A new spectrophotometric assay method of xanthine oxidase in crude tissue homogenate

Protective effect of propolis in protecting against radiation-induced oxidative stress in the liver as a distant organ

Stresses caused by ionizing radiation can also damage tissues and organs through the circulatory system. In this study, we aimed to determine the radioprotective effect of propolis, a natural and powerful antioxidant product, against oxidative liver damage caused by cranial irradiation. Thirty-two male albino Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into four groups, were designed as sham group, irradiation (IR) group, propolis plus IR, control group of propolis. Biochemical parameters were measured in liver tissue of rats. While Total enzymatic superoxide scavenging activity (TSSA) and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenging activity (NSSA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of all groups were statistically significantly higher than rats receiving only-irradiation, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in the IR group was significantly lower than in the sham control group and IR + propolis group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the IR group was found to be significantly higher than both the sham control group and the propolis control group, but lower than the IR + propolis group. Malondialdehyde level and xanthine oxidase activity were higher in the IR group than in the other groups. Compared to the sham control group, in the group treated with propolis, a significant elevation in antioxidant parameters, specifically TSSA, NSSA, SOD, and GST activities, was noted, with corresponding increases of 32.3%, 23.2%, 47.6%, and 22.6%, respectively. Our findings show that propolis can be a radioprotective agent against ionized radiation damage by increasing antioxidant activity and reducing oxidant stress in liver tissue.

Antioxidant and immunomodulatory effect of AKSS16-LIV01 – a multi herbal formulation against ethanol induced liver dysfunction in mice

Background

Liver complication arises commonly due to high alcohol consumption rate. Majority of the people residing in both developed and under developed countries consuming alcohol face various liver complications such as liver fibrosis, fatty liver, liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Invention of safe and symptomatic medication to overcome this situation is a new challenge worldwide. The main objective of the study is to deliver a safe and symptomatic medication to reduce the ethanol induced liver dysfunction.

Methods

In this study we have developed a multi herbal formulation (AKSS-16-LIV01) which minimised liver damage against various toxicants. Swiss albino mice were divided into seven groups where ethanol induced damage was observed for weeks followed by sanative response observation by our herbal formulation. The groups are normal control group, ethanol treated group (50% v/v), AKSS16-LIV01 low dose (75 mg/kg/day) pre-treated group, AKSS16-LIV01 middle dose (150 mg/kg/day) pre-treated group, AKSS16-LIV01 high dose (300 mg/kg/day) pre-treated group, Sylimarin pre-treated group (100 mg/kg/day) and only AKSS16-LIV01 (300 mg/kg/day) treated group.

Results

The results potrayed significant elevation of various biochemical parameters, lipid profile parameters, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) concentration, nitric oxide synthase level and pro inflammatory cytokines level i.e. tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) in the ethanol induced mice. On the other hand serum total protein, total albumin, albumin globulin ratio and level of tissue antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx) were significantly reduced by ethanol. Dose depended therapeutic application of the formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) significantly suppressed all the relevant above parameters and protected the liver from ethanol induced fibrogenesis. Apart from this gross morphology of the liver, H&E liver histology and massontrichrome&serius red examination of the liver section strongly supported the hepatoprotive effect of the formulation as compared with standard drug Sylimarin. Result of the study implies that developed multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day gave the best optimum response to reduce the ethanol intoxication.

Conclusion

Result clearly depict that AKSS16-LIV01 may be a safe and nontoxic medication which protect the liver against ethanol induced oxidative injury and maintained pro inflammatory cytokines level in the future.

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of oxidant and intracellular anti-oxidant activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients: In vivo and in silico studies

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most prevalent cause of the systematic inflammatory arthritis that destroys the joints. While the pathogenesis of RA remains to be clarified, the imbalance in the oxidant and anti-oxidant defense system plays a crucial role. This study aims to evaluate oxidant and anti-oxidant levels of RA patients and their impacts on the activity of the disease via in silico studies. 28 patients who had not previously received any treatment for RA and 20 healthy controls were included. Their oxidative stress markers, antioxidant markers, and inflammatory factors were investigated via in silico studies. Compared to the Control Group, serum CRP levels, MDA levels, and XO activities were higher in RA Group. Cu/ZnSOD and GPx activities decreased while CAT activities remained unchanged. Besides, there was a positive correlation between MDA-serum CRP levels but a negative correlation between MDA levels-Cu/ZnSOD activities. Furthermore, we observed a negative correlation between CRP levels and Cu/ZnSOD activities. Based on these results, it was concluded that oxidative stress had increased, the defense system had weakened, and ROS production had increased. Finally, our study results with SOD and CAT activity were confirmed by molecular docking studies.

Xanthine oxidase enzyme activity in keratoconic corneal epithelium

PURPOSE

To assess the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme in keratoconic corneal epithelium and to evaluate its relationship with the keratoconus (KC) severity.

METHODS

This prospective and randomized study included 66 eyes of 54 KC patients who received corneal collagen cross-linking treatment and 43 eyes of 32 patients who underwent photorefractive keratectomy due to their refractive error. During surgical procedures, the corneal epithelium was mechanically scraped and gathered to analyze the XO enzyme activity spectrophotometrically. The KC group was subdivided into three groups (stages 1, 2, and 3) according to the Amsler-Krumeich classification. The results were compared between the KC and the control group and in between KC subgroups.

RESULTS

No significant differences in age and gender were found between the KC and control groups (p = 0.064 and p = 0.296, respectively). The mean XO activity levels of the KC and control groups were 173.57 ± 87.61 and 223.70 ± 99.52 mIU/mg, respectively (p < 0.001). In KC group, 33 eyes were at stage 1, 19 were at stage 2, and 14 were at stage 3. No significant difference was observed between KC subgroups regarding XO activity levels (p = 0.681).

CONCLUSION

In this study, our findings revealed that ultraviolet-related pro-oxidant XO enzyme may have a role in the etiopathogenesis of KC. Further studies are needed to support our result.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION

When we started this study in 2018, we did not have a "Clinical Trials Registration." However, we have ethics committee approval (date: 21. 02. 2018/No: 22).

Antihyperuricemic efficacy of Scopoletin-loaded Soluplus micelles in yeast extract/potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice

Scopoletin (Sco) has great potential for hyperuricemia therapy. However, the relatively low oral bioavailability of Sco limits its further applications. Soluplus-based Sco micelles (Sco-Ms) were successfully prepared in our previous work. The oral bioavailability of Sco-Ms was increased by 438% compared with free Sco. In this study, we aimed to compare the biodistribution and antihyperuricemic efficacy of Sco and Sco-Ms, and explore their therapeutic mechanisms as well. We studied the tissue biodistribution of Sco and Sco-Ms after they were orally administered to mice. The antihyperuricemic effect and the therapeutic mechanisms of Sco and Sco-Ms were evaluated using yeast extract/potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia model in mice. The Sco concentration in each tissue was significantly higher than that of Sco suspension after orally administrating Sco-Ms to mice. Oral delivery of Sco-Ms exhibited significantly stronger hypouricemic efficacy in hyperuricemic mice than Sco. Meanwhile, Sco-Ms showed a better protective effect on mice kidney injury. The hypouricemic efficacy of Sco was due to promoting the excretion of uric acid via modulating the alteration of gene expression levels of renal uric acid transporter (URAT1), glucose transporter (GLUT9), and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). Sco-Ms could not only restore the dysregulation of URAT1, GLUT9, and OAT1 more effectively, but also down-regulate the activity of hepatic xanthine oxidase (XOD) to inhibit the production of uric acid. In conclusion, taken together, Sco-Ms represents a potential oral strategy for the treatment of hyperuricemia.

Nigella sativa oil and thymoquinone reduce oxidative stress in the brain tissue of rats exposed to total head irradiation

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant and radio-protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and thymoquinone (TQ) on radiation-induced oxidative stress in brain tissue.Materials and methods: Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups to test the radio-protective effectiveness of Nigella sativa oil and thymoquine administered by either orogastric tube or intraperitoneal injection. Appropriate control groups were also studied.Results: Brain antioxidant capacity, as measured by the levels of total superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), superoxide dismutase, paraoxonase (PON) activities, total antioxidant status and total sulfhydryl (-SH) group, were lower in the irradiation (IR) only group while xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels were higher in the group compared with all other groups. Brain glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity significantly decreased in the IR only group when compared with the control groups. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was lower in the IR only, NSO plus IR, TQ plus IR groups when compared with the control group of TQ. Arylesterase (ARYL) activity was not statistically significant in the IR only group compared with all other groups.Conclusions: The results suggest that Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and its active component, TQ, clearly protect brain tissue from radiation-induced oxidative stress.

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Parameters and Antioxidant Status in Plasma and Erythrocytes of Elderly Diabetic Patients with Sarcopenia

OBJECTIVES

Oxidative stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of both sarcopenia and diabetes. Although the risk of sarcopenia is increased in people with type 2 diabetes, the relationship between sarcopenia oxidative stress and antioxidant status among the older diabetes population is not well studied. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress and antioxidant status and sarcopenia in elderly diabetic patients.

DESIGN

This was a cross-sectional designed study with a control group. A total of 60 type 2 diabetic elderly patients were enrolled in the study (30 sarcopenic and 30 controls).

MEASUREMENTS

Comprehensive geriatric assessments and anthropometric measurements were performed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Skeletal muscle mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A handheld dynamometer was used for skeletal muscle strength measurements. Gait speed was measured using a 4 meter walking test. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and erythrocyte MDA, GSH-Px, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and xanthine oxidase (XO) measurements were performed.

RESULTS

While plasma XO was significantly higher in sarcopenic individuals (0.406(0.225-0.775)) compared to controls (0.312(0.112-0.712)) (p=0.006), plasma GSH-Px was significantly lower in sarcopenic individuals (0.154(0.101-0.274)) compared to controls (0.204(0.12-.0312)) (p=0.003). Plasma XO (OR: 2.69 (CI 95% 0.13-52.76, p=0.041) and BMI (OR: 0.6 (CI 95% 0.41-0.89, p=0.009) were independently associated with sarcopenia of diabetes in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Only plasma XO was found to be independently associated with sarcopenia. XO can be important in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia in diabetes. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status might be associated with sarcopenia in diabetic older individuals but this association seems to be mediated by other factors. Further studies are needed on this subject.

Methylene Blue Attenuates Lung Injury Induced by Hindlimb Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Objective

This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of methylene blue against lung injury induced by reperfusion of ischemic hindlimb in a rat model.

Methods

Twenty-four healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally randomized into three groups: sham (SM) group, ischemia reperfusion (IR) group, and methylene blue (MB) group. Rats in both IR and MB groups were subjected to 4 h of ischemia by clamping the left femoral artery and then followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Treatment with 1% methylene blue (50 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally at 10 min prior to reperfusion in the MB group. After 4 h of reperfusion, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in lung tissue were detected; inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-6, were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); correspondingly, the morphological changes and water content in both gastrocnemius muscle and lung samples were evaluated.

Results

Hindlimb IR caused remarkable morphological abnormalities and edema in both muscle and lung tissues. SOD activity was decreased, both the MPO activity and MDA level in lung tissue, as well as IL-1β and IL-6 levels in BALF, were increased in the IR group (p < 0.05). Compared with the IR group, SOD activity was increased, whereas MPO activity and MDA level in lung tissue and IL-1β and IL-6 levels in BALF were decreased in the MB group (p < 0.05). Also, the histological damage and edema in both lung and muscle tissues were significantly attenuated by the treatment of methylene blue.

Conclusion

Methylene blue attenuates lung injury induced by hindlimb IR in rats, at least in part, by inhibiting oxidative stress.

Human milk H2O2 content: does it benefit preterm infants?

BackgroundHuman milk has a high content of the antimicrobial compound hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). As opposed to healthy full-term infants, preterm neonates are fed previously expressed and stored maternal milk. These practices may favor H₂O₂ decomposition, thus limiting its potential benefit to preterm infants. The goal of this study was to evaluate the factors responsible for H₂O₂ generation and degradation in breastmilk.MethodsHuman donors' and rats' milk, along with rat mammary tissue were evaluated. The role of oxytocin and xanthine oxidase on H₂O₂ generation, its pH-dependent stability, as well as its degradation via lactoperoxidase and catalase was measured in milk.ResultsBreast tissue xanthine oxidase is responsible for the H₂O₂ generation and its milk content is dependent on oxytocin stimulation. Stability of the human milk H₂O₂ content is pH-dependent and greatest in the acidic range. Complete H₂O₂ degradation occurs when human milk is maintained, longer than 10 min, at room temperature and this process is suppressed by lactoperoxidase and catalase inhibition.ConclusionFresh breastmilk H₂O₂ content is labile and quickly degrades at room temperature. Further investigation on breastmilk handling techniques to preserve its H₂O₂ content, when gavage-fed to preterm infants is warranted.

Modeling microelectrode biosensors: free-flow calibration can substantially underestimate tissue concentrations

Microelectrode biosensors are typically calibrated in a free-flow environment where the concentrations at the biosensor surface are constant. However, when in tissue, the analyte reaches the biosensor via diffusion and so analyte breakdown by the biosensor results in a concentration gradient and consequently a lower concentration around the biosensor. This effect means that naive free-flow calibration will underestimate tissue concentration. We develop mathematical models to better quantify the discrepancy between the calibration and tissue environment and experimentally verify our key predictions.

Microelectrode amperometric biosensors are widely used to measure concentrations of analytes in solution and tissue including acetylcholine, adenosine, glucose, and glutamate. A great deal of experimental and modeling effort has been directed at quantifying the response of the biosensors themselves; however, the influence that the macroscopic tissue environment has on biosensor response has not been subjected to the same level of scrutiny. Here we identify an important issue in the way microelectrode biosensors are calibrated that is likely to have led to underestimations of analyte tissue concentrations. Concentration in tissue is typically determined by comparing the biosensor signal to that measured in free-flow calibration conditions. In a free-flow environment the concentration of the analyte at the outer surface of the biosensor can be considered constant. However, in tissue the analyte reaches the biosensor surface by diffusion through the extracellular space. Because the enzymes in the biosensor break down the analyte, a density gradient is set up resulting in a significantly lower concentration of analyte near the biosensor surface. This effect is compounded by the diminished volume fraction (porosity) and reduction in the diffusion coefficient due to obstructions (tortuosity) in tissue. We demonstrate this effect through modeling and experimentally verify our predictions in diffusive environments.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Microelectrode biosensors are typically calibrated in a free-flow environment where the concentrations at the biosensor surface are constant. However, when in tissue, the analyte reaches the biosensor via diffusion and so analyte breakdown by the biosensor results in a concentration gradient and consequently a lower concentration around the biosensor. This effect means that naive free-flow calibration will underestimate tissue concentration. We develop mathematical models to better quantify the discrepancy between the calibration and tissue environment and experimentally verify our key predictions.

Biodistribution, hypouricemic efficacy and therapeutic mechanism of morin phospholipid complex loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems in an experimental hyperuricemic model in rats

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to compare the biodistribution and hypouricemic efficacy of morin and morin-phospholipid complex loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (MPC-SNEDDS), as well as to explore their therapeutic mechanisms.

METHODS

We studied the biodistribution of morin and MPC-SNEDDS after they were orally administered to rats. The hypouricemic efficacy and the therapeutic mechanisms of morin and MPC-SNEDDS were evaluated using potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic model in rats.

KEY FINDINGS

With enhanced morin concentration in liver and kidney, oral delivery of MPC-SNEDDS exhibited significantly stronger urate-lowering effect in hyperuricemic rats than morin. The hypouricemic efficacy of morin was due to reduced production of uric acid via inhibiting the mRNA expression of hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XDH/XO), as well as decreased urate reabsorption via modulating the alteration of mRNA levels of glucose transporter (mGLUT9), renal organic anion transporter 1 (mOAT1) and uric acid transporter (mURAT1). MPC-SNEDDS dually inhibited mRNA expression and activity of hepatic XDH/XO and restored the dysregulation of renal mGLUT9, mOAT1 and mURAT1, contributing to its superior urate-lowering efficacy.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrated the great potential of MPC-SNEDDS as an alternative oral strategy for active agents in treating hyperuricemia.

Extrusion process of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves enhances the gastroprotective effect of compound 48/80 on acute gastric mucosal lesion in rats

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the gastroprotective effects of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves (ASLs) extrusion on acute gastric mucosal lesion in rats induced by compound 48/80 (C48/80).

METHODS

Rats were divided into six groups: normal; C48/80-induced gastric lesion control; gastric lesion positive control (famotidine 4 mg/kg); gastric lesion administered with two levels of extruded ASLs (ASLE, 40 and 200 mg/kg); and gastric lesion treated with ASLs (ASL 200 mg/kg). Mucus secretion/damage was determined by immunohistological staining. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed to determine gastric mucosal Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Gastric mucosal oxidative-stress-related enzymes and malondialdehvde were determined.

RESULTS

C48/80-induced mucus depletion and inflammation in the gastric mucosa were significantly attenuated by ASLs. The increased serum serotonin and histamine concentrations in C48/80-treated rats were also attenuated by ASLs. Gastric mucosal Bax protein expression was increased and Bcl-2 expression was decreased after C48/80 treatment, and ASLs ameliorated Bax and Bcl-2 expression. The extrusion process significantly augmented the effects of ASLs in a dose-dependent manner. ASLEs at 200 mg/kg normalized mucus damage/secretion, C48/80-induced increases of mucosal myeloperoxidase activity (index of inflammation), xanthine oxidase, and malondialdehyde content (index of lipid peroxidation). The effects of ASLs on Bax and Bcl-2 expression were also enhanced by extrusion. Furthermore, these effects of ASLEs at 200 mg/kg were similar to those of famotidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist commonly used to treat gastric ulcers.

CONCLUSION

ASLEs prevented acute gastric mucosal lesion progression induced by C48/80, possibly by inducing mucus production, and reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in gastric mucosa through an anti-apoptotic mechanism.

Plasma Oxidants and Antioxidants in Acute Ischaemic Stroke

Plasma levels of the oxidants xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde and the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, together with total superoxide scavenger activity and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity, were determined in 19 patients with acute ischaemic stroke and 20 controls. Compared with controls, superoxide dismutase, total superoxide scavenger activity, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly lower, and nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels significantly higher, in acute stroke patients. Xanthine oxidase showed a slight but non-significant increase in stroke patients compared with controls. There was no significant difference in non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity between the two groups. There was a positive correlation between glutathione reductase levels and Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and a negative correlation between malondialdehyde levels and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity. These findings suggest that oxidative stress in patients with acute ischaemic stroke may be the result of an imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis.

Antioxidant and proapoptotic effects of anthocyanins from bilberry extract in rats exposed to hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride

AIMS

The aim of this research was to determine the hepatoprotective effects of anthocyanins from bilberry extract in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) by monitoring the parameters of oxidative stress and apoptosis, and by performing the histopathological and morphometric analyses.

MAIN METHODS

Animals were divided into four groups: Group I (0.9% NaCl-10days), Group II (bilberry extract, 75mg/kg-10days), Group III (0,9% NaCl-9days, and on the tenth day CCl4-2ml/kg), Group IV (bilberry extract, 75mg/kg-10days and on the tenth day CCl4-2ml/kg).

KEY FINDINGS

Bilberry extract led to a significant decrease in the activity of biochemical parameters in serum (AST, GGT, LDH, and ALT), the activity of pro-oxidative enzyme xanthine oxidase, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation in the liver in Group IV compared to Group III (p<0.01). Bilberry extract resulted in a significant increase in the activity of the antioxidant markers-catalase (p<0.05), superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase (p<0.01), and the concentration of reduced glutathione (p<0.05) in Group IV in relation to Group III. The application of bilberry extract resulted in an increase in the number of apoptotic hepatocytes and the activity of caspase-3 in the liver tissue (p<0.01). The reduction of coagulation necrotic areas was proved (p<0.001) as well as the number of macrovesicular hepatocytes (p<0.01), along with an increased mitotic activity (p<0.01) in Group IV compared to Group III.

SIGNIFICANCE

Anthocyanins from bilberry extract have strong antioxidant properties and therefore can be considered as powerful hepatoprotectives in natural products.

Difference in the action mechanism of radon inhalation and radon hot spring water drinking in suppression of hyperuricemia in mice

Although radon therapy is indicated for hyperuricemia, the underlying mechanisms of action have not yet been elucidated in detail. Therefore, we herein examined the inhibitory effects of radon inhalation and hot spring water drinking on potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemia in mice. Mice inhaled radon at a concentration of 2000 Bq/m(3) for 24 h or were given hot spring water for 2 weeks. Mice were then administrated PO at a dose of 500 mg/kg. The results obtained showed that serum uric acid levels were significantly increased by the administration of PO. Radon inhalation or hot spring water drinking significantly inhibited elevations in serum uric acid levels through the suppression of xanthine oxidase activity in the liver. Radon inhalation activated anti-oxidative functions in the liver and kidney. These results suggest that radon inhalation inhibits PO-induced hyperuricemia by activating anti-oxidative functions, while hot spring water drinking may suppress PO-induced elevations in serum uric acid levels through the pharmacological effects of the chemical compositions dissolved in it.

[Prognostic value of the parameters of free radical oxidation in traumatic brain injury]

The dynamics of lipoperoxides content and activity of antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and prooxidant (xanthine oxidase) enzymes were investigated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with traumatic brain injury of various severity depending on the left- or right-hemisphere localization of injuries. Reciprocal relationship between lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins from first to 14th day, increase of the level of total antioxidant activity, accompanied with the growth of GP and catalase activity, against the background of decrease in SOD activity from 1 to 7 day have been revealed. Were set lower "average" content of lipid peroxides in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with the subsequent development of lethal results in compare with cases of favorable outcomes, decrease of geptanofilic lipid peroxides in serum below the reference level, as well as the reduction of antioxidant activity in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, associated with a sharp falling in superoxide dismutase activity and a significant increase of xanthine oxidase activity, which preceded the lethal results.

Antidiabetic andantioxidant properties, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition effects of triterpene saponins from Piper auritum

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of methanol extracts from leaves of Piper auritum produced four triterpenoid saponin compounds 1-4. Structures were established based on interpretation of mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. 21-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-olean-12-ene-28oic cid-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and olean-12-ene-28 methyl ester-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) were orally administered to diabetic mice at dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight per day for 30 days and resultant biochemical parameters were studied. Both compounds significantly (p<0.05) decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, compared with controls. Low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were ameliorated. The effects of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the liver, pancreas, and kidney were reversed, with reductions insulin resistance and stimulation of insulin production. β-Glucosidase activities were studied in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 can be used to improve glucose and lipid metabolism and to reduce the imbalance between generation of reactive oxygen species and scavenging enzyme activities for prevention of diabetic complications.

An evaluation of the effects of perioperatively administered fluids on ischemia/reperfusion injury

Objective:

To investigate the effects of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) and 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4(HES) solution on Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy operations with spinal anesthesia using a tourniquet.

Methods:

The study comprised 48 ASA I-II patients undergoing knee arthroscopy with spinal anesthesia using a tourniquet. The patients were randomised into two groups and after standard monitoring two venous lines were introduced to obtain blood samples and to give intravenous therapy. In the control group (Group A) (n=21) 0.9% NaCl, 10 ml/kg/hours and in the study group (Group B) (n=19) 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4, 10 ml/kg/hours infusion were administered. Spinal anesthesia was applied with 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine to all patients. The tourniquet was applied and the operation was started when the sensorial block level reached T10 dermatome. Blood xanthine oxidase (XO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as an indicator of ischemia and reperfusion injury were measured in samples before fluid infusion (t1), before tourniquet application (t2), 1 minute before tourniquet release (t3), and at 5 (t4) and 15 (t5) minutes after tourniquet release.

Results:

No difference was observed between the two groups in respect of demographic parameters, the highest block level, duration before tourniquet application and tourniquet duration (p>0.05). The MDA level after tourniquet application and 15 minutes after tourniquet release was lower in Group B (p<0.05). XO levels were not different (p>0.05).

Conclusion:

In this study 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 solution reduced MDA level which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation. 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 solution may be beneficial for Ischemia/reperfusion injuries.

Antioxidative-oxidative balance in epilepsy patients on antiepileptic therapy: a prospective case-control study

Oxidative stress has been implicated in various disorders, including epilepsy. The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidant and antioxidant status of patients with epilepsy using antiepileptic drugs regularly and to compare them with healthy subjects. We investigated serum catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels in 58 epilepsy patients and 25 healthy controls. Patients were divided into polytherapy (n = 17) and monotherapy (n = 41) groups, and antioxidant status was compared between the two groups and controls. There was no significant difference between the patient and control groups in terms of age or gender (p > 0.05). The mean duration of illness in the patients was 14.8 years, and the mean duration of treatment was 11.4 years. Comparison of the patient and control groups in terms of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence parameters revealed significantly higher MDA, GSH-Px, XO and lower level of CAT, SOD levels (p < 0.05). There were no differences in CAT, MDA, GSH-Px or SOD levels between the monotherapy and polytherapy groups; but the XO level was higher in the monotherapy group (p < 0.05). Although the XO level was decreased by polytherapy, it was higher than in controls. Our study found significantly low level of antioxidants in patients with epilepsy as compared to control. Thus, antiepileptic treatment did not improve oxidative stress parameters. Furthermore, our results show that polytherapy does not change the situation as compared with monotherapy. Antioxidant replacement therapy may benefit these patients.

Effects of curcumin on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a significant problem following reperfusion treatment for ovarian torsion. It is generally caused by reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Antioxidant agents, such as curcumin, may protect ovaries from this adverse effect. The aim of the present randomized, controlled study was to evaluate the short-term protective effect of curcumin on a rat model of ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. A total of 30 female Wistar albino rats, weighing 160-230 g, were divided into 2 groups depending upon the time of unilateral, left ovary ischemia/reperfusion (group 1, 2 h ischemia/2 h reperfusion and group 2, 4 h ischemia/4 h reperfusion). These groups were subdivided into 3 subgroups (sham, control and curcumin). The sham subgroups were not subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Control and curcumin subgroups were performed under ischemia for 2 h plus 2 h reperfusion or 4 h ischemia plus 4 h reperfusion. Curcumin, 200 mg/kg, was intraperitoneally administered simultaneously with reperfusion to the curcumin subgroups. Serum nitric oxide (NO), NO synthase (NOS), xanthine oxidase (XO), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and histological scores were measured and compared between subgroups. For group 1, no significant differences were observed between NO, NOS, XO, TAS or TOS. The left ovary histological grade was significantly higher in the control and curcumin subgroups compared with the sham subgroup (P=0.036). For group 2, TOS was significantly higher in the control group compared with the sham and curcumin groups (P=0.023). However, TAS was also significantly higher in the control subgroup compared with the other 2 subgroups (P=0.005). Left ovary histological grade was significantly higher in the control and curcumin subgroups compared with the sham subgroup (P=0.038). No significant differences were observed between NO, NOS or XO between the group 2 subgroups. The results showed that curcumin exerted no major significant protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat ovary.

Effect of N-acetylcysteine and allopurinol combination to protect spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by aortic cross-clamping in rat model

Purpose

The aim of this experimental study was to determine whether combination of N-acetylcysteine and allopurinol can reduce the ischemia/reperfusion injury of spinal cord in a rat model.

Methods

Twenty-seven Spraque Dawley rats, all male, weighing between 220 to 370 (mean 325) gr were used in the study. 27 rats were divided into three groups: sham group, control group and experimental group. Abdominal aortic occlusion between the renal arteries and iliac bifurcations was carried out for 60 min with proximal and distal clip in control and experimental groups. Hindlimb motor functions were evaluated at 24, and 48 h using the Tarlov Scale. Besides, spinal cord samples were taken for determination of superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities as antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase levels as source hydroxyl radical for biochemical studies. Also, histopathological evaluation was made from cord tissue samples.

Results

The experimental group subjects had better neurological functions than control group subjects. In experimental group; superoxide dismutase and catalase levels increased, while malondialdehyde and xantine oxidase levels decreased as compared with control group. Histopathological examination showed that experimental group had less cell degeneration, hemorrhage, edema and inflammation loss than control group.

Conclusions

This study offers that combined use of N-acetylcysteine and allopurinol might help protect the spinal cord against ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Relationship between NADPH and Th1/Th2 ratio in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma who have been exposed to pesticides

The effect of pesticides on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), including its level and relationship with the T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 ratio, in patients suffering from non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was investigated. One hundred newly diagnosed patients with aggressive NHL (53 men, 47 women) and 40 healthy age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched controls (23 men, 17 women), exposed or not to pesticides, were recruited for a cross-sectional study conducted at the Clinical Hematology Departments of Tlemcen and Sidi Bel-Abbès University Medical Centers in the northwest of Algeria. NADPH levels were significantly increased in patients compared with controls; and in exposed patients compared with those not exposed, and controls (one-way analysis of variance; P=0.000). Albumin, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity levels were significantly decreased in patients compared with in the control group. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity levels were significantly decreased in exposed patients compared with in unexposed patients; however, malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in exposed patients when compared with controls and unexposed patients. Protein carbonyl and xanthine oxidase levels were significantly increased in exposed patients compared with controls; meanwhile, there were no significant differences between the two patient groups or between unexposed patients and controls. The Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly decreased in patients when compared with controls; the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly increased (for both comparisons, P<0.001). In addition, NADPH was strongly associated with NHL (Mantel–Haenszel common odds ratio estimate =5.55; 95% confidence interval, 2.22–13.88; P=0.000). Moreover, NADPH levels were significantly negatively related to the Th1/Th2 ratio, either in exposed patients or in unexposed patients (respectively, r=−0.498 [P=0.004] and r=−0.327 [P=0.006]). In conclusion, pesticide exposure was strongly associated with NADPH alteration in NHL. The relationship between NADPH and Th1/Th2 ratio should focus on new therapeutic strategies for the disease.

The effect of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G mobile phone on the parotid gland of rats

PURPOSE

We aimed to evaluate the effect of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the parotid gland of rats in short and relatively long terms.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as the control groups (for 10 days and 40 days, respectively), and each group included six rats. Groups C and D were composed of nine rats each, and they were the exposure groups. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted by a generator, simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 10 or 40 days. Following exposure, the rats were sacrificed and parotid glands were removed. Histopathological and biochemical examinations were performed.

RESULTS

Although there were no histopathological changes in the control groups except for two animals in group A and three animals in group B, the exposure groups C (10 days) and D (40 days) showed numerous histopathological changes regarding salivary gland damage including acinar epithelial cells, interstitial space, ductal system, vascular system, nucleus, amount of cytoplasm and variations in cell size. The histopathological changes were more prominent in group D compared to group C. There was statistically significant different parameter regarding variation in cell size between the groups B and D (p=0.036).

CONCLUSION

The parotid gland of rats showed numerous histopathological changes after exposure to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation, both in the short and relatively long terms. Increased exposure duration led to an increase in the histopathological changes.

The protective effect of diosmin on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: an experimental study

Liver ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is an important pathologic process leading to bodily systemic effects and liver injury. Our study aimed to investigate the protective effects of diosmin, a phlebotrophic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, in a liver IRI model. Forty rats were divided into 4 groups. Sham group, control group (ischemia-reperfusion), intraoperative treatment group, and preoperative treatment group. Ischemia reperfusion model was formed by clamping hepatic pedicle for a 60 minute of ischemia followed by liver reperfusion for another 90 minutes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured as antioaxidant enzymes in the liver tissues, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as oxidative stress marker, xanthine oxidase (XO) as an oxidant enzyme and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as antioaxidant enzyme were measured in the liver tissues and the plasma samples. Hepatic function tests were lower in treatment groups than control group (p<0.001 for ALT and AST). Plasma XO and MDA levels were lower in treatment groups than control group, but plasma GSH-Px levels were higher (p<0.05 for all). Tissue MDA levels were lower in treatment groups than control group, but tissue GSH-Px, SOD, CAT and XO levels were higher (p<0.05 for MDA and p<0.001 for others). Samples in control group histopathologically showed morphologic abnormalities specific to ischemia reperfusion. It has been found that both preoperative and intraoperative diosmin treatment decreases cellular damage and protects cells from toxic effects in liver IRI. As a conclusion, diosmin may be used as a protective agent against IRI in elective and emergent liver surgical operations.

Protective Effect of Repeatedly Preadministered Brazilian Propolis Ethanol Extract against Stress-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats

The present study was conducted to clarify the protective effect of Brazilian propolis ethanol extract (BPEE) against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. The protective effect of BPEE against gastric mucosal lesions in male Wistar rats exposed to water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS) for 6 h was compared between its repeated preadministration (50 mg/kg/day, 7 days) and its single preadministration (50 mg/kg). The repeated BPEE preadministration attenuated WIRS-induced gastric mucosal lesions and gastric mucosal oxidative stress more largely than the single BPEE preadministration. In addition, the repeated BPEE preadministration attenuated neutrophil infiltration in the gastric mucosa of rats exposed to WIRS. The protective effect of the repeated preadministration of BPEE against WIRS-induced gastric mucosal lesions was similar to that of a single preadministration of vitamin E (250 mg/kg) in terms of the extent and manner of protection. From these findings, it is concluded that BPEE preadministered in a repeated manner protects against gastric mucosal lesions in rats exposed to WIRS more effectively than BPEE preadministered in a single manner possibly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

Protective effect of ginsenoside Re on acute gastric mucosal lesion induced by compound 48/80

The protective effect of ginsenoside Re, isolated from ginseng berry, against acute gastric mucosal lesions was examined in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of compound 48/80 (C48/80). Ginsenoside Re (20 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) was orally administered 0.5 h prior to C48/80 treatment. Ginsenoside Re dose-dependently prevented gastric mucosal lesion development 3 h after C48/80 treatment. Increases in the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO; an index of neutrophil infiltration) and xanthine oxidase (XO) and the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; an index of lipid peroxidation) and decreases in the contents of hexosamine (a marker of gastric mucus) and adherent mucus, which occurred in gastric mucosal tissues after C48/80 treatment, were significantly attenuated by ginsenoside Re. The elevation of Bax expression and the decrease in Bcl2 expression after C48/80 treatment were also attenuated by ginsenoside Re. Ginsenoside Re significantly attenuated all these changes 3 h after C48/80 treatment. These results indicate that orally administered ginsenoside Re protects against C48/80-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions in rats, possibly through its stimulatory action on gastric mucus synthesis and secretion, its inhibitory action on neutrophil infiltration, and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosal tissue.

Zinc administration modulates radiation-induced oxidative injury in lens of rat

Background:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant role of zinc (Zn) against radiation-induced cataract in the rat lens after total cranial irradiation with a single 5 Gray (Gy) dose of gamma irradiation.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment. The control group did not receive Zn or irradiation but received 1-ml saline orally plus sham-irradiation. The irradiation (IR) group received 5 Gy gamma irradiation to the total cranium as a single dose plus 0.1 ml physiological saline intraperitoneally. The IR plus Zn group received irradiation to total cranium plus 10 mg/kg/day Zn intraperitoneally. Biochemical parameters measured in rat lenses were carried out using spectrophotometric techniques.

Results:

Lens total (enzymatic plus non-enzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), glutathione reductase (GRD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities significantly increased in the IR plus Zn groups when compared with the IR group. However, TSSA, GRD and GST activities were significantly lower in the IR group when compared with the control group. Lens non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA) in the IR plus Zn group was significantly increased compared to that of the IR group. Lens xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in the IR group significantly increased compared to that of both the control and IR plus Zn groups.

Conclusion:

Zn has clear antioxidant properties and prevented oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals generated by ionizing radiation in rat lenses.

Development of oxidative stress and cell damage in the liver of rats with water-immersion restraint stress

We examined how oxidative stress and cell damage develop in the liver of rats subjected to water-immersion stress (WIRS). In rats subjected to WIRS for 1.5, 3 or 6 h, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities increased time-dependently. In the liver tissue, vacuolization and apoptosis occurred at 1.5 h of WIRS and vacuolization further developed without further appearance of apoptosis at 3 h or 6 h. Serum lipid peroxide (LPO) and NOx (nitrite/nitrate) concentrations increased at 3 h of WIRS and these increases were enhanced at 6 h. In liver tissue, increases in LPO and NOx concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity and decreases in ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione concentrations and superoxide dismutase activity occurred at 3 h of WIRS and these changes were enhanced at 6 h, although vitamin E concentration and xanthine oxidase activity were unchanged. These results indicate that oxidative stress in the liver of rats with WIRS develops after the appearance of cell damage in the tissue, and suggests that oxidative stress is caused through disruption of the antioxidant defense system and increases in NO generation and neutrophil infiltration in the liver, which may contribute to the progression of cell damage in the tissue.

The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on oxidative stress level and DNase activity in rat liver after bile duct ligation

Accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids (BAs) during cholestasis plays an important role in apoptosis initiation as well as oxidative stress increase in liver cells. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) acts as a protector in BA-induced cell injury.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of UDCA on oxidative stress level and DNase I and II activity caused by liver injury in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats.Wistar rats were divided in four groups: group 1, control (sham-operated); group 2, sham-operated and injected with UDCA (30 mg/kg); group 3,animals with BDL; and group 4,UDCA-treatedcholestatic rats. Animals were sacrificed after 9 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA; lipid peroxidation end-product) level and protein-molecule oxidative modification (carbonyl group content) significantly increased in BDL rat liver. Catalase (CAT) activity in liver tissue was found to be decreased in BDL rats. In addition, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, which is thought to be one of the key enzymes producing reactive oxygen species, was found to be increased in the cholestatic group. The apoptotic effect in cholestasis was probably triggered by the increased activation of DNase I and II. The protective effect of UDCA on liver tissue damage in BDL rats, in comparison to cholestatic liver, were 1) decrease of MDA levels, 2) increased CAT activity, 3) reduced XO activity, and 4) effect on terminal apoptotic reaction, shown as a decrease in DNase I and II activity.Therefore, UDCA may be useful in the preservation of liver function in cholestasis treatment.

Alteration of antioxidant defense status precedes humoral immune response abnormalities in macrosomia

Background

This study aimed to investigate whether the anomalies affecting the antioxidant and humoral immune defenses could start at birth and to check whether the decrease in antioxidant defenses may precede the immune abnormalities in macrosomic newborns.

Material/Methods

Thirty macrosomic and 30 sex-matched control newborns were recruited for a retrospective case-control study at the Maghnia Maternity Hospital of Tlemcen Department (Algeria).

Results

The serum IgG levels were similar in both groups. However, plasma ORAC, albumin, vitamin E, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px levels were significantly decreased in macrosomic as compared to control newborns, yet no difference was observed after adjustment for weight. Additionally, serum concentrations of complement C3, MDA and XO were significantly higher in macrosomic as compared to controls before adjustment for weight. Moreover, macrosomia was significantly associated with high levels of complement C3 (OR=8, p=0.002); whereas no association with those of IgG was observed (OR<1, p>0.05). Furthermore, macrosomia was significantly associated with low levels of ORAC (OR=4.96, p=0.027), vitamin E (OR=4.5, p=0.018), SOD (OR=6.88, p=0.020) and CAT (OR=5.67, p=0.017), and with high levels of MDA (OR=10.29, p=0.005).

Conclusions

Abnormalities of the humoral defense system in excessive weight could be preceded by alterations of the anti-oxidative defense and by inflammatory response and activation of innate immunity at birth. Additionally, excessive weight could be a potential factor contributing to decreased anti-oxidative capacity and increased oxidative stress.

Adenine aminohydrolase from Leishmania donovani: unique enzyme in parasite purine metabolism

Adenine aminohydrolase (AAH) is an enzyme that is not present in mammalian cells and is found exclusively in Leishmania among the protozoan parasites that infect humans. AAH plays a paramount role in purine metabolism in this genus by steering 6-aminopurines into 6-oxypurines. Leishmania donovani AAH is 38 and 23% identical to Saccharomyces cerevisiae AAH and human adenosine deaminase enzymes, respectively, catalyzes adenine deamination to hypoxanthine with an apparent K(m) of 15.4 μM, and does not recognize adenosine as a substrate. Western blot analysis established that AAH is expressed in both life cycle stages of L. donovani, whereas subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence studies confirmed that AAH is localized to the parasite cytosol. Deletion of the AAH locus in intact parasites established that AAH is not an essential gene and that Δaah cells are capable of salvaging the same range of purine nucleobases and nucleosides as wild type L. donovani. The Δaah null mutant was able to infect murine macrophages in vitro and in mice, although the parasite loads in both model systems were modestly reduced compared with wild type infections. The Δaah lesion was also introduced into a conditionally lethal Δhgprt/Δxprt mutant in which viability was dependent on pharmacologic ablation of AAH by 2'-deoxycoformycin. The Δaah/Δhgprt/Δxprt triple knock-out no longer required 2'-deoxycoformycin for growth and was avirulent in mice with no persistence after a 4-week infection. These genetic studies underscore the paramount importance of AAH to purine salvage by L. donovani.

Oxidants as important determinants of renal apoptosis during pneumoperitoneum: a study in an isolated perfused rat kidney model

INTRODUCTION

Pneumoperitoneum-associated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) may initiate renal dysfunction. Whether oxidants are responsible for renal structural damage, such as cell apoptosis, has not yet been evaluated. We investigated such eventuality in an isolated rat kidney model.

METHODS

Thirty-five rat kidneys with their vessels and ureter were harvested and perfused within a closed environment at flow of 15 ml min(-1). After stabilization, kidneys were assigned to one of five groups (n = 7 per group): CO(2)-induced intrachamber pressure of 8, 12, or 0 mmHg (control), and 8 or 12 mmHg pressure applied to kidneys from rats treated pre-experimentally with tungsten for 14 days. Pressurization lasted 60 min.

RESULTS

Organ perfusion pressure raised as intrachamber pressure increased. Urinary output decreased in the two pressurized nonpretreated groups. Intrachamber pressure was directly associated with an increase in postexperimental xanthine oxidase tissue levels. Twofold apoptosis was documented (p < 0.05) in cortex of nonpretreated kidney in the 12 mmHg group compared with the 8 or 0 mmHg groups. Tungsten pretreatment significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the abnormalities documented in the 12 mmHg group, but less so in the 8 mmHg pressurized nontreated counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS

Pneumoperitoneal pressure applied to isolated perfused kidney is associated with renal apoptosis. This rapidly induced structural renal damage is oxidant dependent and can be attenuated by antioxidants. Further studies may shed more light on the role of antioxidants in preventing pneumoperitoneum-induced kidney dysfunction.

The effects of oral Ginkgo biloba supplementation on radiation-induced oxidative injury in the lens of rat

Background:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant role of Ginkgo biloba (GB) against radiation-induced cataract in the rat lens after total cranial irradiation with a single 5 Gray (Gy) dose of gamma irradiation.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment. The rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group 1 did not receive GB or irradiation (control group) but received 1-ml saline orally plus sham-irradiation. Group 2 received total cranium 5 Gy of gamma irradiation as a single dose (IR group) plus 1-ml saline orally. Group 3 received total cranium irradiation plus 40 mg/kg/day GBE (IR plus GBE group). Biochemical parameters measured in murine lenses were carried out using spectrophotometric techniques.

Results:

Lens total (enzymatic plus non-enzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), glutathione reductase (GRD), and glutathione-S- transferase (GST) activities significantly increased in the IR plus GBE groups when compared with the IR group. However, TSSA, GRD and GST activities were significantly lower in the IR group when compared with the control group. Lens xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in the IR group significantly increased compared to that of both the control and IR plus GBE groups.

Conclusion:

GBE has clear antioxidant properties and is likely to be a valuable drug for protection against gamma-irradiation and/or be used as an antioxidant against oxidative stress.

Octacosanol attenuates disrupted hepatic reactive oxygen species metabolism associated with acute liver injury progression in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride

We examined whether octacosanol, the main component of policosanol, attenuates disrupted hepatic reactive oxygen species metabolism associated with acute liver injury progression in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). In rats intoxicated with CCl₄ (1 ml/kg, i.p.), the activities of serum transaminases increased 6 h after intoxication and further increased at 24 h. In the liver of CCl₄-intoxicated rats, increases in lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration and myeloperoxidase activity and decreases in superoxixde dismutase activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration occurred 6 h after intoxication and these changes were enhanced with an increase in xanthine oxidase activity and a decrease in catalase activity at 24 h. Octacosanol (10, 50 or 100 mg/kg) administered orally to CCl₄-intoxicated rats at 6 h after intoxication attenuated the increased activities of serum transaminases and the increased hepatic myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activities and LPO concentration and the decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and GSH concentration found at 24 h after intoxication dose-dependently. Octacosanol (50 or 100 mg/kg) administered to untreated rats decreased the hepatic LPO concentration and increased the hepatic GSH concentration. These results indicate that octacosanol attenuates disrupted hepatic reactive oxygen species metabolism associated with acute liver injury progression in CCl₄-intoxicated rats.