1
|
Greenberg D, Rosenblum ND, Tonelli M. The multifaceted links between hearing loss and chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:295-312. [PMID: 38287134 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Hearing loss affects nearly 1.6 billion people and is the third-leading cause of disability worldwide. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also a common condition that is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and high health-care costs. From a developmental perspective, the structures responsible for hearing have a common morphogenetic origin with the kidney, and genetic abnormalities that cause familial forms of hearing loss can also lead to kidney disease. On a cellular level, normal kidney and cochlea function both depend on cilial activities at the apical surface, and kidney tubular cells and sensory epithelial cells of the inner ear use similar transport mechanisms to modify luminal fluid. The two organs also share the same collagen IV basement membrane network. Thus, strong developmental and physiological links exist between hearing and kidney function. These theoretical considerations are supported by epidemiological data demonstrating that CKD is associated with a graded and independent excess risk of sensorineural hearing loss. In addition to developmental and physiological links between kidney and cochlear function, hearing loss in patients with CKD may be driven by specific medications or treatments, including haemodialysis. The associations between these two common conditions are not commonly appreciated, yet have important implications for research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Greenberg
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcello Tonelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amato E, Taroc EZM, Forni PE. Illuminating the terminal nerve: Uncovering the link between GnRH-1 neuron and olfactory development. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25599. [PMID: 38488687 PMCID: PMC10958589 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the olfactory placode (OP) generates migratory neurons, including olfactory pioneer neurons, cells of the terminal nerve (TN), gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons, and other uncharacterized neurons. Pioneer neurons from the OP induce olfactory bulb (OB) morphogenesis. In mice, GnRH-1 neurons appear in the olfactory system around mid-gestation and migrate via the TN axons to different brain regions. The GnRH-1 neurons are crucial in controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Kallmann syndrome is characterized by impaired olfactory system development, defective OBs, secretion of GnRH-1, and infertility. The precise mechanistic link between the olfactory system and GnRH-1 development remains unclear. Studies in humans and mice highlight the importance of the prokineticin-2/prokineticin-receptor-2 (Prokr2) signaling pathway in OB morphogenesis and GnRH-1 neuronal migration. Prokr2 loss-of-function mutations can cause Kallmann syndrome (KS), and hence the Prokr2 signaling pathway represents a unique model to decipher the olfactory/GnRH-1 connection. We discovered that Prokr2 is expressed in the TN neurons during the critical period of GnRH-1 neuron formation, migration, and induction of OB morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified that the TN is formed by neurons distinct from the olfactory neurons. The TN neurons express multiple genes associated with KS. Our study suggests that the aberrant development of pioneer/TN neurons might cause the KS spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Amato
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Ed Zandro M. Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Paolo E. Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang T, Ren W, Fu F, Wang H, Li Y, Duan J. Digenic CHD7 and SMCHD1 inheritance Unveils phenotypic variability in a family mainly presenting with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23272. [PMID: 38148819 PMCID: PMC10750161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives CHARGE syndrome is a congenital hereditary condition involving multiple systems. Patients are easily misdiagnosed with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) due to the overlap of clinical manifestations. An accurate clinical diagnosis remains challenging when the predominant clinical manifestation resembles hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Methods This original research is conducted based on the genetic finding and analysis of clinical cases. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and in-silico analyse were performed on two sisters to investigate the pathogenesis in this family. Homology modelling was conducted to evaluate structural changes in the variants. Results WES and Sanger sequencing revealed two siblings carrying a nonsense mutation (NM_017780.4: c.115C > T) in exon 2 of CHD7 inherited from a mildly affected mother and a missense mutation (NM_015295.3: c.2582T > C) in exon 20 of SMCHD1 inherited from an asymptomatic father. The nonsense mutation in CHD7 was predicted to generate nonsense-mediated decay, whereas the missense mutation in SMCHD1 decreased protein stability. Conclusions We identified digenic CHD7 and SMCHD1 mutations in IHH-associated diseases for the first time and verified the synergistic role of oligogenic inheritance. It was also determined that WES is an effective tool for distinguishing diseases with overlapping features and establishing a molecular diagnosis for cases with digenic or oligogenic hereditary disorders, which is beneficial for timely treatment, and family genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wu Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fangfang Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Wuhan KDWS Biological Technology Co.,Ltd, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jie Duan
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sengupta P, Dutta S, Liew FF, Dhawan V, Das B, Mottola F, Slama P, Rocco L, Roychoudhury S. Environmental and Genetic Traffic in the Journey from Sperm to Offspring. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1759. [PMID: 38136630 PMCID: PMC10741607 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the understanding of how sperm develop into offspring have shown complex interactions between environmental influences and genetic factors. The past decade, marked by a research surge, has not only highlighted the profound impact of paternal contributions on fertility and reproductive outcomes but also revolutionized our comprehension by unveiling how parental factors sculpt traits in successive generations through mechanisms that extend beyond traditional inheritance patterns. Studies have shown that offspring are more susceptible to environmental factors, especially during critical phases of growth. While these factors are broadly detrimental to health, their effects are especially acute during these periods. Moving beyond the immutable nature of the genome, the epigenetic profile of cells emerges as a dynamic architecture. This flexibility renders it susceptible to environmental disruptions. The primary objective of this review is to shed light on the diverse processes through which environmental agents affect male reproductive capacity. Additionally, it explores the consequences of paternal environmental interactions, demonstrating how interactions can reverberate in the offspring. It encompasses direct genetic changes as well as a broad spectrum of epigenetic adaptations. By consolidating current empirically supported research, it offers an exhaustive perspective on the interwoven trajectories of the environment, genetics, and epigenetics in the elaborate transition from sperm to offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fong Fong Liew
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vidhu Dhawan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Biprojit Das
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Rocco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amato E, Taroc EZM, Forni PE. Illuminating the Terminal Nerve: Uncovering the Link between GnRH-1 and Olfactory Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.31.555770. [PMID: 37693459 PMCID: PMC10491181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the olfactory placode (OP) generates migratory neurons, including olfactory pioneer neurons, cells of the terminal nerve (TN), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons, and other uncharacterized neurons. Pioneer neurons from the olfactory placode induce olfactory bulb morphogenesis. In mice, GnRH-1 neurons appear in the olfactory system around mid-gestation and migrate via the terminal nerve axons to different brain regions. The GnRH-1 neurons are crucial in controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Kallmann syndrome is characterized by impaired olfactory system development, defective olfactory bulbs, defective secretion of GnRH-1, and infertility. The precise mechanistic link between the olfactory system and GnRH-1 development remains unclear. Studies in humans and mice highlight the importance of the Prokineticin-2/Prokineticin-Receptor-2 (Prokr2) signaling pathway in olfactory bulb morphogenesis and GnRH-1 neuronal migration. Prokr2 loss-of-function mutations can cause Kallmann syndrome, and hence the Prokr2 signaling pathway represents a unique model to decipher the olfactory/GnRH-1 connection. We discovered that Prokr2 is expressed in the TN neurons during the critical period of GnRH-1 neuron formation, migration, and induction of olfactory bulb morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified that the TN is formed by neurons that are distinct from the olfactory neurons. The TN neurons express multiple genes associated with KS. Our study suggests that the aberrant development of pioneer/TN neurons might cause the KS spectrum. Key Points 1) Pioneer or terminal nerve neurons play a crucial role in initiating the development of the olfactory bulbs. We found that the Prokineticin Receptor-2 gene, associated with Kallmann syndrome, is expressed by the olfactory pioneer/terminal nerve neurons.2) We genetically traced, isolated, and conducted Single-cell RNA sequencing on terminal nerve neurons of rodents. This analysis revealed a significant enrichment of gene expression related to Kallmann syndrome.3) Our study indicates that the investigation of Pioneer/terminal nerve neurons should be a pivotal focal point for comprehending developmental defects affecting olfactory and GnRH-1 systems.
Collapse
|
6
|
A rare disease of Kallmann syndrome: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:1232-1238. [PMID: 36660569 PMCID: PMC9842794 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder that refers to the association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia due to abnormal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-producing neurons. Here, we present a case of a 40-year-old man who presented with psychological problems (emotional disturbance) as the chief complaint. Physical examination revealed gynecomastia, absence of facial and axillary hair, and sparse pubic hair, micropenis, undescended right testicle, low libido and lack of sexual function. A related finding is anosmia, a high-pitched voice. Hormonal analysis revealed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism profile, and chromosomal examination revealed a normal male karyotype. Abdominal ultrasound showed normal organs, and scrotal ultrasound showed an undescended right testicle (UDT) and small testes. Brain MRI revealed pituitary gland hypoplasia and olfactory bulb agenesis. These findings are characteristic of KS. He underwent orchidopexy dextra. He is now on a regular follow-up. Hormone replacement therapy is planned. Thus, besides medical treatments, psychological care is an integral component of the treatment strategy for this patient.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng W, Li J, Wang X, Jiang F, Men M. ANOS1 variants in a large cohort of Chinese patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:847-857. [PMID: 36039580 PMCID: PMC10930292 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare congenital gonadal dysplasia caused by defects in the synthesis, secretion or signal transduction of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone. The main manifestations of CHH are delayed or lack puberty, low levels of sex hormones and gonadotropins, and may be accompanied with other clinical phenotypes. Some patients with CHH are also accompanied with anosmia or hyposmia, which is called Kalman syndrome (KS). ANOS1, located on X chromosome, is the first gene associated with CHH in an X-linked recessive manner. This study aims to provide a basis for the genetic diagnosis of CHH by analyzing the gene variant spectrum of ANOS1 in CHH and the relationship between clinical phenotype and genotype. METHODS In this study, whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to screen rare sequencing variants (RSVs) of ANOS1 in a Chinese cohort of 165 male CHH patients. Four commonly used in silico tools were used to predict the function of the identified RSVs in coding region, including Polyphen2, Mutation Taster, SIFT, and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD). Splice Site Prediction by Neural Network (NNSPLICE) was employed to predict possibilities of intronic RSVs to disrupt splicing. American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines was used to assess the pathogenicity of the detected RSVs. The ANOS1 genetic variant spectrum of CHH patients in Chinese population was established. The relationship between clinical phenotype and genotype was analyzed by collecting detailed clinical data. RESULTS Through WES analysis for 165 CHH patients, ANOS1 RSVs were detected in 17 of them, with the frequency of 10.3%. A total of 13 RSVs were detected in the 17 probands, including 5 nonsense variants (p.T76X, p.R191X, p.W257X, p.R262X, and p.W589X), 2 splicing site variants (c.318+3A>C, c.1063-1G>C), and 6 missense variants (p.N402S, p.N155D, p.P504L, p.C157R, p.Q635P, and p.V560I). In these 17 CHH probands with ANOS1 RSVs, many were accompanied with other clinical phenotypes. The most common associated phenotype was cryptorchidism (10/17), followed by unilateral renal agenesis (3/17), dental agenesis (3/17), and synkinesia (3/17). Eight RSVs, including p.T76X, p.R191X, p.W257X, p.R262X, p.W589X, c.318+3A>C, c.1063-1G>C, and p.C157R, were predicted to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 RSVs by ACMG. Eight CHH patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 variants had additional features. In contrast, only one out of nine CHH patients with non-pathogenic (likely benign or uncertain of significance) ANOS1 variants according to ACMG exhibited additional features. And function of the non-pathogenic ANOS1 variants accompanied with other CHH-associated RSVs. CONCLUSIONS The ANOS1 genetic spectrum of CHH patients in Chinese population is established. Some of the correlations between clinical phenotype and genotype are also established. Our study indicates that CHH patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 RSVs tend to exhibit additional phenotypes. Although non-pathogenic ANOS1 variants only may not be sufficient to cause CHH, they may function together with other CHH-associated RSVs to cause the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078.
| | - Jiada Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Meichao Men
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moon S, Zhao YT. Convergent biological pathways underlying the Kallmann syndrome-linked genes Hs6st1 and Fgfr1. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:4207-4216. [PMID: 35899427 PMCID: PMC9759331 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a congenital disorder characterized by idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and olfactory dysfunction. KS is linked to variants in >34 genes, which are scattered across the human genome and show disparate biological functions. Although the genetic basis of KS is well studied, the mechanisms by which disruptions of these diverse genes cause the same outcome of KS are not fully understood. Here we show that disruptions of KS-linked genes affect the same biological processes, indicating convergent molecular mechanisms underlying KS. We carried out machine learning-based predictions and found that KS-linked mutations in heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS6ST1) are likely loss-of-function mutations. We next disrupted Hs6st1 and another KS-linked gene, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1), in mouse neuronal cells and measured transcriptome changes using RNA sequencing. We found that disruptions of Hs6st1 and Fgfr1 altered genes in the same biological processes, including the upregulation of genes in extracellular pathways and the downregulation of genes in chromatin pathways. Moreover, we performed genomics and bioinformatics analyses and found that Hs6st1 and Fgfr1 regulate gene transcription likely via the transcription factor Sox9/Sox10 and the chromatin regulator Chd7, which are also associated with KS. Together, our results demonstrate how different KS-linked genes work coordinately in a convergent signaling pathway to regulate the same biological processes, thus providing new insights into KS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Ying-Tao Zhao
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: 516-686-3764; Fax: 516-686-3832;
| |
Collapse
|