational Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Veysi Çeri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey
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Gee DG, Cohodes EM. Leveraging the developmental neuroscience of caregiving to promote resilience among youth exposed to adversity. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2168-2185. [PMID: 37929292 PMCID: PMC10872788 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Early adversity is a major risk factor for the emergence of psychopathology across development. Identifying mechanisms that support resilience, or favorable mental health outcomes despite exposure to adversity, is critical for informing clinical intervention and guiding policy to promote youth mental health. Here we propose that caregivers play a central role in fostering resilience among children exposed to adversity via caregiving influences on children's corticolimbic circuitry and emotional functioning. We first delineate the numerous ways that caregivers support youth emotional learning and regulation and describe how early attachment lays the foundation for optimal caregiver support of youth emotional functioning in a developmental stage-specific manner. Second, we outline neural mechanisms by which caregivers foster resilience-namely, by modulating offspring corticolimbic circuitry to support emotion regulation and buffer stress reactivity. Next, we highlight the importance of developmental timing and sensitive periods in understanding caregiving-related mechanisms of resilience. Finally, we discuss clinical implications of this line of research and how findings can be translated to guide policy that promotes the well-being of youth and families.
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Narayan AJ, Merrick JS, Lane AS, Larson MD. A multisystem, dimensional interplay of assets versus adversities: Revised benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) in the context of childhood maltreatment, threat, and deprivation. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2444-2463. [PMID: 37282577 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study expanded the Benevolent Childhood Experiences scale (termed the "BCEs-Original" scale) with 10 new multisystem items and identified a subset of items (termed the "BCEs-Revised" scale) that are systematically less commonly reported across samples. Total BCEs-Revised scores were tested against total BCEs-Original scores and three dimensions of childhood adversity (maltreatment, threat, and deprivation) as predictors of young adulthood mental health problems (depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms). Hypotheses expected stronger inverse associations of BCEs-Revised scores than BCEs-Original scores with all mental health problems. Participants were 1,746 U.S. young adults (M = 26.6 years, SD = 4.7, range = 19-35 years; 55.3% female, 42.4% male, 2.3% gender non-conforming; 67.0% White, 10.3% Asian, 8.6% Black, 8.4% Latine, 5.7% other) who completed a 20-item BCEs scale and well-validated instruments on childhood adversities and mental health problems. Compared to BCEs-Original scores, BCEs-Revised scores were significantly more strongly inversely associated with all mental health outcomes. Compared to childhood threat and deprivation, maltreatment was significantly more strongly associated with PTSD symptoms. After controlling for current depression symptoms, BCEs-Revised scores interacted with maltreatment to predict PTSD symptoms. Maltreatment and BCEs-Revised scores also influenced PTSD symptoms in person-oriented analyses. The BCEs-Revised scale has strong psychometric properties and unique strengths in research and practice. Implications for multisystem resilience are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arianna S Lane
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Tumlin KI, Crowley A, Turner B, Riley E, Lyons J. Detection of traumatic stress in the presence of traumatic experiences: the role of resilience factors in foster care children five years or younger. Int J Ment Health Syst 2023; 17:39. [PMID: 37964314 PMCID: PMC10648362 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-023-00610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children less than five years of age comprised approximately 30% in 2020 of foster care entries in the United States, and they are consistently the largest foster care entry group. Very young children can respond differently to the same adverse life events. Detection of complex interpersonal traumas is core to providing appropriate interventions and prevention of reoccurring negative outcomes in these children. METHODS Children who (1) were identified as having experienced complex interpersonal trauma, but (2) who did not have traumatic stress symptoms were identified using Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths data in a large midwestern state from 2010 to 2021. A logistic model was fit to determine the effect of cumulative traumatic exposures (e.g., adverse childhood experiences such that increased events were hypothesized to predict an increased likelihood of symptomatic detection. We conducted a latent class analysis to understand the relationship between traumatic experiences, asset-based factors, and the detection of traumatic stress in children aged five years and under who had exposure to traumatic events but did not have detectable traumatic stress symptoms. RESULTS We detected three classes within this population of very young children, who were described as "resilient" (demonstrating asset-based resilience when faced with traumatic experiences), "missed" (those who exhibit behavioral and mental health types like those with detected traumatic stress symptoms but who were not detected as such), and "unfolding". Very young children do demonstrate asset-based resilience when faced with traumatic experiences. CONCLUSIONS Detection of traumatic stress may be more difficult in young children. It is important to assess both traumatic stress and strengths to ensure that children who are resilient after exposure to traumatic experiences (i.e., do not demonstrate traumatic stress symptoms) are not referred to unnecessary interventions. Additional educational approaches are needed to help caseworkers identify symptoms of traumatic stress that mirror symptoms of other behavioral and emotional challenges. Precision medicine approaches are required to best match the interventions to specific needs of young children. Recognition of resilience in very young children is critical for designing systems that customize approaches of trauma-informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly I Tumlin
- Center for Innovation in Population Health, College of Public Health, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 720 Sports Center Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Amanda Crowley
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Riley
- Center for Innovation in Population Health, Department of Health Management & Policy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John Lyons
- Center for Innovation in Population Health, Department of Health Management & Policy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Han D, Dieujuste N, Doom JR, Narayan AJ. A systematic review of positive childhood experiences and adult outcomes: Promotive and protective processes for resilience in the context of childhood adversity. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 144:106346. [PMID: 37473619 PMCID: PMC10528145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on positive childhood experiences (PCEs) as counterparts to childhood adversity has surged in the last five years. A systematic review of the additive and interactive effects of childhood adversity and PCEs across adult outcomes is needed that contextualizes the long-term correlates of childhood experiences within a developmental perspective. OBJECTIVE The current review synthesizes the empirical evidence for PCEs as resilience factors for a range of adult outcomes. METHODS Articles published until May 2023 were systematically identified according to PRISMA Guidelines through PubMed and PsycINFO databases and references of included articles. Then, 131 records were screened, and 58 studies were included. RESULTS Higher levels of PCEs were significantly but modestly associated with lower levels of childhood adversity. Higher levels of PCEs were associated with outcomes reflecting mental health, psychosocial functioning, physical health and health behaviors, and psychosocial stress. Most studies found direct, promotive effects of PCEs for more favorable outcomes. Few studies found significant interaction effects between childhood adversity and PCEs on outcomes, suggesting that PCEs may more frequently directly promote positive outcomes rather than moderate the effects of adversity on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals' childhood adversity and PCEs are somewhat independent sets of experiences; many individuals experience both, and the presence of one does not preclude the other. PCEs predict more favorable outcomes independent of childhood adversity more often than they interact with and moderate the effects of adversity on outcomes. Although the literature base is steadily growing, more research on PCEs in diverse and international samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Han
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
| | - Nathalie Dieujuste
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
| | - Jenalee R Doom
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
| | - Angela J Narayan
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
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Edwards KM, Waterman EA, Mullet N, Herrington R, Cornelius S, Hopfauf S, Trujillo P, Wheeler LA, Deusch AR. Indigenous Cultural Identity Protects Against Intergenerational Transmission of ACEs Among Indigenous Caregivers and Their Children. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01795-z. [PMID: 37697145 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A large body of empirical research has demonstrated that caregiver adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict ACEs in one's child, a phenomenon known as the intergenerational transmission of ACEs. Little of this empirical research, however, has focused specifically on Indigenous peoples despite a growing body of theoretical literature and the wisdom of Elders and Traditional Knowledge Keepers that speaks to the presence of this phenomenon within Indigenous communities as well as the protective role of Indigenous cultural identity in preventing the intergenerational transmission of ACEs. The purpose of the current study was to conduct an empirical evaluation of this hypothesis, specifically that Indigenous cultural identity and social support protects against the intergenerational transmission of ACEs among Indigenous peoples and their children in the USA. Participants were 106 Indigenous women caregivers of children ages 10 to 14 in South Dakota who completed surveys. Results showed that Indigenous cultural identity moderated the association between caregiver ACEs and child ACEs. At high levels of cultural identity, there was no association between caregiver ACEs and child ACEs. At low levels of Indigenous cultural identity, however, there was a strong and positive relationship between caregiver ACEs and child ACEs. Social support did not moderate the association between caregiver ACEs and child ACEs. These findings underscore the need for initiatives that enhance Indigenous cultural identity and social support among Indigenous caregivers to prevent the intergenerational transmission of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arielle R Deusch
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, USA
- University of South Dakota, Vermillion, USA
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Narayan AJ, Frederick DE, Merrick JS, Sayyah MD, Larson MD. Childhood Centeredness is a Broader Predictor of Young Adulthood Mental Health than Childhood Adversity, Attachment, and Other Positive Childhood Experiences. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2023; 4:191-210. [PMID: 37139097 PMCID: PMC10033291 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
This study introduced the novel concept of Centeredness, a measure of the emotional atmosphere of the family of origin and a target adult individual’s perception of feeling safe, accepted, and supported from childhood primary caregivers and other family members. This study developed a Centeredness scale for adult respondents and tested hypotheses that higher levels of overall Centeredness would predict lower levels of depression and anxiety symptoms; suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs); and aggressive behavior; and higher levels of life satisfaction. Predictive effects of Centeredness were compared against attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, and adverse and benevolent childhood experiences (ACEs and BCEs). Participants were recruited via the Prolific-Academic (Pro-A) survey panel into two large independent samples of US young adults aged 19–35 years [Sample 1 (test sample), N = 548, 53.5% female, 2.2% gender non-conforming, 68.3% White, recruited before the pandemic; Sample 2 (replication sample), N = 1,198, 56.2% female, 2.3% gender non-conforming, 66.4% White; recruited during the pandemic]. Participants completed the novel Centeredness scale, which showed strong psychometric properties, and standardized, publicly available assessments of childhood experiences and mental health outcomes. Centeredness was the only variable that significantly predicted each mental health outcome across both samples. BCEs predicted all outcomes except aggressive behavior in the test sample. Centeredness and BCEs were also the only two variables that significantly predicted a dimensional mental health composite in both samples. Neither attachment-related anxiety and avoidance nor ACEs were as broadly predictive. The Centeredness scale assesses emotional aspects of childhood family relationships with individuals of diverse backgrounds and family compositions. Clinical and cultural implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Narayan
- grid.266239.a0000 0001 2165 7675Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, USA
| | - Donald E. Frederick
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XInstitute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Jillian S. Merrick
- grid.266239.a0000 0001 2165 7675Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, USA
| | - Madison D. Sayyah
- grid.266239.a0000 0001 2165 7675Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, USA
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Rides At The Door M, Shaw S. The Other Side of the ACEs Pyramid: A Healing Framework for Indigenous Communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4108. [PMID: 36901119 PMCID: PMC10001615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For over two decades, extensive research has demonstrated significant associations between adverse childhood events (ACEs) and a wide range of negative health, mental health, and social outcomes. For Indigenous communities globally, colonization and historical trauma are commonly associated with ACEs, and these effects reverberate through generations. While the ACEs conceptual framework expanded pyramid is a useful model and a visual aid for understanding the historical and present-day dimensions of ACEs in Indigenous communities, a healing conceptual framework is needed to outline a path toward increased community well-being. In this article, we provide a holistic Indigenous Wellness Pyramid that represents the other side of the ACEs pyramid to guide pathways toward healing in Indigenous communities. In this article, the authors describe the Indigenous Wellness Pyramid according to each of the following contrasts with the ACEs pyramid: Historical Trauma-Intergenerational Healing/Indigenous Sovereignty; Social Conditions/Local Context-Thriving Economic and Safe Communities; ACEs-Positive Childhood, Family, and Community Experiences; Disrupted Neurodevelopment-Consistent Corrective Experiences/Cultural Identity Development; Adoption of Health Risk Behaviors-Cultural Values and Coping Skills; Disease Burden and Social Problems-Wellness and Balance; Early Death-Meaningful Life Longevity. We provide examples, supporting research, and implications for implementing the Indigenous Wellness Pyramid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidney Shaw
- School of Counseling, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA
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Implementing trauma-informed care across the lifespan to acknowledge childhood adverse event prevalence: best clinical practices. Nurse Pract 2023; 48:14-21. [PMID: 36700790 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000000000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Adverse childhood experiences and toxic stress in childhood have been correlated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, poor social outcomes, and early mortality. Understanding the prevalence of trauma and its effects on lifelong health outcomes has been the focus of an evolving concept of care delivery known as trauma-informed care (TIC). The aim of this article is to provide a general overview of TIC and to review current best-practice recommendations and models of care, thereby providing NPs with practical ways to empower a trauma-informed approach to care in their daily practice setting.
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Zhu Y, Zhang G, Anme T. Intergenerational associations of adverse and positive maternal childhood experiences with young children's psychosocial well-being. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2185414. [PMID: 36919776 PMCID: PMC10026815 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2185414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are believed to have negative consequences on offspring health. However, positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may be concurrent with ACEs, and little is known about how ACEs and PCEs transmit intergenerationally in the context of each other.Objective: To explore the independent effect of maternal ACEs and PCEs on offspring psychosocial well-being and how ACEs and PCEs are intergenerationally transmitted in their context.Method: Data were 2587 mother-child dyads in Anhui provinces of China. Mothers retrospectively reported their ACEs and PCEs, as well as provided demographic characteristics and their children's psychosocial well-being. Logistic regression models were performed to explore the associations of maternal ACEs and PCEs with offspring psychosocial well-being.Results: Separate unadjusted logistic regression models showed that children with mothers reported high ACEs scores were more likely to have psychosocial challenges (total difficulties and prosocial problems), while children whose mothers reported high PCEs scores were less likely to have psychosocial challenges. When we added maternal ACEs and PCEs to a same model, we found that PCEs slightly neutralised the negative effects of ACEs on offspring's total difficulties and prosocial problems. When stratified by sample, mothers with high PCE scores and higher maternal ACEs were related with a higher risk of offspring total difficulties; mothers with low levels of ACEs and high PCEs tend to report a lower risk of offspring total difficulties.Conclusions: Results suggest that PCEs are positively and intergenerationally transmitted. Results suggest that PCEs are positively and intergenerationally transmitted. More programme should be provided to increase maternal PCEs. When preventing the intergenerational transmission of ACEs, specific interventions should be provided to mothers with different levels of PCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantong Zhu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gengli Zhang
- Faculty of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tokie Anme
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Yu Z, Wang L, Chen W, Zhang J, Bettencourt AF. Positive Childhood Experiences Associate with Adult Flourishing Amidst Adversity: A Cross Sectional Survey Study with a National Sample of Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14956. [PMID: 36429674 PMCID: PMC9690672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of PCEs among young adults in Mainland China and the extent to which the cumulative number of PCEs moderates the associations between ACEs and flourishing in adulthood. Between August and November 2020, we used convenience and snowball sampling to recruit 9468 young adults, ages 18-35, enrolled in undergraduate or graduate programs at universities in Mainland China to participate in a survey, which included measures on flourishing, exposure to ACEs and PCEs, and demographic characteristics. Approximately 92% of participants reported experiencing seven to nine PCEs, with harmonious family relationships (96.9%), feeling supported by friends (96.8%) and being treated fairly at school (96.3%) being the most common PCEs reported. Results of the multiple regression indicated that the cumulative number of PCEs statistically significantly moderated the relation between the cumulative number of ACEs and flourishing (interaction term b = -0.060 [-0.071, -0.049], p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.183); as the number of ACEs increased up through eight ACEs, decreases in flourishing were smaller among those with higher numbers of PCEs. PCEs are common among young adults from Mainland China and serve a potential buffering effect against exposure to ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yu
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenyi Chen
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Children Hospital of China Welfare Institution, Departments of Nursing, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Amie F. Bettencourt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ishikawa K, Azuma N, Ohka M. Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences on Next Generation's Development: A Mini-Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:852467. [PMID: 35645853 PMCID: PMC9131025 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.852467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have extremely harmful impacts on an individual’s physical, social and mental health throughout their life-span. Recently, it has been reported that maternal ACEs increase the risk of developmental delay in the offspring across generations. This mini review focuses on the direct relationship between maternal ACEs and child developmental delay, and potential mediators/moderators that associate their relationship. Six studies were identified using three search engines. The results indicated that four out of six studies reported at least one significant direct association between maternal ACEs and child development. Additionally, maternal biological, psychological, and social factors were identified as mediators or moderators. In summary, we identified that maternal ACEs increased the risk of developmental delay in children via biological and psychosocial pathways. Future research should examine potential buffering factors and identify when it is crucial to break the intergenerational transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Ishikawa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Azuma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Ohka
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Protective Factors for Nicotine and Marijuana Vaping Among U.S. Adolescents. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:414-421. [PMID: 34924259 PMCID: PMC8863626 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine and marijuana vaping among U.S. adolescents are public health priorities. Research has assessed the demographic and risk factors related to vaping, but there is a dearth of research on protective factors for vaping. On the basis of the healthy youth development perspective, the developmental assets framework is used to assess cumulative protective factors and vaping in a national sample of adolescents. METHODS Data came from the nationally representative Monitoring the Future study, consisting of 12th graders (n=6,982) from the 48 contiguous U.S. states (2017-2019). Past 30-day nicotine and marijuana vaping and developmental assets (low, medium, or high) were examined. Covariates included demographics and other substance use. Weighted descriptive statistics, logistic regression, postestimation analyses, and multiple imputation were used. RESULTS Students with higher assets were less likely to vape nicotine and marijuana, even after adjusting for covariates. The odds of nicotine vaping were lower for students with medium assets (AOR=0.65, 95% CI=0.54, 0.78) and high assets (AOR=0.22, 95% CI=0.16, 0.29) than for students with low assets. Similarly, the odds of marijuana vaping were lower for youth with medium assets (AOR=0.54, 95% CI=0.42, 0.69) and high assets (AOR=0.09, 95% CI=0.05, 0.18) than for those with low assets. Social competence and positive peer norms were strongly protective against both forms of vaping. CONCLUSIONS The healthy youth development perspective applies to the critical issues of nicotine and marijuana vaping among adolescents. Promoting cumulative assets may help to prevent vaping among U.S. adolescents, and increasing the specific assets of social competence and positive peer norms could be particularly fruitful.
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The Intersection of Depressive Symptoms, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Protective Factors Among Adolescents: Epidemiological Evidence from Minnesota, 2016 and 2019. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2022; 3:21-36. [PMID: 35098150 PMCID: PMC8790007 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of mental health problems among US youth has increased in recent years, and there is a dearth of epidemiological research at the state level that integrates risk and protective factors into population-based surveillance. We utilized the developmental assets framework to measure protective factors; we assessed (1) prevalence of depressive symptoms, high adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; ≥ 4 ACEs), and few developmental assets (≤ 2 assets) over time, and (2) associations among these three phenomena. Using 2016 and 2019 Minnesota Student Survey data, we utilized descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, and post-estimation analyses (adjusting for school clustering and demographics). Using pooled data, we examined how high ACEs and few assets predicted depressive symptoms and we tested three-way interactions for high ACEs, few assets, and survey year. There were statistically significant increases in prevalence of depressive symptoms, high ACEs, and few assets between 2016 and 2019. High ACEs (AOR = 2.74; 95% CI = 2.61, 2.89) and few assets (AOR = 3.13; 95% CI = 3.00, 3.26) were positively related to depressive symptoms; interactions were statistically significant. Additive interactions showed that, compared to their counterparts, adolescents with high ACEs and few assets had the highest prevalence of depressive symptoms, and this group exhibited the largest increase in prevalence between 2016 and 2019. Depressive symptoms are highest among adolescents with high risk and few protective factors, and recent increases in the prevalence of depressive symptoms appear to have disproportionately occurred among these adolescents. We offer a potential roadmap for following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations to integrate ACEs and protective factors into local public health efforts.
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Parents and Peers in Child and Adolescent Development: Preface to the Special Issue on Additive, Multiplicative, and Transactional Mechanisms. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100831. [PMID: 34682095 PMCID: PMC8534478 DOI: 10.3390/children8100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parents and peers play critical roles in the socialization of children and adolescents, yet investigations on the role played by parents vs. peers have been largely separate for many years. To address this problem, we invited leading scholars in the field to collectively tell a complex story of the part that parents and peers together play in the development of children and adolescents. The resulting Special Issue is a collection of papers highlighting current conceptualizations and empirical work in this area, with a focus on additive, multiplicative, and transactional mechanisms that link parent and peer relational contexts to each other and to child/adolescent social and emotional development. Two papers present new conceptual models, six illustrate empirical work in the field, and one paper that provides a comprehensive review of the literature. The stories that are conveyed in the issue are both innovative and complex.
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