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Harmesa H, Lestari L, Budiyanto F, Purbonegoro T, Wahyudi AJ. Preliminary study of geochemical speciation of copper and nickel in coastal sediments in Surabaya, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27711-w. [PMID: 37231129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surabaya is one of the big coastal cities in Indonesia with rapid municipal development. Thus, the investigation on the metal's geochemical speciation in the coastal sediment is required to assess the environmental quality by studying their mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. This study is aimed at evaluating the condition of the Surabaya coast by assessing copper and nickel fractionations and total concentrations of both metals in sediments. Environmental assessments were performed by using geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI) for existing total heavy metal data and by using individual contamination factor (ICF) and risk assessment code (RAC) for metal fractionations. Copper speciation was observed geochemically in the fraction order of residual (9.21 - 40.08 mg/kg) > reducible (2.33 - 11.98 mg/kg) > oxidizable (0.75 - 22.71 mg/kg) > exchangeable (0.40 - 2.06 mg/kg), while the detected fraction order of nickel was residual (5.16 - 13.88 mg/kg) > exchangeable (2.33 - 5.95 mg/kg) > reducible (1.42 - 4.74 mg/kg) > oxidizable (1.62 - 3.88 mg/kg). Different fraction levels were found for nickel speciation wherein its exchangeable fraction was higher than copper, even though the residual fraction was dominant for both copper and nickel. The total metal concentrations of copper and nickel were found in the range of 13.5 - 66.1 mg/kg dry weight and 12.7 - 24.7 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Despite the fact that almost all index values are detected low through total metal assessment, the port area is indicated to be in the moderate contamination category for copper. Through the assessment of metal fractionation, copper is classified into the low contamination and low-risk category, while nickel is categorized into the moderate contamination level and medium risk to the aquatic environment. Although the coast of Surabaya generally remains in the safe category for living habitat, certain sites had relatively high metal concentrations estimated to have originated from anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmesa Harmesa
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia.
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, BRIN Kawasan Jakarta Ancol, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia.
| | - Lestari Lestari
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, BRIN Kawasan Jakarta Ancol, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
| | - Fitri Budiyanto
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, BRIN Kawasan Jakarta Ancol, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
| | - Triyoni Purbonegoro
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, BRIN Kawasan Jakarta Ancol, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
| | - A'an Johan Wahyudi
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, BRIN Kawasan Jakarta Ancol, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
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Chunga-Llauce JA, Pacheco AS. Impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis on marine benthic communities: A review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 171:105481. [PMID: 34555617 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine communities are dynamic and spatially heterogeneous. Earthquakes and tsunamis modulate the structure of marine communities at short and long-term scales. The objective of this review was to evaluate how such disturbances impact the morphodynamics of coastal areas and the dynamics and structure of marine benthic communities from soft and hard bottoms from intertidal, subtidal and deep-sea habitats. The results reveal that earthquakes and tsunamis caused mortality of algae and bivalves by dissection after coastal uplift. Changes on the vertical distribution of nematodes and coral fragmentation were also recorded. Recovery of the marine communities to pre-disturbance state occurred by migration and recolonization of impacted habitats. The meiofaunal organisms recovered quickly, while some communities recovered after three years. Information pre-disturbance is often lacking or covers a short temporal extent. It is important to establish long-term monitoring programs in areas where the likelihood of impact of disturbance of such magnitude is high to understand how marine communities are shaped at geological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Chunga-Llauce
- Escuela Profesional de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
| | - Aldo S Pacheco
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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