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Mudiam MKR, Ratnasekhar C, Jain R, Saxena PN, Chauhan A, Murthy RC. Rapid and simultaneous determination of twenty amino acids in complex biological and food samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the aid of experimental design after ethyl chloroformate derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 907:56-64. [PMID: 22998980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids play a vital role as intermediates in many important metabolic pathways such as the biosynthesis of nucleotides, vitamins and secondary metabolites. A sensitive and rapid analytical method has been proposed for the first time for the simultaneous determination of twenty amino acids using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The protein samples were hydrolyzed by 6M HCl under microwave radiation for 120 min. Then the amino acids were derivatized by ethyl chloroformate (ECF) and the ethoxy carbonyl ethyl esters of amino acids formed were extracted using SPME by direct immersion. Finally the extracted analytes on the SPME fiber were desorbed at 260°C and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) in electron ionization mode. Factors which affect the SPME efficiency were screened by Plackett-Burmann design; most significant factors were optimized with response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for SPME are as follows: pH of 1.7, ionic strength of 733 mg, extraction time of 30 min and fiber of divinyl benzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS). The recovery of all the amino acids was found to be in the range of 89.17-100.98%. The limit of detection (LOD) of all derivatized amino acids in urine, hair and soybean was found to be in the range of 0.20-7.52 μg L(-1), 0.21-8.40 μg L(-1) and 0.18-5.62 μg L(-1), respectively. Finally, the proposed technique was successfully applied for the determination of amino acids in complex biological (hair, urine) and food samples (soybean). The method can find wide applications in the routine analysis of amino acids in any biological as well as food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Analytical Chemistry Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Hasani M, Yaghoubi L, Abdollahi H. A kinetic spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of glycine and lysine by artificial neural networks. Anal Biochem 2007; 365:74-81. [PMID: 17374354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric method for simultaneous analysis of glycine and lysine is proposed by application of neural networks on the spectral kinetic data. The method is based on the reaction of glycine and lysine with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) in slightly basic medium. On the basis of the difference in the rate between the two reactions, these two amino acids can be determined simultaneously in binary mixtures. Feed-forward neural networks have been trained to quantify considered amino acids in mixtures under optimum conditions. In this way, a one-layer network was trained. Sigmoidal and linear transfer functions were used in the hidden and output layers, respectively. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the concentration range of 1 to 25microgml(-1) for glycine and 1 to 19microgml(-1) for lysine. The analytical performance of this method was characterized by the relative standard error. The proposed method was applied to the determination of considered amino acids in synthetic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Hasani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan 65174, Iran.
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3
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Hearn MTW, Grego B, Bishop CA. The Semi-Preparative Separation of Peptides on Reversed Phase Silica Packed into Radially Compressed Flexible-Walled Columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918108064843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Hearn MT. The Use of Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Structural Mapping of Polypeptides and Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918008062776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Kemp MC, Hollaway WL, Prestidge RL, Bennett JC, Compans RW. Reverse Phase Ion Pair High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Viral Tryptic Glycopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918108059957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Bishop CA, Hancock WS, Brennan SO, Carrell RW, Hearn MTW. High Performance Chromatography of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins XXIII · Peptide Mapping by Hydrophilic Ion-paired, Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Characterisation of the Tryptic Digest of Haemoglobin Variants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918108059958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Williams C, Koppang M. Selective Analysis of Secondary Amines Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection (LC-EC). ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Hughes GJ, Wilson KJ. High-performance liquid chromatography: analytic and preparative applications in protein-structure determination. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 29:59-135. [PMID: 6343778 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110492.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Manica DP, Lapos JA, Jones AD, Ewing AG. Analysis of the stability of amino acids derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2004; 322:68-78. [PMID: 14705782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of amino acids derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) was investigated using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography, solid-phase extraction, photodiode array spectrophotometric detection, and mass spectrometric (MS) characterization. The degradation of amino acid derivatives, generated using beta-mercaptoethanol as a nucleophile, was characterized under a variety of environmental influences, with a focus on understanding the degradation kinetics and identifying the degradation products. The predominant degradation product observed under most reaction conditions was the nonfluorescent lactam form of the originally fluorescent isoindole derivative. First, the time-dependent degradation of the isoindole derivative L-serine-NDA-beta-mercaptoethanol was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics with a half-life of 2.0 min at pH 9.2 and room temperature. The isoindole derivative was observed to react further with methanol to form a more stable fluorescent methoxy-isoindole, shedding new light on the basis for enhanced stability of these derivatives in methanol. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments were used to demonstrate unimolecular degradation of the protonated isoindole in the absence of solvent or atmosphere, suggesting an intramolecular reaction mechanism involving the hydroxyethylthio group. Finally, in photobleaching studies, NDA derivatives rapidly degraded into a variety of products within the first 2 min of photobleaching versus timed controls, with the predominant product being the lactam. These results suggest that the degradation pathway for NDA derivatives is similar to the previously reported pathway for o-phthalaldehyde derivatives and clearly identifies the reaction and degradation products under a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew P Manica
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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11
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van Staden J, McCormack T. Sequential-injection spectrophotometric determination of amino acids using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Herraiz T. Sample preparation and reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography analysis of food-derived peptides. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Li GD, Krull IS, Cohen SA. Electrochemical activity of 6-aminoquinolyl urea derivatives of amino acids and peptides. Application to high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 1996; 724:147-57. [PMID: 8819794 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
6-Aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (6-AQC) is a reagent used to increase the detection-sensitivity of amino acids and peptides in high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. In this paper, the electrochemical characteristics of the derivatives of 6-AQC are described. Electrochemical detection of 6-AQC amino acids and peptide derivatives following reverse-phase HPLC are also reported. The response linearity of the derivatives on an amperometric detector was studied in the range of 5 pmol (0.5 mu M) to 2500 pmol (250 mu M). Approximately 2.5 pmol of the amino acid derivatives could be detected. The quantitative results of amino acids in plasma and a bovine serum albumin hydrolysate agreed well with values reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Almendral M, Porras M, Alonso A, Baez M, Alonso C. Spectrophotometric determination of l-asparagine by flow-injection analysis using l-asparaginase immobilized on an epoxy resin. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00623-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Yang SS, Smetena I. Determination of free amino acids in tobacco by HPLC with fluorescence detection and precolumn derivatization. Chromatographia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02274107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Kai M, Kojima E, Ohkura Y, Iwasaki M. High-performance liquid chromatography of N-terminal tryptophan-containing peptides with precolumn fluorescence derivatization with glyoxal. J Chromatogr A 1993; 653:235-40. [PMID: 8269056 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83179-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A precolumn fluorescence derivatization method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography is described for the sensitive and selective determination of N-terminal tryptophan-containing peptides. The peptides and tryptophan were converted into fluorescent derivatives with glyoxal in a moderately acidic medium (pH 4.5). The derivatives were separated on a reversed-phase column with isocratic elution with an aqueous mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), and subsequently detected by fluorimetry. The derivatization technique provided the respective N-terminal tryptophan-containing oligopeptides with single fluorescent peaks in chromatography. The detection limits for the peptides were 55-382 fmol per 100-microliters injection volume at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The method also allowed the facile detection of an N-terminal tryptophyl fragment in the enzyme reaction mixture of dynorphin A with trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University 62, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Saurina J, Hernández-Cassuo S. Continuous-flow spectrophotometric determination of amino acids with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate reagent. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85252-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Advis JP, Guzman NA. Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled to Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of in Vivo Release of Multiple Neuropeptides from the Ewe Median Eminence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308019920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Cox RL, Schneider TW, Koppang MD. Ferrocene tagging of amines, amino acids and peptides for liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)80019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Pearson SJ, Czudek C, Mercer K, Reynolds GP. Electrochemical detection of human brain transmitter amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography of stable o-phthalaldehyde-sulphite derivatives. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1991; 86:151-7. [PMID: 1683240 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, reliable and reproducible isocratic HPLC technique for the measurement of OPA/sulphite derivatives of human brain amino acid neurotransmitters is described. This employs a sample preparation that is also compatible with the concurrent determination of monoamines and their metabolites on a separate HPLC system. The method has been applied to the determination of GABA and glutamate in brain tissue taken post-mortem from patients with Huntington's disease and control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Pearson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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21
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Beale SC, Hsieh YZ, Wiesler D, Novotny M. Application of 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2-carbaldehyde as a fluorogenic reagent for the analysis of primary amines by liquid chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1990; 499:579-87. [PMID: 2324216 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)97002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3-(2-Furoyl)quinoline-2-carbaldehyde (FQCA) has been synthesized and characterized as a fluorogenic derivatizing reagent for liquid chromatography. The reagent forms highly fluorescent isoindoles upon reaction with primary amines. The spectral properties and optimum reaction conditions for the formation of isoindoles have been investigated. The utility of FQCA for the high-sensitivity analysis of amino acids by laser-induced fluorescence with an argon-ion laser is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Beale
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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22
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Haginaka J, Wakai J. Liquid chromatographic determination of amino acids using a hollow-fiber membrane reactor. Anal Biochem 1988; 171:398-403. [PMID: 3407939 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method using a passive hollow-fiber membrane reactor (HFMR) has been developed for the determination of amino acids. This method involves gradient elution of 18 common amino acids on a C18 column using sodium octanesulfonate as an ion-pairing agent, postcolumn derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol (combined with hypochlorite oxidation for the imino acid proline) introduced into the main flow stream using sulfonated and aminated HFMRs immersed in the reagent solutions, and fluorometric detection of derivatives (lambda ex = 340 nm, lambda em = 450 nm). The detection limits of the proposed method were 0.4 to 20 pmol for each amino acid at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. For 18 amino acids in amounts of 250-2500 pmol, the precisions were on the order of 1.5-4.8% (relative standard deviation, n = 10). The assay of amino acids in a protein hydrolysate sample by the proposed method is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haginaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
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23
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Sternson LA. Analytical methodology to support the pharmaceutical development of peptides and proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 507:52-63. [PMID: 3442368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb45791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Sternson
- Smith Kline & French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
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24
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Bracha R, Chayen A, Rosenberg I, Warren LG, Mirelman D. Isolation and partial characterization of the hexokinase isoenzymes from pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1987; 25:203-12. [PMID: 2890104 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(87)90009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns (zymodemes) are increasingly used to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica. Isolates of E. histolytica from asymptomatic and symptomatic cases have been shown to differ in the electrophoretic mobility of their hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes. The hexokinase isoenzymes from a non-pathogenic strain and from a pathogenic strain of E. histolytica were purified by fast protein liquid chromatography in several steps, which included a separation by size, chromatofocusing, and anion exchange chromatography. The isoenzymes differed in their isoelectric points, which ranged from pH 4.8-5.4, but had very similar kinetic properties and almost identical apparent molecular weights (48,000) in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, as well as on gel filtration columns. Comparison of tryptic peptide analysis of each of the isoenzymes indicated considerable homology between the non-pathogenic and pathogenic forms. Antibodies produced against each of the two pathogenic hexokinase isoenzymes inhibited their enzymatic activity. The antibodies also inhibited the activity of the isoenzymes of the non-pathogenic strain. Our findings suggest that the isoenzymes have structural similarities, and that the pathogenic ones differ from the non-pathogenic ones in their electromobility due to post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bracha
- Department of Biophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Xu X, L'helgoualc'h A, Morier-teissier E, Rips R. Determination of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in the Mouse Hypothalamus and Hippocampus Using Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918608074146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Blanquet RS, Bui KH, Armstrong DW. Mechanistic Considerations on the Reversed Phase Liquid Chromato-Graphic Separation of Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918608078753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Meyerson LR, Abraham KI. High performance liquid chromatographic properties of peptides and proteins on a dihydroxyalkyl bonded silica stationary phase. Peptides 1986; 7:481-9. [PMID: 3022255 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(86)90018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chromatographic behavior of biologically relevant peptides and proteins in the molecular weight range between 200 and 200,000 dalton units were studied on a size exclusion matrix column consisting of an aqueous compatible dihydroxyalkyl bonded silica support. The mechanism of separation appears to be dependent on hydrodynamic radius, hydrophobic and ionic interactions. Support for this contention is based on the chromatographic properties of these peptides and proteins at different mobile phase ionic strengths and pH, oxidation state of amino acid residues and total hydrophobicity of the peptide or protein. This column is also capable of separating native angiotensin-I from its iodinated congener. Recoveries of proteins and peptides from this column ranged between 70-100%. Unlike typical reverse phase separations, this modified silica chromatographic media allows for an alternative technique employing aqueous eluents for rapid separation/isolation and purification of peptides and proteins from natural or synthetic sources.
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Murray GJ, Youle RJ, Gandy SE, Zirzow GC, Barranger JA. Purification of beta-glucocerebrosidase by preparative-scale high-performance liquid chromatography: the use of ethylene glycol-containing buffers for chromatography of hydrophobic glycoprotein enzymes. Anal Biochem 1985; 147:301-10. [PMID: 4014675 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
beta-Glucocerebrosidase, partially purified by the method of F. S. Furbish et al. (1977, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3560-3563), was shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to contain, in addition to the desired enzyme, variable amounts of a very hydrophobic contaminant (apparent Mr 45,000). Purification of the enzyme was accomplished by gel-permeation HPLC on a TSK 3000 SW column (0.7 X 60 cm). Adsorptive losses of protein on the column were minimized by using buffers containing up to 50% ethylene glycol. We have examined the effects of varying the ethylene glycol concentration on the elution times and recoveries of the two major proteins in this preparation. The high reproducibility of the individual chromatograms permitted the use of an automatic sampler and fraction collector to perform multiple, continuous runs for the purification of milligram quantities of enzyme. Multiple runs of a preparative-scale column, TSK G3000 SWG (2.15 X 60 cm), permitted gram-scale purification of beta-glucocerebrosidase without loss in efficiency of separation. Recovery of enzyme activity is greater than 94% with less than 1% contamination by other proteins. Reaction of enzyme prepared in this fashion with rabbit polyclonal antiserum or mouse monoclonal anti-beta-glucocerebrosidase shows the enzyme to be pure and not immunologically related to the 45,000 Mr contaminant. The specific activity of enzyme prepared by this means is 1.6 X 10(6) nmol/h/mg protein. Inclusion of ethylene glycol in buffers was shown to overcome hydrophobic protein interactions with TSK 3000 SW column matrices for both the soluble human lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A and the plant toxin ricin.
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Ghrir R, Becam AM, Lederer F. Primary structure of flavocytochrome b2 from baker's yeast. Purification by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and sequencing of fragment alpha cyanogen bromide peptides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 139:59-74. [PMID: 6365548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb07976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography has been used for the purification of some large cyanogen bromide peptides from flavocytochrome b2 fragment alpha. Acetonitrile gradients at acid and/or neutral pH using mu Bondapak C18 columns were useful for the smaller peptides (43 and 67 residues). The two larger ones, alpha CB1 and alpha CB2, could only be separated from each other by trifluoroacetic acid/1-propanol gradients on mu Bondapak-CN columns. The various systems tested are presented and compared. The elucidation of the amino acid sequence of alpha CB2 (95 residues), alpha CB3 (67 residues) and alpha CB4 (43 residues) is described. The fragments were digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease as necessary. Fragment alpha CB2 was also cleaved at the unique tryptophanyl bond with cyanogen bromide. Peptides were fractionated by Sephadex chromatography, thin-layer finger-printing and/or high-pressure liquid chromatography. Peptides were sequenced mostly in the liquid phase sequenator. The cyanogen bromide peptides could be ordered using information obtained previously, as well as additional data obtained in this work. Together with the previous elucidation of cytochrome b2 core sequence and of the hinge region [Guiard, B. and Lederer, F. (1976) Biochimie (Paris) 58, 305--316; Ghrir, R. and Lederer, F. (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. 120, 279--287], the present results enable us to present the complete sequence of fragment alpha (314 residues) with only three overlaps missing between cyanogen bromide peptides. Sequence comparisons with other known flavoproteins do not indicate any noticeable similarity. Structural predictions indicate an alteration of alpha helices and beta structure. The possibility that the non-heme-binding portion of fragment alpha could constitute a flavin-binding domain is discussed.
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30
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Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of virus proteins and other hydrophobic proteins. Chromatographia 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02687724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Razvorotneva LI, Pupkova VI. Methods for separation of low-molecular-weight peptides (review). Pharm Chem J 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00765029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reinbolt J, Hounwanou N, Boulanger Y, Wittmann-Liebold B, Bosserhoff A. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography of peptides for direct micro-sequencing. J Chromatogr A 1983; 259:121-30. [PMID: 6343406 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides derived from yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and from Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, employing volatile buffers of low ionic strength. The conditions used allow the performance of micro-sequencing without desalting or extensive lyophilization, and can therefore be applied to peptide mixtures containing hydrophobic fragments which tend to precipitate. To prevent losses of peptides, direct ultra-violet detection of the peptides was preferred, to detection by post-column derivatization with an additional stream splitting device. Preparative separations were performed with 5-10 nmol of peptide mixture; analytical runs were made with 5-10 micrograms of protein hydrolysate.
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34
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Berchtold MW, Heizmann CW, Wilson KJ. Ca2+-binding proteins: a comparative study of their behavior during high-performance liquid chromatography using gradient elution on reverse-phase supports. Anal Biochem 1983; 129:120-31. [PMID: 6859517 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography has been shown to be applicable to the isolation of Ca2+-binding proteins, specifically parvalbumins, from tissue extracts or from preparations first purified by "conventional" chromatography. Through an investigation of the behavior of a series of Ca2+-binding proteins as a function of buffer composition, pH, and organic eluant it has been possible to define mild conditions allowing for chromatography of the proteins in their native states. The elution positions of parvalbumins were not observed to correlate with the "overall" protein hydrophobicity, calculated using hydrophobicity values for the individual amino acids, thus indicating that factors such as hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface areas are important in determining the degree of association with the support. The usefulness of reverse-phase chromatography as an analytical tool for determining protein homogeneity is illustrated. Samples which had been isolated via "conventional" chromatography methods, and thought to be homogeneous, were observed to contain multiple species of the same protein.
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35
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Affinity alkylation of bacterial delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase. Identification of the amino acid modified by steroidal 17 beta-oxiranes. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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36
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Heukeshoven J, Dernick R. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of virus proteins and other large hydrophobic proteins in formic acid containing solvents. J Chromatogr A 1982; 252:241-54. [PMID: 6304128 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The excellent dissolving capacity of formic acid together with a propanol-2 gradient is utilized in a new system for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of poliovirus polypeptides and a variety of large proteins. Differences in elution characteristics were detected between reduced and non-reduced proteins containing disulphide bridges as well as proteins modified at cysteinyl residues. The retention coefficients of single amino acids were used to calculate those of proteins. The correlation of calculated coefficients with actual retention times indicates that some proteins are bound via their full, unfolded length to the reversed-phase support, whereas others partly preserved their secondary structure. Treatment of proteins with sodium dodecyl sulphate prior to injection dissociates these structural elements and leads to an increase in retention times. The high resolution of the system described should be applicable to the isolation and characterization of components of mixtures of proteins, particularly those of water-insoluble proteins of membranes or viruses, on the analytical and semi-preparative scales.
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37
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Lookhart GL, Jones BL, Cooper DB, Hall SB. A method for hydrolyzing and determining the amino acid compositions of picomole quantities of proteins in less than 3 hours. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1982; 7:15-23. [PMID: 7153453 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(82)90032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for quantitatively hydrolyzing proteins in 45 min and for analyzing the hydrolysates by high-performance liquid chromatography in an additional 52 min. The alpha-amino acids were detected by the fluorescence of their omicron-phthaldialdehyde derivatives. Ten picomoles of each of the commonly occurring alpha-amino acids could be reliably determined. The method described yielded OPA-ethanethiolamino acid derivatives that were stable for 1 1/2 h and the HPLC method produced a better separation than previously published methods.
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38
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Schlabach TD, Wehr TC. Fluorescent techniques for the selective detection of chromatographically separated peptides. Anal Biochem 1982; 127:222-33. [PMID: 6819783 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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39
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Oray B, Jahani M, Gracy RW. High-sensitivity peptide mapping of triosephosphate isomerase: a comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography with two-dimensional thin-layer methods. Anal Biochem 1982; 125:131-8. [PMID: 7149248 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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40
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MacGregor JS, Hannappel E, Xu GJ, Pontremoli S, Horecker BL. Conservation of primary structure at the proteinase-sensitive site of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatases. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 217:652-64. [PMID: 6291465 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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Anderson JK, Mole JE. Adaptation of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the isolation and sequence analysis of peptides from plasma amyloid P-component. Anal Biochem 1982; 123:413-21. [PMID: 7125215 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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42
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Strydom DJ, Vallee BL. Characterization of human alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes by high-performance liquid chromatographic peptide mapping. Anal Biochem 1982; 123:422-9. [PMID: 6751149 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Isobe T, Takayasu T, Takai N, Okuyama T. High-performance liquid chromatography of peptides on a macroreticular cation-exchange resin: application to peptide mapping of Bence--Jones proteins. Anal Biochem 1982; 122:417-25. [PMID: 7114460 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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44
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Bensinger RE, Crabb JW, Johnson CM. Purification and properties of superoxide dismutase from bovine retina. Exp Eye Res 1982; 34:623-34. [PMID: 6804251 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(82)90036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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45
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Green M, Brackmann KH, Cartas MA, Matsuo T. Identification and purification of a protein encoded by the human adenovirus type 2 transforming region. J Virol 1982; 42:30-41. [PMID: 7045392 PMCID: PMC256041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.42.1.30-41.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) transforming genes are located in early regions E1a (map position 1.3 to 4.5) and E1b (map position 4.6 to 11.2). We have identified and purified to near homogeneity a major 20,000-molecular-weight (20K) protein and have shown that it is coded by E1b. Using an Ad2-transformed cell antiserum which contained antibody to E1b-coded proteins, we immunoprecipitated 53K and 19K proteins from the nucleoplasm and 53K, 19K, and 20K proteins from the cytoplasmic S-100 fraction of Ad2 productively infected and Ad2-transformed cells. The 19K protein was present in both the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm, whereas the 20K protein was found only in the cytoplasm. The 53K and 19K proteins are known Ad2 E1b-coded proteins. The 20K protein was purified to near homogeneity in 20 to 50% yields by sequential DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Purified 20K protein shares most of its methionine-labeled tryptic peptides with E1b-53K, as shown by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and therefore is closely related to the 53K protein. The 19K protein does not appear to share tryptic peptides with either 20K or 53K protein. To provide more direct evidence that 20K protein is virus-coded, we translated E1b-specific mRNA in vitro. Both immunoprecipitation analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography purification of the translated product identified a 20K protein that has the same tryptic peptides as the 20K protein isolated from infected and from transformed cells. These findings suggest that the Ad2 20K protein is a primary translation product of an Ad2 E1b mRNA.
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46
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Wilson KJ, Van Wieringen E, Klauser S, Berchtold MW, Hughes GJ. Comparison of the high-performance liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins on 100- and 300-Å reversed-phase supports. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)97627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Jones BN, Shively JE, Kilpatrick DL, Stern AS, Lewis RV, Kojima K, Udenfriend S. Adrenal opioid proteins of 8600 and 12,600 daltons: intermediates in proenkephalin processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:2096-100. [PMID: 6952256 PMCID: PMC346130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.6.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
[Met]Enkephalin-containing proteins of 8600 and 12,600 daltons have been isolated from acid extracts of bovine adrenal medulla and purified to homogeneity, and their sequences have been determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation, tryptic mapping, and enzymatic time-course hydrolysis. The 8600-dalton protein contains one copy of the [Met]enkephalin sequence at the COOH terminus and the 12,600-dalton protein contains three copies of [Met]enkephalin, of which two are internal and the third is at the COOH terminus. They possess identical NH2-terminal amino acid sequences, suggesting that the 8600-dalton protein is derived from the 12,600-dalton protein by intracellular proteolytic processing. This is supported by results from tryptic maps of both proteins. Furthermore, chemical analysis of the tryptic peptides obtained from the 12,600-dalton protein indicates that it also contains the amino acid sequence that corresponds to a previously characterized enkephalin-containing polypeptide of 3800 daltons (peptide F) [Jones et al. (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 204, 392-395]. All three polypeptides appear to be intermediates in posttranslational processing of a still larger polyenkephalin precursor molecule, proenkephalin, and part of a biosynthetic pathway leading to smaller enkephalin-containing polypeptides and free enkephalins.
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48
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Yuan PM, Pande H, Clark BR, Shively JE. Microsequence analysis of peptides and proteins. I. Preparation of samples by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1982; 120:289-301. [PMID: 6283937 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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49
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Shively JE, Hawke D, Jones BN. Microsequence analysis of peptides and proteins. III. Artifacts and the effects of impurities on analysis. Anal Biochem 1982; 120:312-2. [PMID: 6178317 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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50
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Jones BN, Shively JE, Kilpatrick DL, Kojima K, Udenfriend S. Enkephalin biosynthetic pathway: a 5300-dalton adrenal polypeptide that terminates at its COOH end with the sequence [Met]enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu-COOH. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1313-5. [PMID: 6951177 PMCID: PMC345953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An enkephalin-containing polypeptide of 5300 daltons has been isolated from extracts of bovine adrenal medulla and purified to homogeneity, and its sequence has been determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation and enzymatic time-course hydrolysis. The polypeptide contains a single [Met]enkephalin sequence followed by Arg-Gly-Leu-COOH, which forms the COOH terminus of the molecule. The enkephalin sequence is preceded by a Lys-Arg linkage, typical of prohormone cleavage sites. Posttranslational processing of the polypeptide at this site would lead to release of the octapeptide [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8.
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