1
|
Kock Am Brink M, Schmidt C, Daniels T, Lock G. Routine colonoscopy with a surprise in the cecum: It's a giant appendicolith! A Case report and review of the literature. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2024. [PMID: 39074812 DOI: 10.1055/a-2349-2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Giant appendicoliths (defined as appendiceal stones larger than 2 cm in size) are rare findings, with less than 20 well-documented reported cases. Appendicoliths, in general, are linked to an increased risk of appendicitis and associated complications. However, little information is available on the clinical impact of giant appendicoliths. We present a case of a giant appendicolith accidentally discovered during screening colonoscopy. With more than 4 cm, this appendicolith is one of the largest of the few reported so far. In contrast to all other cases of giant appendicoliths, the patient did not exhibit any symptoms. Additionally, we provide an overview of giant appendicolith cases, discussing their clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christa Schmidt
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Albertinen-Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thies Daniels
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Albertinen-Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guntram Lock
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Albertinen-Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He Y, Yang M, Cui J, Zhao C, Jiang B, Guan J, Zhou X, He M, Zhen Y, Zhang Y, Jing R, Wang Q, Qin Y, Wu L. Non-invasive diagnosis of bacterial and non-bacterial inflammations using a dual-enzyme-responsive fluorescent indicator. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5775-5785. [PMID: 38638235 PMCID: PMC11023053 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06866h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections, as the second leading cause of global death, are commonly treated with antibiotics. However, the improper use of antibiotics contributes to the development of bacterial resistance. Therefore, the accurate differentiation between bacterial and non-bacterial inflammations is of utmost importance in the judicious administration of clinical antibiotics and the prevention of bacterial resistance. However, as of now, no fluorescent probes have yet been designed for the relevant assessments. To this end, the present study reports the development of a novel fluorescence probe (CyQ) that exhibits dual-enzyme responsiveness. The designed probe demonstrated excellent sensitivity in detecting NTR and NAD(P)H, which served as critical indicators for bacterial and non-bacterial inflammations. The utilization of CyQ enabled the efficient detection of NTR and NAD(P)H in distinct channels, exhibiting impressive detection limits of 0.26 μg mL-1 for NTR and 5.54 μM for NAD(P)H, respectively. Experimental trials conducted on living cells demonstrated CyQ's ability to differentiate the variations in NTR and NAD(P)H levels between A. baumannii, S. aureus, E. faecium, and P. aeruginosa-infected as well as LPS-stimulated HUVEC cells. Furthermore, in vivo zebrafish experiments demonstrated the efficacy of CyQ in accurately discerning variations in NTR and NAD(P)H levels resulting from bacterial infection or LPS stimulation, thereby facilitating non-invasive detection of both bacterial and non-bacterial inflammations. The outstanding discriminatory ability of CyQ between bacterial and non-bacterial inflammation positions it as a promising clinical diagnostic tool for acute inflammations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Majun Yang
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University No. 20, Xisi Road Nantong 226001 Jiangsu China
| | - Can Zhao
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Bin Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Jiayun Guan
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Miao He
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Yaya Zhen
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Jing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University No. 20, Xisi Road Nantong 226001 Jiangsu China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Yuling Qin
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, Nantong University 9 Seyuan Road Nantong 226019 P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Nantong University Nantong 226001 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aiyoshi T, Kakihara T, Watanabe E, Tanaka N, Ogata Y, Masuoka H, Kurokawa R, Fujishiro J, Masumoto K, Suda W. A comprehensive microbial analysis of pediatric patients with acute appendicitis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:695-704. [PMID: 37029071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis of pediatric acute appendicitis (AA) is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive microbial analysis of saliva, feces, and appendiceal lumen of AA patients using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing to elucidate the pathogenesis of pediatric AA. METHODS This study included 33 AA patients and 17 healthy controls (HCs) aged <15 y. Among the AA patients, 18 had simple appendicitis, and 15 had complicated appendicitis. Salivary and fecal samples were obtained from both groups. The contents of the appendiceal lumen were collected from the AA group. All samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. RESULTS The relative abundance of Fusobacterium was significantly higher in the saliva of AA patients as compared to that in HCs (P = 0.011). Bacteroides, Escherichia, Fusobacterium, Coprobacillus, and Flavonifractor were significantly increased in the feces of AA patients, as compared to that in HCs (P = 0.020, 0.010, 0.029, 0.031, and 0.002, respectively). In the appendiceal lumen, Bacteroides, Parvimonas, Fusobacterium, and Alloprevotella were the top bacterial genera with an average relative abundance >5% (16.0%, 9.1%, 7.9%, and 6.0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The relative abundance of Fusobacterium was high in the appendiceal lumen of pediatric AA patients. Moreover, the relative abundance of Fusobacterium was significantly higher in the saliva and feces of pediatric AA patients than in those of healthy children. These results suggest that ectopic colonization of oral Fusobacterium in the appendix might play an important role in the pathogenesis of pediatric AA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Aiyoshi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomo Kakihara
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Watanabe
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogata
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masuoka
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rina Kurokawa
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Fujishiro
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Masumoto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdul Jawad K, Qian S, Vasileiou G, Larentzakis A, Rattan R, Dodgion C, Kaafarani H, Zielinski M, Namias N, Yeh DD. Microbial Epidemiology of Acute and Perforated Appendicitis: A Post-Hoc Analysis of an EAST Multicenter Study. J Surg Res 2021; 269:69-75. [PMID: 34520984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are significant practice variations in antibiotic treatment for appendicitis, ranging from short-course narrow spectrum to long-course broad-spectrum. We sought to describe the modern microbial epidemiology of acute and perforated appendicitis in adults to help inform appropriate empiric coverage and support antibiotic stewardship initiatives. METHODS This is a post-hoc secondary analysis of the Multicenter Study of the Treatment of Appendicitis in America: Acute, Perforated, and Gangrenous (MUSTANG) which prospectively enrolled adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) diagnosed with appendicitis between January 2017 and June 2018 across 28 centers in the United States. We included all subjects with positive microbiologic cultures during primary or secondary (rescue after medical failure) appendectomy or percutaneous drainage. Culture yield was compared between low- and high-grade appendicitis as per the AAST classification. RESULTS A total of 3,471 patients were included: 230 (7%) had cultures performed, and 179/230 (78%) had positive results. Cultures were less likely to be positive in grade 1 compared to grades 3, 4, or 5 appendicitis with 2/18 (11%) vs 61/70 (87%) (p < .001). Only 1 subject had grade 2 appendicitis and culture results were negative. E. coli was the most common pathogen and cultured in 29 (46%) of primary appendectomy samples, 16 (50%) of secondary, and 44 (52%) of percutaneous drainage samples. CONCLUSION Culturing low-grade appendicitis is low yield. E. coli is the most commonly cultured microbe in acute and perforated appendicitis. This data helps inform empiric coverage for both antibiotics alone and as an adjunct to operative or percutaneous intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdul Jawad
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital / University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Sinong Qian
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital / University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital / University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Andreas Larentzakis
- Division of Foregut Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Rishi Rattan
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital / University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Chris Dodgion
- Division of Trauma & Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Froedtert Hospital / Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Haytham Kaafarani
- Division of Trauma & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Zielinski
- Division of Trauma & Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicholas Namias
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital / University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - D Dante Yeh
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital / University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gudjonsdottir J, Runnäs M, Hagander L, Theodorsson E, Salö M. Associations of hair cortisol concentrations with paediatric appendicitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15281. [PMID: 34315979 PMCID: PMC8316495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of paediatric appendicitis is still an enigma. In recent years, it has become more evident that our inherent immunological responses affect the trajectory of the disease course. Long-term stress has an impact on our immune system; however, it is practically and ethically challenging to prospectively track blood measurements of cortisol-levels in asymptomatic children should an acute appendicitis episode develop. The aim of this case–control study was therefore to evaluate the effect of increased stress measured as historical imprints in hair (hair cortisol concentrations [HCC]), on the risk of developing appendicitis and complicated appendicitis. 51 children (aged < 15 years) with appendicitis (34 with complicated appendicitis), were compared to 86 healthy controls. HCC reflecting the activity of the HPA-axis 0–3 and 4–6 months prior to sampling was evaluated and compared between groups as well as between the two measurements of each study subject. In the univariate analysis with both cases and controls, an increase in HCC between the measurement timepoints was associated with a substantial increase in risk of appendicitis (OR 7.52 [95% CI 2.49–22.67], p = 0.001). This increased risk remained in the multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, sex and season (aOR OR 10.76 [95%CI 2.50–46.28], p = 0.001). When comparing the cases of uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis through a multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and sex, the children with an increased HCC prior to appendicitis had a substantial and statistically significant increase in risk of complicated appendicitis (aOR 7.86 [95% CI 1.20–51.63], p = 0.03). Biological stress, measured as an increase in HCC, seems to be associated with an increased risk of paediatric appendicitis and a more complicated disease course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gudjonsdottir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Michaela Runnäs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Hagander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Salö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Culture-based bacterial evaluation of the appendix lumen in patients with and without acute appendicitis. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:708-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
The Impact of Pathological Criteria on Pediatric Negative Appendectomy Rate. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:1794-1799. [PMID: 30685199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Negative appendectomy rate (NAR) is a quality metric used in the surgical management of appendicitis. The rates of negative appendectomy (NA) in children range anywhere from 1% to 40% in the literature. Many reports do not provide clear pathological definitions for either appendicitis or NA on which they base their calculation of NAR. We reviewed our experience with pediatric appendectomy and the pathological spectrum encompassed within our definition of a NA and examined how the pathologic definition impacts our hospital's NAR. METHODS A retrospective review from 2012 to 2016 in a single institution identified 1676 children that underwent appendectomy. Average age was 11.4 (2-18 years). Patient demographics, clinical outcomes and pathological findings were collected. At our institution, appendicitis is defined as the presence of transmural acute inflammation in the appendix and those patients without this finding have been considered to have had a negative appendectomy. RESULTS 1435 patients underwent appendectomy for presumed appendicitis. The rate of pathologically diagnosed appendicitis was 91.1% (1307/1435) and as such, the NAR was 8.9% (128/1435). Review of the pathology of the NA cohort identified 67/128 (52.3%) patients with completely normal pathology. The remaining 61 patients displayed some sort of pathological abnormality including malignancy (n = 2), fecaliths (n = 9), pinworms (n = 3), granuloma (n = 2), fibrous obliteration (n = 4), isolated periappendiceal inflammation (n = 1), and acute inflammation confined to the mucosa (n = 40). Exclusion of these patients with abnormal pathology decreased the NAR to 4.6%. Patients with pathological abnormalities of the appendix other than transmural inflammation had a higher rate of 30-day readmission than patients with acute appendicitis (8.2% versus 4.5% p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Pediatric NAR is dependent upon the pathological definition of appendicitis and negative appendectomy. Institutional variation in definition may explain discrepancies in the literature. By example, including only those that show "the absence of inflammation or other appendiceal pathology" would decrease our NAR by 50%. This study calls into question the interpretation of interhospital NAR and the use of NAR as a quality metric in the management of appendicitis. Retrospective comparative study: Level III evidence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sasaki Y, Komatsu F, Kashima N, Sato T, Takemoto I, Kijima S, Maeda T, Ishii T, Miyazaki T, Honda Y, Shimada N, Urita Y. Clinical differentiation of acute appendicitis and right colonic diverticulitis: A case-control study. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:1393-1402. [PMID: 31363467 PMCID: PMC6656680 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i12.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute right colonic diverticulitis (ARCD) is an important differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA) in Asian countries because of the unusually high prevalence of right colonic diverticula. Due to qualitative improvement and the high penetration rate of computed tomography (CT) scanning in Japan, differentiation of ARCD and AA mainly depends on this modality. But cost, limited availability, and concern for radiation exposure make CT scanning problematic. Differential findings of ARCD from AA are based on several small studies that used univariate comparisons from Korea and Taiwan. Previous studies on clinical and laboratory differences between AA and ARCD are limited.
AIM To determine clinical differences between AA and ARCD for differentiation of these two diagnoses by creating a logistic regression model.
METHODS We performed an exploratory single-center retrospective case-control study evaluating 369 Japanese patients (age ≥ 16 years), 236 (64.0%) with AA and 133 (36.0%) with ARCD, who were hospitalized between 2012 and 2016. Diagnoses were confirmed by CT images. We compared age, sex, onset-to-visit interval, epigastric/periumbilical pain, right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, medical history, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, RLQ tenderness, peritoneal signs, leukocyte count, and levels of serum creatinine, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum alanine aminotrans-ferase. We subsequently performed logistic regression analysis for differentiating AA from ARCD based on the results of the univariate analyses.
RESULTS In the AA and ARCD groups, median ages were 35.5 and 41.0 years, respectively (p=0.011); median onset-to-visit intervals were 1 [interquartile range (IQR): 0-1] and 2 (IQR: 1-3) days, respectively (P < 0.001); median leukocyte counts were 12600 and 11500/mm3, respectively (P = 0.002); and median CRP levels were 1.1 (IQR: 0.2-4.1) and 4.9 (IQR: 2.9-8.5) mg/dL, respectively (P < 0.001). In the logistic regression model, odds ratios (ORs) were significantly high in nausea/vomiting (OR: 3.89, 95%CI: 2.04-7.42) and anorexia (OR: 2.13, 95%CI: 1.06-4.28). ORs were significantly lower with a longer onset-to-visit interval (OR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.72-0.97), RLQ pain (OR: 0.28, 95%CI: 0.11-0.71), history of diverticulitis (OR: 0.034, 95%CI: 0.005-0.20), and CRP level > 3.0 mg/dL (OR: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.14-0.43). The regression model showed good calibration, discrimination, and optimism.
CONCLUSION Clinical findings can differentiate AA and ARCD before imaging studies; nausea/vomiting and anorexia suggest AA, and longer onset-to-visit interval, RLQ pain, previous diverticulitis, and CRP level > 3.0 mg/dL suggest ARCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sasaki
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Fumiya Komatsu
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Naoyasu Kashima
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Ikutaka Takemoto
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Sho Kijima
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Tadashi Maeda
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishii
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Taito Miyazaki
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Honda
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Nagato Shimada
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Urita
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim DH, Lee JH, Kim D, Hwang S, Kang K, Koo JS. [Acute Suppurative Appendicitis Diagnosed by Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2019; 73:45-49. [PMID: 30690958 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2019.73.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A 49-year-old man visited the emergency room of Korea University Ansan Hospital with hematochezia starting the day before the visit. Recently, he was on anti-platelet medication due to hypertension. The patient had no definite symptoms other than hematochezia. Digital rectal exam was positive and laboratory tests showed severe anemia. Sigmoidoscopy was initiated and almost no fecal material was observed in the intestinal tract, allowing insertion into the cecum. Active bleeding from the appendiceal opening was noted. On abdominal CT, contrast enhancement was observed at the tip of the appendix. Under suspicion of acute appendicitis, we consulted with a surgeon. The patient underwent appendectomy with partial cecal resection. Pathologic examination revealed a diagnosis of appendix bleeding due to acute suppurative appendicitis. The patient had no further bleeding after surgery and was discharged in a stable state. Careful observation by the endoscopist is necessary for accurate diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Appendiceal hemorrhage is very rarely reported, but it has various pathophysiologies. CT scan is useful when appendiceal hemorrhage is confirmed by endoscopic findings. Surgical treatment was needed in almost all cases reported worldwide. If bleeding from the appendix is confirmed, surgical treatment should be considered for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Ha Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ju Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Suhyun Hwang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Kyuho Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ja Seol Koo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Orlova E, Yeh A, Shi M, Firek B, Ranganathan S, Whitcomb DC, Finegold DN, Ferrell RE, Barmada MM, Marazita ML, Hinds DA, Shaffer JR, Morowitz MJ. Genetic association and differential expression of PITX2 with acute appendicitis. Hum Genet 2019; 138:37-47. [PMID: 30392061 PMCID: PMC6514078 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Appendicitis affects 9% of Americans and is the most common diagnosis requiring hospitalization of both children and adults. We performed a genome-wide association study of self-reported appendectomy with 18,773 affected adults and 114,907 unaffected adults of European American ancestry. A significant association with appendectomy was observed at 4q25 near the gene PITX2 (rs2129979, p value = 8.82 × 10-14) and was replicated in an independent sample of Caucasians (59 affected, 607 unaffected; p value = 0.005). Meta-analysis of the associated variant across our two cohorts and cohorts from Iceland and the Netherlands (in which this association had previously been reported) showed strong cumulative evidence of association (OR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.09-1.14; p value = 1.81 × 10-23) and some evidence for effect heterogeneity (p value = 0.03). Eight other loci were identified at suggestive significance in the discovery GWAS. Associations were followed up by measuring gene expression across resected appendices with varying levels of inflammation (N = 75). We measured expression of 27 genes based on physical proximity to the GWAS signals, evidence of being targeted by eQTLs near the signals according to RegulomeDB (score = 1), or both. Four of the 27 genes (including PITX2) showed significant evidence (p values < 0.0033) of differential expression across categories of appendix inflammation. An additional ten genes showed nominal evidence (p value < 0.05) of differential expression, which, together with the significant genes, is more than expected by chance (p value = 6.6 × 10-12). PITX2 impacts morphological development of intestinal tissue, promotes an anti-oxidant response, and its expression correlates with levels of intestinal bacteria and colonic inflammation. Further studies of the role of PITX2 in appendicitis are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Orlova
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, 3131 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Andrew Yeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Brian Firek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - David C Whitcomb
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, 3131 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - David N Finegold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, 3131 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Robert E Ferrell
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, 3131 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - M Michael Barmada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, 3131 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, 3131 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | | | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, 3131 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Michael J Morowitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Faculty Pavilion 7th Floor, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Mulhim AS. Readmission after antibiotic management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults: prospective study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 46:841-846. [PMID: 30367181 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-018-1038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical cause of acute abdomen. Many randomized studies compare between antibiotic and surgery, and such studies indicated that antibiotics might treat acute appendicitis. However, there are concerns about selection bias in previous studies. Hence, to overcome this worry; we used in this study a full-scale population-based application. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 327 adult patients who were admitted to surgical ward with diagnosis of uncomplicated acute appendicitis between March 2013 and February 2016. All patients received antibiotic therapy after confirming the diagnosis by computed tomography. Endpoints were treatment efficacy, readmission, and complications in 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS Of the 327 patients include in this study, 8 (2.5%) patients failed initial non-operative (antibiotic) management and underwent operation during their initial hospitalization. Of 319 available for 1-year follow-up, 280 patients (87.8%) did not require appendectomy; while 39 patients (12.2%) need readmission within 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics are a safe and visible option in acute appendicitis management. This approach needs careful assessment and evaluation for each individual patient before it is used as the first-line therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Response to Letter: Is Antibiotic Alternative to Appendectomy? Ann Surg 2017; 266:e4-e5. [PMID: 28591013 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Salö M, Marungruang N, Roth B, Sundberg T, Stenström P, Arnbjörnsson E, Fåk F, Ohlsson B. Evaluation of the microbiome in children's appendicitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:19-28. [PMID: 27613729 PMCID: PMC5219883 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-016-2639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The role of the microbiome has been widely discussed in the etiology of appendicitis. The primary aim was to evaluate the microbiome in the normal appendix and in appendicitis specifically divided into the three clinically and histopathologically defined grades of inflammation. Secondary aims were to examine whether there were any microbiome differences between proximal and distal appendices, and relate the microbiome with histopathological findings. METHODS A prospective pilot study was conducted of children undergoing appendectomy for appendicitis. The diagnosis was based on histopathological analysis. Children with incidental appendectomy were used as controls. The proximal and distal mucosa from the appendices were analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS A total of 22 children, 3 controls and 19 appendicitis patients; 11 phlegmonous, 4 gangrenous, and 4 perforated appendices, were prospectively included. The amount of Fusobacterium increased and Bacteroides decreased in phlegmonous and perforated appendicitis compared to controls, but statistical significance was not reached, and this pattern was not seen in gangrenous appendicitis. No relation could be seen between different bacteria and the grade of inflammation, and there was a wide variation of abundances at phylum, genus, and species level within every specific group of patients. Further, no significant differences could be detected when comparing the microbiome in proximal and distal mucosa, which may be because the study was underpowered. A trend with more abundance of Fusobacteria in the distal mucosa was seen in appendicitis patients with obstruction (25 and 13 %, respectively, p = 0.06). CONCLUSION The pattern of microbiome differed not only between groups, but also within groups. However, no statistically significant differences could be found in the microbiome between groups or clinical conditions. No correlation between a specific bacteria and grade of inflammation was found. In the vast majority of cases of appendicitis, changes in microbiome do not seem to be the primary event. Since there seem to be differences in microbiome patterns depending on the sample site, the exact localization of biopsy sampling must be described in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Salö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Nittaya Marungruang
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Medicon Village, 22381, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bodil Roth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tiia Sundberg
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Medicon Village, 22381, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stenström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Einar Arnbjörnsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lasarettsgatan 48, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Fåk
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Medicon Village, 22381, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gupta R, Mathur V, Bansal J, Bhandari A, Mathur P, Sharma SB, Gupta AK. Acute appendicitis following blunt abdominal trauma in children: by chance or a cause? FORMOSAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjs.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
15
|
Tsai MC, Lin HC, Lee CZ. Diabetes increases the risk of an appendectomy in patients with antibiotic treatment of noncomplicated appendicitis. Am J Surg 2016; 214:24-28. [PMID: 27616688 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective cohort study examined whether diabetic patients have a higher risk for recurrent appendicitis during a 1-year follow-up period after successful antibiotic treatment for patients with acute uncomplicated appendicitis than nondiabetic patients using a population-based database. METHODS We included 541 appendicitis patients who received antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis. We individually tracked each patient for a 1-year period to identify those who subsequently underwent an appendectomy during the follow-up period. RESULTS Cox proportional hazard regressions suggested that the adjusted hazard ratio of an appendectomy during the 1-year follow-up period was 1.75 for appendicitis patients with diabetes than appendicitis patients without diabetes. We found that among females, the adjusted hazard ratio of an appendectomy was 2.18 for acute appendicitis patients with diabetes than their counterparts without diabetes. However, we failed to observe this relationship in males. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a relationship between diabetes and a subsequent appendectomy in females who underwent antibiotic treatment for noncomplicated appendicitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chieh Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Ching Lin
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cha-Ze Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rogers MB, Brower-Sinning R, Firek B, Zhong D, Morowitz MJ. Acute Appendicitis in Children Is Associated With a Local Expansion of Fusobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:71-78. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
17
|
Tsai MC, Kao LT, Lin HC, Chung SD, Lee CZ. Acute Appendicitis Is Associated with Peptic Ulcers: A Population-based Study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18044. [PMID: 26643405 PMCID: PMC4672284 DOI: 10.1038/srep18044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite some studies having indicated a possible association between appendicitis and duodenal ulcers, this association was mainly based on regional samples or limited clinician experiences, and as such, did not permit unequivocal conclusions. In this case-control study, we examined the association of acute appendicitis with peptic ulcers using a population-based database. We included 3574 patients with acute appendicitis as cases and 3574 sex- and age-matched controls. A Chi-squared test showed that there was a significant difference in the prevalences of prior peptic ulcers between cases and controls (21.7% vs. 16.8%, p < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of prior peptic ulcers for cases was 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24~1.54, p < 0.001) compared to controls. The results further revealed that younger groups demonstrated higher ORs for prior peptic ulcers among cases than controls. In particular, the adjusted OR for cases < 30 years old was as high as 1.65 (95% CI = 1.25~2.19; p < 0.001) compared to controls. However, we failed to observe an association of acute appendicitis with peptic ulcers in the ≥ 60-year age group (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.93~1.52). We concluded that there is an association between acute appendicitis and a previous diagnosis of peptic ulcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chieh Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Kao
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Ching Lin
- Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Dong Chung
- Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banciao, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cha-Ze Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhong D, Brower-Sinning R, Firek B, Morowitz MJ. Acute appendicitis in children is associated with an abundance of bacteria from the phylum Fusobacteria. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:441-6. [PMID: 24650474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although luminal obstruction has traditionally been viewed as the underlying cause of appendicitis, recent evidence has suggested that the disease may result directly from invasion by specific pathogens, e.g. Fusobacterium nucleatum. The purpose of this study was to survey microbial communities within pediatric appendectomy specimens using a culture-independent approach. METHODS We performed 16S ribosomal gene sequence analysis to profile the microbiota present within luminal fluid obtained from 22 pediatric appendectomy specimens. These included 10 simple appendicitis cases, 5 perforated appendicitis cases, 2 interval appendectomies, and 5 incidental appendectomies. RESULTS Samples could be divided into 2 distinct clusters based upon the composition of the appendiceal bacterial communities. Appendicitis samples contained an increased abundance of Fusobacterium spp. and a reduced abundance of Bacteroides spp. relative to non-appendicitis cases. Appendicitis samples also contained variable amounts of other oral taxa such as Porphyromonas, Parvimonas, and Gemella, whereas these taxa were generally absent from non-appendicitis samples. CONCLUSIONS Acute appendicitis is associated with an abundance of Fusobacterium spp. and other pathogens commonly found in the oral cavity. Further research is needed to determine whether these organisms directly cause appendicitis or rather proliferate in the appendix as a secondary consequence of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zhong
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rachel Brower-Sinning
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Brian Firek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Michael J Morowitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Introduction The prevailing view on appendicitis is that the main aetiology is obstruction owing to faecoliths in adults and lymphoid hyperplasia in children. Faecoliths on imaging studies are believed to correlate well with appendicitis. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of 1,014 emergency appendicectomy patients between 2001 and 2011. Faecolith prevalence in adult and paediatric appendicectomy specimens with and without perforation was studied. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of computed tomography (CT) for identifying faecoliths in the pathology specimen were examined. Results Overall, faecoliths were found in 18.1% (178/986) of appendicitis specimens and 28.6% (8/28) of negative appendicectomies. Faecolith prevalence for positive cases was 29.9% (79/264) in paediatric patients and 13.7% (99/722) in adults (p<0.05). Faecolith prevalence was 39.4% in perforated appendicitis but only 14.6% in non-perforated appendicitis (p<0.05). In adults, faecolith prevalence was 27.5% in perforated appendicitis and 12.0% in non-perforated appendicitis (p<0.05) while in paediatric patients, it was 56.1% in perforated appendicitis and 22.7% in non-perforated appendicitis (p=0.00). Sensitivity and PPV of preoperative CT in identifying faecoliths on pathology were 53.1% (86/162) and 44.8% (86/192) respectively. Conclusions Faecolith prevalence is too low to consider the faecolith the most common cause of non-perforated appendicitis. Faecoliths are more prevalent in paediatric appendicitis than in adult appendicitis. Preoperative CT is an unreliable predictor of faecoliths in pathology specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Singh
- Metropolitan Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Helpman L, Covens A. Laparoscopic Appendectomy Using the LigaSure®Vessel Sealing Device at the Time of Gynecologic Surgery. J Gynecol Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2010.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Limor Helpman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan Covens
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu K, Fogg L. Use of antibiotics alone for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery 2011; 150:673-83. [PMID: 22000179 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of antibiotics alone in the treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis has been controversial. The present report is based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing studies that compared antibiotics treatment to appendectomy in patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis. METHODS A Medline search was performed for studies published between 1970 and 2009. Studies were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six reports comprised of 1,201 patients were analyzed. RESULTS In patients treated with antibiotics alone, 6.9 ± 4.4% failed to respond and required appendectomy, and acute appendicitis recurred in 14.2 ± 10.6%. One appendectomy patient had a recurrence. A normal appendix was found in 7.3 ± 5.1% of patients at appendectomy. Complications were considerably less likely to occur with antibiotic treatment than with appendectomy. Major surgical complications included enterocutaneous fistula and reoperation. CONCLUSION In some cases, antibiotic treatment may fail, and there is a risk of recurrence. However, surgically treated patients, including those with the potential for spontaneous resolution and those with a normal appendix, are subjected to the risks of operative morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic therapy incurs significantly fewer complications. Prospective randomized studies are urgently needed to conclusively define the roles of appendectomy and antibiotic treatment in the management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The pathologic spectrum of the inflamed appendix encompasses a wide range of infectious entities, some with specific histologic findings, and others with nonspecific findings that may require an extensive diagnostic evaluation. The appendix is exclusively involved in some of these disorders, and in others may be involved through extension from other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses the pathologic features of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections affecting the appendix, including adenovirus; cytomegalovirus; Yersinia, Actinomyces, Mycobacterium, or Histoplasma species; Enterobius vermicularis; schistosomiasis; and Strongyloides stercoralis. Pertinent ancillary diagnostic techniques and the clinical context and significance of the various infections are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Lamps
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Solberg A, Holmdahl L, Falk P, Willén R, Palmgren I, Ivarsson ML. Progress of tissue injury in appendicitis involves the serine proteases uPA and PAI-1. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:579-84. [PMID: 19153874 DOI: 10.1080/00365520802699286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serine proteases and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key factors in the proteolytic cascade and participate in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Fibrinolytic activators and inhibitors may have an effect on inflammatory cells, thereby modulating the inflammatory response. It is reasonable to assume that they may be implicated in the tissue injury in acute appendicitis that subsequently leads to appendix perforation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and distribution of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in appendicitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression of uPA and expression of PAI-1 were measured in tissue specimens from patients with appendicitis (n=30) and in control specimens (n=9), using the quantitative ELISA technique. Distribution of enzymes was studied with immunohistochemistry. The uPA and PAI-1 levels in the subgroups of appendicitis and controls were compared. RESULTS The overall expressions of uPA and PAI-1 were greater in appendicitis than in control specimens (p <0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Expressions of uPA and PAI-1 in phlegmonous (n=15), gangrenous (n=6) and perforated appendicitis (n=9) were all higher than those in controls (n=9), (p<0.01). Moreover, the PAI-1 level was elevated in perforated appendicitis compared with phlegmonous appendicitis (p<0.01). uPA staining was observed in connection with vascular endothelial cells and the serosa stained intensely in specimens from perforated appendicitis. CONCLUSIONS The expression of uPA and especially the over-expression of PAI-1 seem to correlate to the progression of local inflammatory response in acute appendicitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solberg
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lamps LW. Beyond acute inflammation: a review of appendicitis and infections of the appendix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
25
|
Soybel D. Appendix. Surgery 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
The pathologic spectrum of the acutely inflamed appendix encompasses a wide range of infectious and noninfectious entities. The appendix suffers alone in some of these disorders, and in others may be involved through extension from other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the appendix is the most commonly resected and examined intraabdominal organ, the pathogenesis and etiology of acute nonspecific appendicitis (the most common diagnosis made in this organ) remains enigmatic. This review encompasses the pathology, pathogenesis, and bacteriology of acute appendicitis, as well as controversial issues such as the diagnosis of chronic appendicitis and the significance of a morphologically unremarkable appendectomy specimen in the clinical context of appendicitis. In addition, the pathologic features, pertinent diagnostic techniques, and clinical significance of several specific bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections affecting the appendix are presented, including adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Yersinia species, actinomycosis, Mycobacteria species, histoplasmosis, pinworms, schistosomiasis, and Strongyloides stercoralis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Lamps
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Winn RD, Laura S, Douglas C, Davidson P, Gani JS. Protocol-based approach to suspected appendicitis, incorporating the Alvarado score and outpatient antibiotics. ANZ J Surg 2004; 74:324-9. [PMID: 15144250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-1433.2004.02993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that antibiotics can be used as primary treatment for appendicitis, however, delayed surgical treatment might still be associated with perforation. Most patients at risk of perforation have high Alvarado scores. We designed a protocol-based approach to suspected appendicitis, in which the Alvarado score was used to select patients for early treatment with surgery or outpatient antibiotics. METHODS Patients included in the present study were adults and children referred to the surgical service at John Hunter Hospital (Newcastle, Australia) with suspected appendicitis in the 12 months from July 2000. Treatment groups: no treatment (Alvarado score 1-4); antibiotics alone (Alvarado 5-7); early surgery (Alvarado 8-10). OUTCOME MEASURES time to operation; duration of hospital stay; non-therapeutic operations; delayed treatment in association with perforation; recurrent appendicitis (for those treated with antibiotics). Comparison group: 142 patients managed with 'best clinical practice' as part of an earlier trial. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-two patients were enrolled. Median time to operation was 3.9 h (comparison group 7.3 h, P = 0.014). Median length of stay was 38.5 h (comparison group 44.2 h, P = 0.041). There were two cases of delayed treatment in association with perforation (2/122 = 1.6%, comparison group 2/142 = 1.4%, P = 0.88) and 10 non-therapeutic operations (10/122 = 8.1%, comparison group 15/142 = 10.6%, P = 0.51). Of those whose initial illness was treated successfully with antibiotics, 2/42 (4.8%) subsequently required appendicectomy. CONCLUSIONS This protocol-based approach to suspected appendicitis is feasible. A prospective controlled study would be required to confirm potential benefits (in terms of short hospital stay) and to confirm that there is not an increase in adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Winn
- Division of Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, and University of Newscastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Appendectomy is associated with a low risk of subsequent ulcerative colitis. This study analyzes the risk of Crohn's disease after appendectomy. METHODS We followed-up 212,218 patients with appendectomy before age 50 years and a cohort of matched controls, identified from the Swedish Inpatient Register and the nationwide Census, for any subsequent diagnosis of Crohn's disease. RESULTS An increased risk of Crohn's disease was found for more than 20 years after appendectomy, with incidence rate ratio 2.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-3.79) after perforated appendicitis, 1.85 (95% CI, 1.10-3.18) after nonspecific abdominal pain, 2.15 (95% CI, 1.25-3.80) after mesenteric lymphadenitis, 2.52 (95% CI, 1.43-4.63) after other diagnoses. After nonperforated appendicitis, there was an increased risk among women but not among men (incidence rate ratio 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03-1.85, respectively, 0.89, 95% CI, 0.64-1.24). Patients operated on before age 10 years had a low risk (incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95% CI, 0.23-0.97). Crohn's disease patients with a history of perforated appendicitis had a worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Appendectomy is associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease that is dependent on the patient's sex, age, and the diagnosis at operation. The pattern of associations suggests a biologic cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Andersson
- Department of Surgery, County Hospital Ryhov, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- C Ramsook
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Appendix. Surgery 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57282-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Although acute appendicitis is frequent, it is subject to common misconceptions. Furthermore, there is little good evidence to support some of our beliefs. This report reviews the role of the anatomic pathologist in diagnosis when acute appendicitis is suspected clinically and discusses what is known of its pathology. The conclusions that can be legitimately drawn from the literature are emphasized. A classification is proposed that incorporates intraluminal inflammation, acute mucosal inflammation, acute mucosal and submucosal inflammation, suppurative (phlegmonous) appendicitis, gangrenous appendicitis, and periappendicitis, and the significance of each of these diagnoses is discussed. The etiology and pathogenesis of acute appendicitis is reviewed. Contrary to popular belief, the best evidence indicates that obstruction is unlikely to be the primary cause, at least in the majority of cases. Ancillary techniques in the diagnosis of appendicitis, including laparoscopy and peritoneal aspiration cytology, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Carr
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Hospital Haslar, Gosport, Hampshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Barr D, van Heerden JA, Mucha P. The diagnostic challenge of postoperative acute appendicitis. World J Surg 1991; 15:526-8; discussion 529. [PMID: 1891940 DOI: 10.1007/bf01675654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the period 1979 to 1989, 0.1% of all cases of acute appendicitis at our institution occurred soon after another operative procedure. The interval between primary operation and appendectomy was 5 to 31 days (mean, 14 days). Signs and symptoms did not differ from those of classical acute appendicitis. Duration of symptoms ranged from 12 hours to 8 days (mean, 2.4 days). Perforation was present in 3 patients, suppurative appendicitis in 1 patient, and acute inflammation in 4 patients. Two of the perforations were associated with abscess formation. Morbidity related to the appendiceal condition included hepatic abscesses, septic shock, and prolonged ileus. There was no mortality. Hospitalization ranged from 6 to 80 days (mean, 12.5 days).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Barr
- Section of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tsuji M, McMahon G, Reen D, Puri P. New insights into the pathogenesis of appendicitis based on immunocytochemical analysis of early immune response. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25:449-52. [PMID: 2329464 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3468(90)90392-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although appendicitis is the most common condition requiring emergency surgery, the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. In this study, local immune responses in acute appendicitis were investigated, using an experimental rabbit model, as well as in different grades of appendicitis in humans. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and plasma cell isotypes infiltration was measured in 24 New Zealand-bred white rabbits following experimental obstruction of the appendiceal lumen for periods ranging from 30 minutes to 24 hours. Significant infiltration of PMNs, IgM, and IgG plasma cells was noted at 30 minutes following obstruction, and IgA plasma cells were noted at 2 hours after obstruction. The immunopathological features observed in the study of human appendicitis clearly demonstrated the role of plasma cell infiltration in the immunopathogenesis of appendicitis. IgA and IgG plasma cells were significantly increased in the lamina propria of both focal and acute suppurative appendicitis, compared with controls (P less than .001). In focal appendicitis, in which the focus of inflammation is confined to only a few serial sections, the increased IgA and IgG plasma cell infiltration was present throughout the entire length of the resected organ. The possibility, as seen in this study, that antigen stimulation of the effector immune system could give rise to appendicitis, provides new insights into the diversity of inflammatory responses contributing to diseases of the intestinal tract. This previously unrecognised concept in the pathogenesis of appendicitis requires further elucidation of the stimulating agent, and in particular the T-cell recognition process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuji
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shafer N, Kitay G. Acute appendicitis associated with diesel fuel. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:1146-7. [PMID: 3653638 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
36
|
Arnbjörnsson E. Experimental model for the study of the human appendix. Microsurgery 1987; 8:30-1. [PMID: 3586989 DOI: 10.1002/micr.1920080109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple and reproducible model for the experimental study of the normally functioning human appendix is described. The appendix removed from a human is transplanted into a nude mouse and is kept vital for at least 4 hours. This model is an improvement on previous models. It corresponds well with the working of the normal human appendix as regards tissue type and characteristics. Results are easily quantified and a paired control is possible in the experimental animal. This simplifies the experimental design and statistical calculations. The model can be used to gain additional information about the pathophysiology of the human appendix and the possible influence of drugs on this organ.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Four members of the same family operated on for acute retrocaecal appendicitis are reported. It is suggested that they provide further support for the hypothesis that an hereditary factor might be involved in the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
A cluster of cases of appendicitis occurred primarily in school-age boys in a small Texas town. The expected rate of appendicitis is 1.5 cases per 1,000 persons, or about 1 case per month in that town. However, in the spring of 1984, 13 cases, 10 in school-age boys, occurred. In eight of these patients, the initial onset of abdominal pain occurred over a 15 day period. A case controlled study of school-age patients indicated that sweets in the diet and consumption of local farm eggs may have been associated with the appendicitis. We hypothesize that a group of young male patients who were susceptible to appendicitis because of the high sugar content of their diets were exposed to a bacterium or virus that precipitated this outbreak of appendicitis.
Collapse
|