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Govande AA, Babnis AW, Urban C, Habjan M, Hartmann R, Kranzusch PJ, Pichlmair A. RNase L-activating 2'-5' oligoadenylates bind ABCF1, ABCF3 and Decr-1. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37676257 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A notable signalling mechanism employed by mammalian innate immune signalling pathways uses nucleotide-based second messengers such as 2'3'-cGAMP and 2'-5'-oligoadenylates (OAs), which bind and activate STING and RNase L, respectively. Interestingly, the involvement of nucleotide second messengers to activate antiviral responses is evolutionarily conserved, as evidenced by the identification of an antiviral cGAMP-dependent pathway in Drosophila. Using a mass spectrometry approach, we identified several members of the ABCF family in human, mouse and Drosophila cell lysates as 2'-5' OA-binding proteins, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved function. Biochemical characterization of these interactions demonstrates high-affinity binding of 2'-5' OA to ABCF1, dependent on phosphorylated 2'-5' OA and an intact Walker A/B motif of the ABC cassette of ABCF1. As further support for species-specific interactions with 2'-5' OA, we additionally identified that the metabolic enzyme Decr1 from mouse, but not human or Drosophila cells, forms a high-affinity complex with 2'-5' OA. A 1.4 Å co-crystal structure of the mouse Decr1-2'-5' OA complex explains high-affinity recognition of 2'-5' OA and the mechanism of species specificity. Despite clear evidence of physical interactions, we could not identify profound antiviral functions of ABCF1, ABCF3 or Decr1 or 2'-5' OA-dependent regulation of cellular translation rates, as suggested by the engagement of ABCF proteins. Thus, although the biological consequences of the here identified interactions need to be further studied, our data suggest that 2'-5' OA can serve as a signalling hub to distribute a signal to different recipient proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva A Govande
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christian Urban
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Habjan
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
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2
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Cruz JLG, Sola I, Becares M, Alberca B, Plana J, Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S. Coronavirus gene 7 counteracts host defenses and modulates virus virulence. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002090. [PMID: 21695242 PMCID: PMC3111541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) genome contains three accessory genes: 3a, 3b and 7. Gene 7 is only present in members of coronavirus genus a1, and encodes a hydrophobic protein of 78 aa. To study gene 7 function, a recombinant TGEV virus lacking gene 7 was engineered (rTGEV-Δ7). Both the mutant and the parental (rTGEV-wt) viruses showed the same growth and viral RNA accumulation kinetics in tissue cultures. Nevertheless, cells infected with rTGEV-Δ7 virus showed an increased cytopathic effect caused by an enhanced apoptosis mediated by caspase activation. Macromolecular synthesis analysis showed that rTGEV-Δ7 virus infection led to host translational shut-off and increased cellular RNA degradation compared with rTGEV-wt infection. An increase of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) phosphorylation and an enhanced nuclease, most likely RNase L, activity were observed in rTGEV-Δ7 virus infected cells. These results suggested that the removal of gene 7 promoted an intensified dsRNA-activated host antiviral response. In protein 7 a conserved sequence motif that potentially mediates binding to protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1c), a key regulator of the cell antiviral defenses, was identified. We postulated that TGEV protein 7 may counteract host antiviral response by its association with PP1c. In fact, pull-down assays demonstrated the interaction between TGEV protein 7, but not a protein 7 mutant lacking PP1c binding motif, with PP1. Moreover, the interaction between protein 7 and PP1 was required, during the infection, for eIF2α dephosphorylation and inhibition of cell RNA degradation. Inoculation of newborn piglets with rTGEV-Δ7 and rTGEV-wt viruses showed that rTGEV-Δ7 virus presented accelerated growth kinetics and pathology compared with the parental virus. Overall, the results indicated that gene 7 counteracted host cell defenses, and modified TGEV persistence increasing TGEV survival. Therefore, the acquisition of gene 7 by the TGEV genome most likely has provided a selective advantage to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmina L. G. Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martina Becares
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis Enjuanes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Zuñiga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) genome contains three accessory genes: 3a, 3b and 7. Gene 7 is only present in members of coronavirus genus a1, and encodes a hydrophobic protein of 78 aa. To study gene 7 function, a recombinant TGEV virus lacking gene 7 was engineered (rTGEV-Δ7). Both the mutant and the parental (rTGEV-wt) viruses showed the same growth and viral RNA accumulation kinetics in tissue cultures. Nevertheless, cells infected with rTGEV-Δ7 virus showed an increased cytopathic effect caused by an enhanced apoptosis mediated by caspase activation. Macromolecular synthesis analysis showed that rTGEV-Δ7 virus infection led to host translational shut-off and increased cellular RNA degradation compared with rTGEV-wt infection. An increase of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) phosphorylation and an enhanced nuclease, most likely RNase L, activity were observed in rTGEV-Δ7 virus infected cells. These results suggested that the removal of gene 7 promoted an intensified dsRNA-activated host antiviral response. In protein 7 a conserved sequence motif that potentially mediates binding to protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1c), a key regulator of the cell antiviral defenses, was identified. We postulated that TGEV protein 7 may counteract host antiviral response by its association with PP1c. In fact, pull-down assays demonstrated the interaction between TGEV protein 7, but not a protein 7 mutant lacking PP1c binding motif, with PP1. Moreover, the interaction between protein 7 and PP1 was required, during the infection, for eIF2α dephosphorylation and inhibition of cell RNA degradation. Inoculation of newborn piglets with rTGEV-Δ7 and rTGEV-wt viruses showed that rTGEV-Δ7 virus presented accelerated growth kinetics and pathology compared with the parental virus. Overall, the results indicated that gene 7 counteracted host cell defenses, and modified TGEV persistence increasing TGEV survival. Therefore, the acquisition of gene 7 by the TGEV genome most likely has provided a selective advantage to the virus.
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4
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Kalinichenko EN, Podkopaeva TL, Poopeiko NE, Kelve M, Saarma M, Mikhailopulo IA, van den Boogaart JE, Altona C. Role of the stereochemistry of 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxy analogues of 2-5A in binding to and activation of mouse RNase L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19951140202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Charubala R, Pfleiderer W, Suhadolnik RJ, Sobol RW. Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2′-5′-Phosphorothioate Tetramer Cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319108046484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Charubala
- a Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Konstanz , Postfach 5560, D-7750 , Konstanz , FRG
| | - W. Pfleiderer
- a Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Konstanz , Postfach 5560, D-7750 , Konstanz , FRG
| | - R. J. Suhadolnik
- b Dept. of Biochemistry , Temple University, School of Medicine , Philadelphia , Penn , U.S.A
| | - R. W. Sobol
- b Dept. of Biochemistry , Temple University, School of Medicine , Philadelphia , Penn , U.S.A
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paun
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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7
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Bisbal C, Silverman RH. Diverse functions of RNase L and implications in pathology. Biochimie 2007; 89:789-98. [PMID: 17400356 PMCID: PMC2706398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The endoribonuclease L (RNase L) is the effector of the 2-5A system, a major enzymatic pathway involved in the molecular mechanism of interferons (IFNs). RNase L is a very unusual nuclease with a complex mechanism of regulation. It is a latent enzyme, expressed in nearly every mammalian cell type. Its activation requires its binding to a small oligonucleotide, 2-5A. 2-5A is a series of unique 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates with 2'-5' phosphodiester bonds. By regulating viral and cellular RNA expression, RNase L plays an important role in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN and contributes to innate immunity and cell metabolism. The 2-5A/RNase L pathway is implicated in mediating apoptosis in response to viral infections and to several types of external stimuli. Several recent studies have suggested that RNase L could have a role in cancer biology and evidence of a tumor suppressor function of RNase L has emerged from studies on the genetics of hereditary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bisbal
- IGH UPR CNRS 1142. 141 rue de la Cardonille. 34396. Montpellier France. E-mail address: , Phone: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 73, Fax: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 01
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue NB40, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195 USA, E-mail address: , Phone: (1) 216 445 9650, Fax: (1) 216 445 6269
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8
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Pav O, Protivinska E, Pressova M, Collinsova M, Jiracek J, Snasel J, Masojidkova M, Budesinsky M, Rosenberg I. Activation of murine RNase L by isopolar 2'-phosphonate analogues of 2',5' oligoadenylates. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3955-62. [PMID: 16789752 DOI: 10.1021/jm050401v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To determine the influence of methylene group insertion in the internucleotide linkage on the binding process of 2',5'-oligoadenylates to RNase L, a series of 2'-phosphonate-modified trimers and tetramers were synthesized from appropriate monomeric units and evaluated for their ability to bind to murine RNase L. Tetramers pAAXA modified by ribo-, arabino-, or xylo-2'-phosphonate unit X in the third position were capable of binding to RNase L in nanomolar concentrations. The replacement of the first residue (pXAAA), or both the first and the third residues (pXAXA), was also tolerated by the enzyme. In contrast, in all cases, the replacement of the second residue (pAXAA) resulted in the significant decrease of binding ability. Additionally, no more than two phosphonate modifications in the tetramer were allowed to retain the binding affinity to the enzyme. Although all three tetramers pAAXA were found to be potent enzyme binders, only tetramers modified by ribo- and xylo-2'-phosphonate unit X activated the RNase L-catalyzed cleavage of the RNA substrate. Surprisingly, tetramer pAAXA, modified by arabino-2'-phosphonate unit X, did not activate the enzyme and can be considered a potent antagonist. In comparison with their natural counterpart, the phosphonate analogues of the pA4 exhibit superior resistance toward nucleases present in the murine spleen homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Pav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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9
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Chase BI, Zhou Y, Xiang Y, Silverman RH, Zhou A. Proteasome-mediated degradation of RNase L in response to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) treatment of mouse L929 cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 23:565-73. [PMID: 14585196 DOI: 10.1089/107999003322485062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2'-5' Oligoadenylate (2-5A)-dependent RNase L is one of the key enzymes involved in the molecular mechanisms of interferon (IFN) function. Although the regulation of RNase L by 2-5A has been studied extensively, relatively little is known about how RNase L is controlled by posttranslational processes. Here, we report that phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) treatment of mouse L929 fibroblasts caused rapid degradation of RNase L in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. RNase L levels were decreased to 40% of control levels after only 5 min exposure of cells to PMA, suggesting the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC). After PMA treatment for 1 h, RNase L levels decreased to 18% of the pretreatment levels. Decay of RNase L was measured by 2-5A binding assay, ribonuclease activity, and protein levels in Western blots probed with antibody to murine RNase L. PMA treatment caused decreases in the levels of RNase L in both cytoplasm and nucleus. To explore the mechanism of RNase L degradation, we treated cells with the selective proteasome inhibitors, ALLN, MG132, and PSI, prior to PMA treatment. These inhibitors completely blocked the degradation of RNase L caused by PMA. Our results show a novel regulatory pathway for RNase L that could have an impact on its antitumor and antiviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara I Chase
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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10
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Reintamm T, Lopp A, Kuusksalu A, Subbi J, Kelve M. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of 2-5A synthesizing capacity of different marine sponges. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2003; 20:389-99. [PMID: 12919824 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(03)00059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
2-5A synthetase is an important component of the mammalian antiviral 2-5A system. At present, the existence of 2-5A synthetase in the lowest animals, the marine sponges, has been demonstrated, although this enzyme has not been found in bacteria, yeast or plants. Here, we studied the 2-5A synthesizing capacity and the product profile of a variety of marine sponges belonging to Demospongia subclasses Tetractinomorpha and Ceractinomorpha. The 2-5A synthetase activity varied largely, in the range of four orders of magnitude, depending on the sponge species. Compared with the enzymes of the mammalian 2-5A synthetase family, the most active sponge species exhibited a surprisingly high 2-5A synthetase specific activity. Unlike the mammalian 2-5A synthetases that produce 2-5A oligomers in the presence of a double-stranded RNA activator, the 2-5A synthetase(s) from sponges were active without the addition of dsRNA. The sponge species differed in their product profiles. A novel product pool formed by Chondrosia reniformis was identified as a series of long 2-5A oligomers (up to 17-mers) with the prevalence of heptamers and octamers. The large variability of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of sponge 2-5A synthetases may refer to the occurrence of a variety of 2-5A synthetase isozymes in sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tõnu Reintamm
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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11
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Shetzline SE, Suhadolnik RJ. Characterization of a 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A)-dependent 37-kDa RNase L: azido photoaffinity labeling and 2-5A-dependent activation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:23707-11. [PMID: 11323422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101243200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of key components of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase/RNase L pathway has been identified in extracts of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with chronic fatigue [corrected] syndrome, including the presence of a low molecular weight form of RNase L. In this study, analysis of 2',5'-Oligoadenylate (2-5A) binding and activation of the 80- and 37-kDa forms of RNase L has been completed utilizing photolabeling/immunoprecipitation and affinity assays, respectively. Saturation of photolabeling of the 80- and the 37-kDa RNase L with the 2-5A azido photoprobe, [(32)P]pApAp(8-azidoA), was achieved. Half-maximal photoinsertion of [(32)P]pApAp(8-azidoA) occurred at 3.7 x 10(-8) m for the 80-kDa RNase L and at 6.3 x 10(-8) m for the 37-kDa RNase L. Competition experiments using 100-fold excess unlabeled 2-5A photoaffinity probe, pApAp(8-azidoA), and authentic 2-5A (p(3)A(3)) resulted in complete protection against photolabeling, demonstrating that [(32)P]pApAp(8-azidoA) binds specifically to the 2-5A-binding site of the 80- and 37-kDa RNase L. The rate of RNA hydrolysis by the 37-kDa RNase L was three times faster than the 80-kDa RNase L. The data obtained from these 2-5A binding and 2-5A-dependent activation studies demonstrate the utility of [(32)P]pApAp(8-azidoA) for the detection of the 37-kDa RNase L in peripheral blood mononuclear cell extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Shetzline
- Department of Biochemistry and the Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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12
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Geselowitz DA, Cramer H, Wondrak EM, Player MR, Torrence PF. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of RNase L-catalyzed oligonucleotide cleavage. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:45-51. [PMID: 10726660 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for monitoring the cleavage of an oligoribonucleotide substrate by the 2-5A-dependent RNase L based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The oligoribonucleotide, rC11U2C7, was labeled covalently at its 5'-terminus with fluorescein and at its 3'-terminus with rhodamine to provide a substrate for RNase L. On cleavage, the fluorescence at 538 nm (with 485 nm excitation) increased by a factor of 2.8, allowing real-time quantitation of the reaction progress. The method was performed easily in a 96-well plate format and allowed quantitative high throughput analyses of RNase L activity with different activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Geselowitz
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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13
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Silverman RH, Dong B, Maitra RK, Player MR, Torrence PF. Selective RNA cleavage by isolated RNase L activated with 2-5A antisense chimeric oligonucleotides. Methods Enzymol 1999; 313:522-33. [PMID: 10595377 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)13033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R H Silverman
- Department of Cancer, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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14
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Abstract
The exact physiological function of Ap3A (A5'ppp5"A, 5'5" diadenosine triphosphate) remains unclear. Previously we have demonstrated that the human p46 2-5A synthetase (OAS1) efficiently utilises Ap3A as an acceptor substrate for oligoadenylate synthesis. Here we show that Ap3A(2'p5'A)n oligonucleotides can activate the 2-5A-dependent RNase (RNase L), when the number of 2',5'-linked adenyl residues is two or more. Under the experimental conditions applied the half-maximal activation (AC50) of RNase L for 2'-adenylated Ap3A derivatives was determined to be in nanomolar range while the AC50 for 2-5A3 was 0.4 nM. The Ap3A(2'p5'A)n oligonucleotides are thus less effective in activating RNase L than 2-5A. We also investigated the occurrence of 2'-adenylated Ap3A in interferon and poly(I).poly(C)-treated HeLa cells. In purified trichloroacetic acid-soluble extracts about 40% of RNase L-activating material is resistant to phosphatase treatment, whereas the removal of 5'-terminal phosphates greatly reduces the activating properties of 2-5A. We assume that this activity at least partly may be associated with the presence of 2'-adenylated ApnA derivatives with blocked 5'-terminal phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Turpaev
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark
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15
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Kitade Y, Wakana M, Terai SI, Tsuboi T, Nakanishi M, Yatome C, Dong B, Silverman RH, Torrence PF. 2-Bromoadenosine-Substituted 2′,5′-Oligoadenylates Modulate Binding and Activation Abilities of Human Recombinant RNase L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Player MR, Wondrak EM, Bayly SF, Torrence PF. Ribonuclease L, a 2-5A-dependent enzyme: purification to homogeneity and assays for 2-5A binding and catalytic activity. Methods 1998; 15:243-53. [PMID: 9735309 DOI: 10.1006/meth.1998.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase L is a latent endonuclease found in reptiles, birds, and mammals. It is activated by the 2',5'-phosphodiester-linked oligoadenylates called 2-5A and has been implicated in the mechanism of action of interferon, as well as in a variety of other biological phenomena such as apoptosis. Covalent linkage of 2-5A to antisense oligonucleotides permits recruitment of RNase L for enhancement of antisense action. The purification of RNase L described herein and the assays for its detection and activation will help to provide further mechanistic details on how this unique nuclease functions and what its biochemical roles may be. In addition, such assays will facilitate the screening of 2-5A-antisense congeners for exploration of the potential therapeutic applications of RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Player
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Building 8, Room B2A02, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0805, USA
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17
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Player MR, Torrence PF. The 2-5A system: modulation of viral and cellular processes through acceleration of RNA degradation. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 78:55-113. [PMID: 9623881 PMCID: PMC7157933 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 2-5A system is an RNA degradation pathway that can be induced by the interferons (IFNs). Treatment of cells with IFN activates genes encoding several double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent synthetases. These enzymes generate 5'-triphosphorylated, 2',5'-phosphodiester-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP. The effects of 2-5A in cells are transient since 2-5A is unstable in cells due to the activities of phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. 2-5A activates the endoribonuclease 2-5A-dependent RNase L, causing degradation of single-stranded RNA with moderate specificity. The human 2-5A-dependent RNase is an 83.5 kDa polypeptide that has little, if any, RNase activity, unless 2-5A is present. 2-5A binding to RNase L switches the enzyme from its off-state to its on-state. At least three 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates and a single 5'-phosphoryl group are required for maximal activation of the RNase. Even though the constitutive presence of 2-5A-dependent RNase is observed in nearly all mammalian cell types, cellular amounts of 2-5A-dependent mRNA and activity can increase after IFN treatment. One well-established role of the 2-5A system is as a host defense against some types of viruses. Since virus infection of cells results in the production and secretion of IFNs, and since dsRNA is both a frequent product of virus infection and an activator of 2-5A synthesis, the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus, which produces dsRNA during its life cycle, is greatly suppressed in IFN-treated cells as a direct result of RNA decay by the activated 2-5A-dependent RNase. This review covers the organic chemistry, enzymology, and molecular biology of 2-5A and its associated enzymes. Additional possible biological roles of the 2-5A system, such as in cell growth and differentiation, human immunodeficiency virus replication, heat shock, atherosclerotic plaque, pathogenesis of Type I diabetes, and apoptosis, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Player
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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Nickolaus P, Rammensee HG, Zawatzky R. Interferon-induced expression of If-1h and If-1l alleles in Newcastle disease virus-infected mouse macrophages is associated with specific differences in viral gene transcription. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:187-96. [PMID: 9555981 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the expression of cytokines and viral genes induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Sendai virus in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice and the congenic line B6.C-H-28c. These mice carry the loci If-1h (high) or If-1l (low), respectively, that are responsible for up to tenfold differences in the interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) response to NDV but not to Sendai virus. Only BMM but not spleen lymphocytes showed allele-specific differences in NDV-induced cytokine levels, indicating cell-specific If-1 expression. The If-1 locus harbors IFN-inducible gene(s) whose expression is prevented in the presence of cycloheximide. Our data provide evidence that the If-1l allele acts by specifically suppressing the cytokine response to NDV. Cytokine production was dependent on infectious virions, and kinetic analyses revealed a close correlation between the amount of viral transcripts and individual cytokine mRNA. BMM from lf-1l mice strongly restricted transcription of the NDV nucleoprotein (NP) gene, whereas BMM from If-1h mice supported NP transcription. Following treatment with IL-4, which inhibited constitutive IFN-beta gene expression, however, If-1l BMM became highly permissive for transcription of the viral NP gene and released high amounts of cytokines. We conclude that If-1l gene products are responsible for the low producer phenotype by efficiently interfering with NDV transcription, leading to strongly reduced intracellular levels of cytokine inducing viral dsRNA intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nickolaus
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Abt. Immunologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Bisbal C. RNase L: effector nuclease of an activatable RNA degradation system in mammals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 18:19-34. [PMID: 8994259 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60471-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bisbal
- IGMM CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
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20
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Ogawa T, Hori T, Ishida I. Virus-induced cell death in plants expressing the mammalian 2',5' oligoadenylate system. Nat Biotechnol 1996; 14:1566-9. [PMID: 9634822 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1196-1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The major components of the 2-5A system, responsible for the mammalian interferon-induced antiviral response, are the 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5Aase) and 2',5' oligoadenylate (2-5A) dependent ribonuclease (RNase L). Transgenic tobacco plants expressing these two enzyme activities were produced by crossing the transgenic plants expressing RNase L with those expressing 2-5Aase. The double transgenic plants showed complete resistance against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), infection with necrotic spots only forming on the virus-inoculated leaf. On the other hand, although plants inoculated with potato virus Y (PVY) formed necrotic spots on the inoculated leaf and virus amplification could not be detected, all plants died within 20 days of inoculation. The transgenic tobacco plants expressing either 2-5Aase or RNase L activity showed typical disease symptoms with CMV- or PVY-inoculation. These results suggest that the introduced 2-5A system is activated in tobacco cells by dsRNA, the replicating intermediates of RNA viruses, leading to death of the host cells, which has not been observed in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogawa
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Mitra A, Higgins DW, Langenberg WG, Nie H, Sengupta DN, Silverman RH. A mammalian 2-5A system functions as an antiviral pathway in transgenic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6780-5. [PMID: 8692895 PMCID: PMC39104 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to virus infections in higher vertebrates is mediated in part through catalysis of RNA decay by the, interferon-regulated 2-5A system. A functional 2-5A system requires two enzymes, a 2-5A synthetase that produces 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) in response to double-stranded RNA, and the 2-5A-dependent RNase L. We have coexpressed these human enzymes in transgenic tobacco plants by using a single plasmid containing the cDNAs for both human RNase L and a low molecular weight form of human 2-5A synthetase under control of different, constitutive promoters. Expression of the human cDNAs in the transgenic plants was demonstrated from Northern blots, by specific enzyme assays, and by immunodetection (for RNase L). Infection of leaves, detached or in planta, of the coexpressing transgenic plants by tobacco mosaic virus, alfalfa [correction of alfafa] mosaic virus, or tobacco etch virus resulted in necrotic lesions. In contrast, leaves expressing 2-5A synthetase or RNase L alone and leaves containing the plasmid vector alone produced typical systemic infections. While alfalfa mosaic virus produced lesions only in the inoculated leaves regardless of the concentration of virus in the inoculum, high, but not low, levels of tobacco etch virus inoculum resulted in escape of virus to uninoculated leaves. Nevertheless, there was a substantial reduction of tobacco etch virus yield as measured by ELISA assay in the coexpressing transgenic plants. These results indicate that expression of a mammalian 2-5A system in plants provides resistance to virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitra
- Center for Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0722, USA
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22
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Carroll SS, Chen E, Viscount T, Geib J, Sardana MK, Gehman J, Kuo LC. Cleavage of oligoribonucleotides by the 2',5'-oligoadenylate- dependent ribonuclease L. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:4988-92. [PMID: 8617774 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RNase L, the 2',5' oligoadenylate-dependent ribonuclease, is one of the enzyme systems important in the cellular response to interferon. When activated in the presence of 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates, RNase L can catalyze the cleavage of synthetic oligoribonucleotides that contain dyad sequences of the forms UU, UA, AU, AA, and UG, but it cannot catalyze the cleavage of an oligoribonucleotide containing only cytosines. The primary site of the cleavage reaction with the substrate C11UUC7 has been defined to be 3' of the UU dyad by labeling either the 5' or the 3' end of the oligoribonucleotide and by examining the reaction products on polyacrylamide sequencing gels. Reaction time courses have been used to determine the kinetic parameters of the cleavage reactions. The effect of the overall length of the oligomeric substrate as well as the sequence of the bases around the position of the cleavage site on the kinetics of the cleavage reaction has been examined. The efficiency with which activated RNase L catalyzes the cleavage of the substrate C11UUC7 is 1.9 x 10(7) m-1 s-1. Because the cleavage of the synthetic oligoribonucleotide can be used to monitor the steady-state kinetics of catalysis by activated RNase L, this method offers an advantage over previous methods of assay for RNase L activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Carroll
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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23
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Beigelman L, Matulic-Adamic J, Haeberli P, Usman N, Dong B, Silverman RH, Khamnei S, Torrence PF. Synthesis and biological activities of a phosphorodithioate analog of 2',5'-oligoadenylate. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:3989-94. [PMID: 7479047 PMCID: PMC307321 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.19.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance the resistance of 2-5A (pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A) to degradation by exo- and endonucleases, a phosphorodithioate analog was synthesized using a solid-phase phosphite triester approach with N6-benzoyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-3'-O-t-butyldimethylsilyladenosine 2'-[S-(beta-thiobenzoylethyl)-pyrrolidinophosphorothioamidit e]. 5'-Monophosphorylation was accomplished with 2-[2-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityloxy)-ethylsulfonyl]ethyl-(2-cyanoe thyl)-(N,N- diisopropyl)-phosphoramidite. The resulting product, p5'A2'(s2p)- 5'A2'(s2p)5'A, was approximately 10-fold less effective as an activator of purified human recombinant 2-5A-dependent RNase than was 2-5A itself. This loss of activation ability was related directly to the loss of binding ability of the phosphorodiothioate analog. As predicted, p5'A2'(s2p)5'A2' (s2p)5'A was stable to snake venom phosphodiesterase and the nucleolytic activities of both human lymphoblastoid CEM cell extracts and human serum, under conditions that led to facile degradation of parent 2-5A. This nuclease stability permitted the observation of the CEM cell extracts and human serum phosphatase activity which led to 5'-dephosphorylation of p5'A2'(s2p)5'A2'(s2p)5'A.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beigelman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
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24
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Sobol RW, Henderson EE, Kon N, Shao J, Hitzges P, Mordechai E, Reichenbach NL, Charubala R, Schirmeister H, Pfleiderer W. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication and activation of RNase L by phosphorothioate/phosphodiester 2',5'-oligoadenylate derivatives. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:5963-78. [PMID: 7890727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.11.5963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
2',5'-Oligoadenylate (2-5A) derivatives have been designed to act distal to the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-induced blockade in the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway. Stereochemical modification of individual internucleotide linkages of the 2-5A molecule was accomplished by phosphoramidite and phosphotriester chemical syntheses. Phosphorothioate/phosphodiester trimer and tetramer 2-5A derivatives revealed differences in the stereodynamics of activation of RNase L and inhibition of HIV-1 replication. The first and second internucleotide linkages are critical for activation of recombinant, human RNase L; A(Rp)ApA, A(Sp)ApA and ApA(Rp)A are agonists (IC50 = 2 x 10(-7), 2 x 10(-6) and 8 x 10(-6) M); ApA(Sp)A is an antagonist. The second and third internucleotide linkages are crucial for activation of murine RNase L; ApA(Rp)A, ApA(Rp)ApA, and ApApA(Rp)A are agonists (IC50 = 5 x 10(-7) M); ApA(Sp)A, ApA(Sp)ApA, and ApApA(Sp)A are antagonists. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced syncytia formation by the phosphorothioate/phosphodiester derivatives is specific for derivatives with substitution at the 2',3'-terminus. ApA(Rp)A, ApA(Sp)A, ApApA(Rp)A, and ApApA(Sp)A are potent inhibitors of HIV-1-induced syncytia formation (80-, 10-, 40-, and 15-fold more inhibitory, respectively, than solvent control). HIV-1 infection results in enhanced uptake and accumulation of ApA(Rp)A and ApA(Sp)A (7- and 10-fold, respectively). These stereochemically modified 2-5A derivatives are taken up preferentially by HIV-1-infected cells and show promise in anti-HIV-1 chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Sobol
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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25
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Abstract
2-5A-dependent RNase is an interferon-inducible enzyme that requires 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) for its endoribonuclease activity against single-stranded RNAs. We demonstrate here that recombinant, human 2-5A-dependent RNase forms stable homodimers during its stimulation by 2-5A. The protein dimers were observed to form only upon binding to 2-5A, as shown using gel filtration chromatography and chemical cross-linking and after centrifugation in glycerol gradients. A monoclonal antibody to 2-5A-dependent RNase was prepared and used to probe the subunit structure of the enzyme in the presence or absence of 2-5A. Using oligoadenylates of different length, structure, and 5'-phosphorylation states we determined that conversion of 2-5A-dependent RNase from its monomeric, inactive form to its homodimeric, active form required the presence of functional 2-5A. These results demonstrate that the catalytically active form of 2-5A-dependent RNase is a homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195
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26
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Synthesis of a 5′-thiophosphate analogue of 2-5A, a phosphatase resistant activator of the 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Bayard B, Bette-Bobillo P, Aliau S. Affinity purification and characterization of (2'-5')oligo(adenylate)-dependent RNase from mouse spleen. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:403-10. [PMID: 8055909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Murine (2'-5')An-dependent RNase, a key enzyme of the interferon system, was purified from mouse spleen by affinity chromatography to immobilized (2'-5')An. Since the ribonuclease has high affinity to (2'-5')An, optimal non-denaturing conditions were obtained to disrupt the (2'-5')An-nuclease complex. Low-pH buffers in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 removed almost 80% of the enzyme from the (2'-5')An-agarose, preserving its (2'-5')An binding activity and RNA cleavage function. Purification was monitored using a classical radiobinding assay, ultraviolet covalent crosslinking method and denaturing-renaturing affinity blotting assay. The purified enzyme was a 160-kDa dimer that migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 78 kDa and was > 80% pure, as assessed by silver-stained SDS gels. Both a 160-kDa dimer and 78-kDa monomer were found in the cellular extract at a 5:1 ratio. Binding of radiolabeled (2'-5')An to (2'-5')An-dependent RNase either in crude extract or in purified form reached equilibrium by 5 h at 4 degrees C. 2-Mercaptoethanol was required to obtain (2-'5')An-binding activity but, interestingly, in the absence of this reducing agent, (2'-5')An-binding activity was initiated by preincubation with poly(U), a synthetic substrate of the nuclease. This new mechanistic feature indicates that interaction of poly(U) with nuclease induced a conformational modification allowing, in a second step, the binding of (2'-5')An. Furthermore, when activated by low amounts of (2'-5')An, the eluted purified enzyme degraded mRNA but there was still degradation in the absence of (2'-5')An. This suggested a loss of regulatory protein(s) during the purification step. Scatchard analysis showed that the purified enzyme had a Kd of 106 pM for (2'-5')An, similar to estimates obtained using crude spleen extracts (Kd 112 pM), indicating that the purified nuclease had almost identical (2'-5')An-binding properties to those identified in spleen extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bayard
- CNRS U.R.A. 530, Université Montpellier II-Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, France
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28
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29
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Hassel BA, Zhou A, Sotomayor C, Maran A, Silverman RH. A dominant negative mutant of 2-5A-dependent RNase suppresses antiproliferative and antiviral effects of interferon. EMBO J 1993; 12:3297-304. [PMID: 7688298 PMCID: PMC413597 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-5A-dependent RNase is the terminal factor in the interferon-regulated 2-5A system thought to function in both the molecular mechanism of interferon action and in the general control of RNA stability. However, direct evidence for specific functions of 2-5A-dependent RNase has been generally lacking. Therefore, we developed a strategy to block the 2-5A system using a truncated form of 2-5A-dependent RNase which retains 2-5A binding activity while lacking RNase activity. When the truncated RNase was stably expressed to high levels in murine cells, it prevented specific rRNA cleavage in response to 2-5A transfection and the cells were unresponsive to the antiviral activity of interferon alpha/beta for encephalomyocarditis virus. Remarkably, cells expressing the truncated RNase were also resistant to the antiproliferative activity of interferon. The truncated RNase is a dominant negative mutant that binds 2-5A and that may interfere with normal protein-protein interactions through nine ankyrin-like repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Hassel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195
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30
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Salehzada T, Silhol M, Steff A, Lebleu B, Bisbal C. 2‘,5‘-Oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L is a dimer of regulatory and catalytic subunits. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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31
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Torrence PF, Maitra RK, Lesiak K, Khamnei S, Zhou A, Silverman RH. Targeting RNA for degradation with a (2'-5')oligoadenylate-antisense chimera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:1300-4. [PMID: 7679499 PMCID: PMC45860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.4.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides hold considerable promise both as research tools for inhibiting gene expression and as agents for the treatment of a myriad of human diseases. However, targeted destruction of RNA has been difficult to achieve in a versatile, efficient, and reliable manner. We have developed an effective strategy for cleaving unique RNA sequences with 2-5A-dependent RNase, an endoribonuclease that mediates inhibitory effects of interferon on virus infection and is activated by 5'-phosphorylated 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates known as 2-5A [pn5' A2'(p5' A2')mp5'A], resulting in the cleavage of single-stranded RNA predominantly after UpUp and UpAp sequences. To direct 2-5A-dependent RNase to cleave unique RNA sequences, p5' A2' p5' A2'p5'A was covalently linked to an antisense oligonucleotide to yield a chimeric molecule (2-5A:AS). The antisense oligonucleotide component of 2-5A:AS bound a specific RNA sequence while the accompanying 2-5A component activated 2-5A-dependent RNase, thereby causing the cleavage of the RNA in the targeted sequence. This strategy was demonstrated by inducing specific cleavage within a modified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif mRNA in a cell-free system from human lymphoblastoid cells. Because 2-5A-dependent RNase is present in most mammalian cells, the control of gene expression based on this technology--including therapies for cancer, viral infections, and certain genetic diseases--can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Torrence
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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32
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Krause D, Silverman RH. Tissue-related and species-specific differences in the 2-5A oligomer size requirement for activation of 2-5A-dependent RNase. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1993; 13:13-6. [PMID: 8454906 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1993.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
2',5'-Oligoadenylate (2-5A)-dependent RNase (L or F) is the final enzyme in the 2-5A pathway and a key component in the molecular mechanism of interferon (IFN) action. Here we demonstrate differences in the 2-5A oligomer size requirement between rabbit 2-5A-dependent RNase from reticulocytes and from cultured kidney cells. The rabbit reticulocyte enzyme was activated by tetramer 2-5A, whereas the ribonuclease from rabbit kidney cells required only trimer 2-5A. Interestingly, in contrast to the 2-5A-dependent RNase from rabbit reticulocytes, that from murine reticulocytes could be activated by trimer 2-5A. Partial proteolysis of affinity-labeled, 80-kD 2-5A-dependent RNase from rabbit reticulocytes and rabbit kidney cells resulted in the same pattern of labeled peptides. However, the affinity labeling reaction with a 32P-labeled 2-5A analog did produce some different labeled polypeptides in rabbit kidney cell extract and rabbit reticulocyte lysate. These results could indicate specialized functions for the 2-5A system in different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Krause
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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33
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Torrence PF, Brozda D, Alster DK, Pabuccuoglu A, Lesiak K. A new and potent 2-5A analogue which does not require a 5'-polyphosphate to activate mouse L-cell RNase L. Antiviral Res 1992; 18:275-89. [PMID: 1416909 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the possibility of supplanting the requirement of a 5'-triphosphate moiety for the activation of the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease (RNase L) of mouse L-cells, two new tetrameric analogues of 2-5A were synthesized. The first tetramer, obtained by both a modified prebiotic synthetic approach as well as a phosphite triester solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis method, was p5'A2'p5'A2'p5'(br8A)2'p5'(br8A). The second oligonucleotide was derived from the former by a sequence involving periodate oxidation, reaction with n-hexylamine, and cyanoborohydride reduction, resulting in conversion of the 2'-terminal adenosine residue to 9-(3'-aza-4'-hexyl-1',2',3',4'-tetradeoxyhexopyranos-1(1)-yl)-8-++ +bromoadenine. Both of these oligomers, bearing only 5'-monophosphate groups, were found to be as potent as 2-5A itself as activators of the RNase L of mouse L-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Torrence
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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34
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Abstract
The intracellular effectors known as 2-5A (ppp-(A2'p)nA) regulate the cleavage of single-stranded RNA by activating a latent endoribonuclease (2-5A-dependent RNase or RNase L). Accordingly this enzyme may exist in either an inactive form, free of 2-5A, or an active, 2-5A-bound form. Previously, a radiobinding assay for 2-5A-dependent RNase was developed that measured the amount of labeled ppp(A2'p)2A3'-[32P]Cp, a derivative of ppp(A2'p)nA, that bound the inactive enzyme form. Because 2-5A-dependent RNase has a particularly high affinity for 2-5A the radiobinding assay may not measure the 2-5A activated form of the enzyme. Therefore an efficient procedure to facilitate the detection of total 2-5A-dependent RNase (i.e., 2-5A-free and 2-5A-bound enzyme) in mouse spleen extracts was developed. Denaturing conditions were used to ensure that all 2-5A-dependent RNase was in the 2-5A-free form. After denaturation on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, optimal blotting conditions onto nitrocellulose and renaturation of the 2-5A binding site of 2-5A-dependent RNase were developed. This procedure allowed a population of enzyme that otherwise is not accessible by the classical radiobinding assay to be assayed, thus leading to an increased measurement of 15-17% in cytoplasmic spleen extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bayard
- CNRS U.A. 530, USTL, Montpellier, France
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35
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Uridine analogs of 2′,5′-oligoadenylates: On the biological role of the middle base of 2-5A trimer. Bioorg Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(91)90054-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Kitade Y, Nakata Y, Hirota K, Maki Y, Pabuccuoglu A, Torrence PF. 8-Methyladenosine-substituted analogues of 2-5A: synthesis and their biological activities. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:4103-8. [PMID: 1714563 PMCID: PMC328547 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.15.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Methyladenosine-substituted analogues of 2-5A, p5'A2'p5'A2'p5'(me8A), p5'A2'p5'(me8A)2'p5'(me8A), p5'(me8A)2'p5'(me8A)2'p5'(me8A), and p5'(me8A) 2'p5'A2'p5'A, were prepared via a modification of a lead ion-catalyzed ligation reaction. These 2-5A monophosphates were converted into the corresponding 5'-triphosphates. Substitution of an 8-methyladenosine residue at the third position (2'-terminus) of the oligonucleotides increased the stability to snake venom phosphodiesterase digestion. Both binding and activation of mouse liver 2-5A dependent ribonuclease (RNase L) by the various 8-methyladenosine-substituted 2-5A analogues were examined. Among the 8-methyladenosine-substituted trimer analogues, the analogues with 8-methyladenosine residing in the 2'-terminal position showed the strongest binding affinity and were several times more effective than 2-5A itself as an inhibitor of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitade
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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37
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Salehzada T, Silhol M, Lebleu B, Bisbal C. Regeneration of enzyme activity after western blot: activation of RNase L by 2-5A on filter--importance for its detection. Anal Biochem 1991; 196:410-4. [PMID: 1776692 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90486-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and convenient new procedure for detecting RNase L activity following Western blot by renaturation of the enzyme on the nitrocellulose sheets is described. This method allows the simultaneous analysis of enzymatic activity (e.g., cleavage of poly(uridylic acid)-3'-[32P]pCp) and RNase L binding to radioactivE probes (e.g., 2-5A-3'-[32P]pCp) in the same sample. Unlike previously published methods, this procedure eliminates interference from proteases or other RNases during the analysis of RNase L activity. The detection of RNase(s) L is also affected by the presence of endogenous 2-5A, 2-5A derivatives, or other possible "inhibitors" in cell extracts; this Western blot assay allows of RNase(s) L to be detected independently of intracellular 2-5A or analogs. Differences between the procedures used so far and this Western blot technique can indeed be demonstrated. It is shown with this Western blot assay that although RNase L has been described as a protein of 185-200 kDa under nondenaturating conditions, its 80-kDa (and 40-kDa) component is able to bind 2-5A and to cleave poly(uridylic acid) in a 2-5A-dependent way, independently of other subunit(s) or cofactor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Salehzada
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Proteines, URA CNRS 1191, Université Montpellier II-Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, France
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38
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Chambala R, Sobol RW, Kon N, Suhadolnik RJ, Pfleiderer W. Nucleotides. Part XXXVI. Syntheses and biological characterization of phosphorothioate analogues of (3?-5?)adenylate trimer. Helv Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19910740420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Salehzada T, Silhol M, Lebleu B, Bisbal C. Polyclonal antibodies against RNase L. Subcellular localization of this enzyme in mouse cells. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Floyd-Smith G. Detection of (2'-5')oligoadenylate binding proteins by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and affinity blotting onto nitrocellulose. Anal Biochem 1991; 192:268-76. [PMID: 2035826 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A latent endoribonuclease, RNase L, binds to and is activated by (2'-5')oligoadenylates ((2'-5')(A)n, n = 2-15). Binding to a labeled derivative of (2'-5')(A)n, [32P](2'-5')(A)3pCp, is detected as a protein-ligand complex observed following nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One major binding complex and two minor binding complexes are readily seen in cytoplasmic extracts from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, murine tissue extracts and rabbit liver tissue extracts. At least one of the more rapidly migrating complexes appears to be a proteolytic degradation product of the larger [32P](2'-5')(A)3pCp binding protein. Cell and tissue extracts containing [32P](2'-5')(A)3pCp binding activity can be immobilized onto nitrocellulose filters and [32P](2'-5')(A)3pCp binding activity detected using a simple, rapid, economical affinity blot assay. Detection of [32P](2'-5')(A)3pCp binding proteins following electrophoresis on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels and the affinity blot assay significantly improve and simplify the analysis of (2'-5')(A)n binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Floyd-Smith
- Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287
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41
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SenGupta DN, Berkhout B, Gatignol A, Zhou AM, Silverman RH. Direct evidence for translational regulation by leader RNA and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:7492-6. [PMID: 2120701 PMCID: PMC54773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational effects of the RNA leader and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were investigated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Hybrid RNA species with natural or mutated HIV-1 leader fused to human interferon- gamma mRNA were produced in vitro from recombinant plasmids. HIV-1 leader RNA was found to inhibit translation through two mechanisms. A 3-fold trans-inhibition of translation was demonstrated by mixing hybrid HIV-1 leader RNA with indicator interferon mRNA. By comparison, HIV-1 leader caused a 50-fold cis-inhibition in lysate in which two trans-inhibitory factors, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase, were suppressed. In contrast, purified HIV-1 Tat protein produced in Escherichia coli enhanced by 4-fold translation from HIV-1 leader-interferon mRNA but not from interferon mRNA lacking HIV sequences or from total poly(A)+ RNA. Translation of mRNA containing either a single base substitution in the loop of the "trans-acting responsive" sequence (TAR) or an alternative stem-loop in TAR was nevertheless stimulated by Tat. The enhancement of translation by Tat was largely due to relief of cis-inhibition, since the effect was found even in lysate in which double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase was inhibited with 2-aminopurine. These results suggest that translation is an important level of control in the replication cycle of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N SenGupta
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
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42
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Nolan-Sorden NL, Lesiak K, Bayard B, Torrence PF, Silverman RH. Photochemical crosslinking in oligonucleotide-protein complexes between a bromine-substituted 2-5A analog and 2-5A-dependent RNase by ultraviolet lamp or laser. Anal Biochem 1990; 184:298-304. [PMID: 2327573 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2',5'-oligoadenylates known as 2-5A [px(A2'p)nA; chi = 2 or 3, n greater than or equal to 2] are produced in interferon-treated cells in response to double-stranded RNA. 2-5A binds with high affinity to a 2-5A-dependent RNase resulting in the cleavage of single-stranded RNA. An efficient, rapid, and extremely sensitive photoaffinity labeling method was developed to facilitate detection of 2-5A-dependent RNase. A bromine-substituted and radioactive derivative of 2-5A, the 5'-monophosphate, p(A2'p)2(br8A2'p)2A3'-[32P]Cp, was synthesized as probe for 2-5A-dependent RNase. Even though this bromine-substituted analog of 2-5A bore no 5'-terminal triphosphate or diphosphate, it bound to 2-5A-dependent RNase with the same high affinity as did 2-5A per se but it was a less effective activator of the RNase under the present assay conditions. The presence of bromine atoms in the 2-5A analog enhanced by more than 200-fold crosslinking to 2-5A-dependent RNase under a uv lamp; many additional polypeptides were also labeled but at much lower levels. Furthermore, using high-intensity uv laser irradiation (308 nm) covalent attachment of the bromine-substituted 2-5A analog to 2-5A-dependent RNase was readily achieved within 10(-6) s.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Nolan-Sorden
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799
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43
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Charubala R, Pfleiderer W, Sobol RW, Wu Li S, Suhadolnik RJ. Nucleotides part XXX Chemical synthesis of adenylyl-(2? ? 5?)-adenylyl-(2? ? 5?)-8-azidoadenosine, and activation and photoaffinity labelling of RNase L by [32P]p5?A2?p5?A2?p5?N38A. Helv Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19890720624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Cloning of Murine Gelsolin and Its Regulation during Differentiation of Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Bisbal C, Salehzada T, Lebleu B, Bayard B. Characterization of two murine (2'-5')(A)n-dependent endonucleases of different molecular mass. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 179:595-602. [PMID: 2920727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RNase L is considered as the major if not unique target of (2'-5')(A)n and therefore as an important intracellular mediator of interferon action. It behaves as an 185-kDa species in various cell extracts when analyzed by gel filtration. SDS/PAGE analysis of the polypeptides covalently labelled with a (2'-5')(A)4-3'-[32P]pCp probe reveals a single 80-kDa species, thus attesting a multimeric form of the 185-kDa protein. At variance with such data, mouse spleen extracts reveal an additional 40-kDa polypeptide with (2'-5')(A)n-dependent ribonucleolytic activity. This seemingly new form of RNase L migrates as a 40-kDa polypeptide when analyzed under native or denaturing conditions. It bears some structural similarity with the larger-molecular-mass RNase L as revealed by partial proteolysis. It is probably not generated through proteolytic degradation of the 185-kDa RNase L during extract preparation, although its physiological significance is unknown. Indeed various protease inhibitors do not significantly alter the ratio of 40-kDa and 185-kDa (2'-5')(A)n-dependent ribonucleases; moreover, the (2'-5')(A)n-binding capacity of the 40-kDa polypeptide is more stable than that of the 185-kDa one.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bisbal
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Proteines, URA CNRS 199, Université des Sciences et Techniques, Languedoc, Montpellier, France
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46
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Cohrs RJ, Condit RC, Pacha RF, Thompson CL, Sharma OK. Modulation of ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase by a temperature-sensitive mutant of vaccinia virus. J Virol 1989; 63:948-51. [PMID: 2911126 PMCID: PMC247771 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.2.948-951.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the ppp(A2'p)nA (2-5A)-dependent RNase was investigated during the abortive infection of BSC40 cells by a temperature-sensitive mutant of vaccinia virus, ts22. At the nonpermissive temperature, ts22 has an abortive late phenotype. At the onset of late-viral-gene expression, viral mRNA is degraded and rRNA is cleaved into discrete fragments in the absence of prior interferon treatment (R. F. Pacha and R. C. Condit, J. Virol. 56:395-403, 1985). Concomitant with rRNA cleavage, an increase in 2-5A occurred late during infection. Discrete 18S- and 28S-rRNA degradation products from BSC40 cells infected with ts22 at the nonpermissive temperature comigrated in denaturing agarose gels with rRNA cleaved fragments produced by the activation of 2-5A-dependent RNase in uninfected cells transfected with exogenous 2-5A. An increase in 2-5A levels and a similar discrete and characteristic degradation of rRNA were observed in BSC40 cells infected with wild-type vaccinia virus in the presence of isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone. The results show that the ts22 lesion and the action of isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone may affect the same pathway, leading to the activation of latent 2-5A-dependent RNase and resulting in indiscriminate RNA degradation and inhibition of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cohrs
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80214
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47
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Charubala R, Pfleiderer W, Alster D, Brozda D, Torrence PF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of a Bis-Substituted 3′-Deoxyadenosine Analog of 2–5A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318908054172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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49
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Torrence PF, Brozda D, Alster D, Charubala R, Pfleiderer W. Only one 3'-hydroxyl group of ppp5' A2'p5'A2'p5' A (2-5A) is required for activation of the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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50
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Karikó K, Li SW, Sobol RW, Suhadolnik L, Reichenbach NL, Suhadolnik RJ, Charubala R, Pfleiderer W. Phosphorothioate Analogs of 2–5A: Elucidation of the Stereochemical Course of the Enzymes of the 2–5A Synthetase/RNase L System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318708056190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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