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Valarmathi MT, Fuseler JW, Davis JM, Price RL. A Novel Human Tissue-Engineered 3-D Functional Vascularized Cardiac Muscle Construct. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:2. [PMID: 28194397 PMCID: PMC5276820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ tissue engineering, including cardiovascular tissues, has been an area of intense investigation. The major challenge to these approaches has been the inability to vascularize and perfuse the in vitro engineered tissue constructs. Attempts to provide oxygen and nutrients to the cells contained in the biomaterial constructs have had varying degrees of success. The aim of this current study is to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) model of vascularized cardiac tissue to examine the concurrent temporal and spatial regulation of cardiomyogenesis in the context of postnatal de novo vasculogenesis during stem cell cardiac regeneration. In order to achieve the above aim, we have developed an in vitro 3-D functional vascularized cardiac muscle construct using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived embryonic cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-ECMs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). First, to generate the prevascularized scaffold, human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs) and hMSCs were co-cultured onto a 3-D collagen cell carrier (CCC) for 7 days under vasculogenic culture conditions. In this milieu, hCMVECs/hMSCs underwent maturation, differentiation, and morphogenesis characteristic of microvessels, and formed extensive plexuses of vascular networks. Next, the hiPSC-ECMs and hMSCs were co-cultured onto this generated prevascularized CCCs for further 7 or 14 days in myogenic culture conditions. Finally, the vascular and cardiac phenotypic inductions were analyzed at the morphological, immunological, biochemical, molecular, and functional levels. Expression and functional analyses of the differentiated cells revealed neo-angiogenesis and neo-cardiomyogenesis. Thus, our unique 3-D co-culture system provided us the apt in vitro functional vascularized 3-D cardiac patch that can be utilized for cellular cardiomyoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani T Valarmathi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Fuseler
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert L Price
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
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2
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Kagawa Y, Miyahara H, Ota Y, Tsuneda S. System for measuring oxygen consumption rates of mammalian cells in static culture under hypoxic conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:189-97. [PMID: 26558344 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) of mammalian cells in hypoxic environments is essential for designing and developing a three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture system. However, OCR measurements under hypoxic conditions are infrequently reported in the literature. Here, we developed a system for measuring OCRs at low oxygen levels. The system injects nitrogen gas into the environment and measures the oxygen concentration by an optical oxygen microsensor that consumes no oxygen. The developed system was applied to HepG2 cells in static culture. Specifically, we measured the spatial profiles of the local dissolved oxygen concentration in the medium, then estimated the OCRs of the cells. The OCRs, and also the pericellular oxygen concentrations, decreased nonlinearly as the oxygen partial pressure in the environment decreased from 19% to 1%. The OCRs also depended on the culture period and the matrix used for coating the dish surface. Using this system, we can precisely estimate the OCRs of various cell types under environments that mimic 3-D culture conditions, contributing crucial data for an efficient 3-D culture system design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kagawa
- Inst. for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Miyahara
- Dept. of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yuri Ota
- Dept. of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuneda
- Inst. for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Dept. of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
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3
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Rai R, Tallawi M, Frati C, Falco A, Gervasi A, Quaini F, Roether JA, Hochburger T, Schubert DW, Seik L, Barbani N, Lazzeri L, Rosellini E, Boccaccini AR. Bioactive electrospun fibers of poly(glycerol sebacate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) for cardiac patch application. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2012-25. [PMID: 26270628 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds for cardiac patch application must meet stringent requirements such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and facilitate vascularization in the engineered tissue. Here, a bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable electrospun scaffold of poly(glycerol sebacate)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PGS-PCL) is proposed as a potential scaffold for cardiac patch application. The fibers are smooth bead free with average diameter = 0.8 ± 0.3 μm, mean pore size = 2.2 ± 1.2 μm, porosity = 62 ± 4%, and permeability higher than that of control biological tissue. For the first time, bioactive PGS-PCL fibers functionalized with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are developed, the approach used being chemical modification of the PGS-PCL fibers followed by subsequent binding of VEGF via amide bonding. The approach results in uniform immobilization of VEGF on the fibers; the concentrations are 1.0 μg cm(-2) for the PGS-PCL (H) and 0.60 μg cm(-2) for the PGS-PCL (L) samples. The bioactive scaffold supports the attachment and growth of seeded myogenic and vasculogenic cell lines. In fact, rat aortic endothelial cells also display angiogenic features indicating potential for the formation of vascular tree in the scaffold. These results therefore demonstrate the prospects of VEGF-functionalized PGS-PCL fibrous scaffold as promising matrix for cardiac patch application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Rai
- Institute of Biomaterials Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marwa Tallawi
- Institute of Biomaterials Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Caterina Frati
- Department of Medicine and Pathology; University of Parma; 12-I 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Angela Falco
- Department of Medicine and Pathology; University of Parma; 12-I 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Gervasi
- Department of Medicine and Pathology; University of Parma; 12-I 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Pathology; University of Parma; 12-I 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Judith A. Roether
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tobias Hochburger
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk W. Schubert
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lothar Seik
- Ibt - Immunological and Biochemical Testsystems GmbH Wiesenstr. 17; 88521 Binzwangen Germany
| | - Niccoletta Barbani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering; Largo Lucio Lazzarino; 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Luigi Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering; Largo Lucio Lazzarino; 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosellini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering; Largo Lucio Lazzarino; 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
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4
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Kagawa Y, Matsuura K, Shimizu T, Tsuneda S. Direct measurement of local dissolved oxygen concentration spatial profiles in a cell culture environment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1263-74. [PMID: 25565074 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Controlling local dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in media is critical for cell or tissue cultures. Various biomaterials and culture methods have been developed to modulate DO. Direct measurement of local DO in cultures has not been validated as a method to test DO modulation. In the present study we developed a DO measurement system equipped with a Clark-type oxygen microelectrode manipulated with 1 μm precision in three-dimensional space to explore potential applications for tissue engineering. By determining the microelectrode tip position precisely against the bottom plane of culture dishes with rat or human cardiac cells in static monolayer culture, we successfully obtained spatial distributions of DO in the medium. Theoretical quantitative predictions fit the obtained data well. Based on analyses of the variance between samples, we found the data reflected "local" oxygen consumption in the vicinity of the microelectrode and the detection of temporal changes in oxygen consumption rates of cultured cells was limited by the diffusion rate of oxygen in the medium. This oxygen measuring system monitors local oxygen consumption and production with high spatial resolution, and can potentially be used with recently developed oxygen modulating biomaterials to design microenvironments and non-invasively monitor local DO dynamics during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kagawa
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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5
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탈세포 장기 지지체의 제조 및 분석기법. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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6
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Sekine K, Kagawa Y, Maeyama E, Ota H, Haraguchi Y, Matsuura K, Shimizu T. Oxygen consumption of human heart cells in monolayer culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:834-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bruinsma BG, Yarmush ML, Uygun K. Organomatics and organometrics: Novel platforms for long-term whole-organ culture. TECHNOLOGY 2014; 2:13. [PMID: 25035864 PMCID: PMC4097862 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547814300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organ culture systems are instrumental as experimental whole-organ models of physiology and disease, as well as preservation modalities facilitating organ replacement therapies such as transplantation. Nevertheless, a coordinated system of machine perfusion components and integrated regulatory control has yet to be fully developed to achieve long-term maintenance of organ function ex vivo. Here we outline current strategies for organ culture, or organomatics, and how these systems can be regulated by means of computational algorithms, or organometrics, to achieve the organ culture platforms anticipated in modern-day biomedicine.
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8
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Analysis of beat fluctuations and oxygen consumption in cardiomyocytes by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Biochem 2014; 447:39-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Seppi T, Stubauer G, Obendorf D, Lukas P. Direct determination of oxygen by HPLC. 2. Chamber and sample application system for determination of o(2) at trace levels. Anal Chem 2012; 69:4476-81. [PMID: 21639180 DOI: 10.1021/ac970364i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All oxygen measurement systems so far available are characterized by a lack of suitable precision and/or required limit of detection, which would be essential for a great variety of applications. In this paper, a novel oxygen chamber together with a completely new concept of sample application ("two-chamber-siphon technique") is presented which can be used in combination with the previously reported chromatographic oxygen sensor (part 1). This new oxygen-sensing assay exhibits several advantages in comparison to conventional oxygen measurement systems: e.g., the uncontrollable influence of the surrounding atmosphere as well as oxygen consumption and storage processes are excluded. For the first time, measurements of molecular oxygen below 1 × 10(-)(7) mol L(-)(1) can be performed. Reliable quantification of oxygen in liquids and also in gaseous and solid samples can be achieved with utmost sensitivity (LOD 4.9 × 10(-)(9) mol L(-)(1) O(2) = 98 fmol of oxygen on column) and precision (RSD = 0.7%, n = 8).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Seppi
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Radiochemie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Universitätsklinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Universität Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Vunjak-Novakovic G, Lui KO, Tandon N, Chien KR. Bioengineering heart muscle: a paradigm for regenerative medicine. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 13:245-67. [PMID: 21568715 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The idea of extending the lifetime of our organs is as old as humankind, fueled by major advances in organ transplantation, novel drugs, and medical devices. However, true regeneration of human tissue has become increasingly plausible only in recent years. The human heart has always been a focus of such efforts, given its notorious inability to repair itself following injury or disease. We discuss here the emerging bioengineering approaches to regeneration of heart muscle as a paradigm for regenerative medicine. Our focus is on biologically inspired strategies for heart regeneration, knowledge gained thus far about how to make a "perfect" heart graft, and the challenges that remain to be addressed for tissue-engineered heart regeneration to become a clinical reality. We emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research and training, as recent progress in the field is largely being made at the interfaces between cardiology, stem cell science, and bioengineering.
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11
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Badylak SF, Taylor D, Uygun K. Whole-organ tissue engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix scaffolds. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2011; 13:27-53. [PMID: 21417722 PMCID: PMC10887492 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The definitive treatment for end-stage organ failure is orthotopic transplantation. However, the demand for transplantation far exceeds the number of available donor organs. A promising tissue-engineering/regenerative-medicine approach for functional organ replacement has emerged in recent years. Decellularization of donor organs such as heart, liver, and lung can provide an acellular, naturally occurring three-dimensional biologic scaffold material that can then be seeded with selected cell populations. Preliminary studies in animal models have provided encouraging results for the proof of concept. However, significant challenges for three-dimensional organ engineering approach remain. This manuscript describes the fundamental concepts of whole-organ engineering, including characterization of the extracellular matrix as a scaffold, methods for decellularization of vascular organs, potential cells to reseed such a scaffold, techniques for the recellularization process and important aspects regarding bioreactor design to support this approach. Critical challenges and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Badylak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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12
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Wagner BA, Venkataraman S, Buettner GR. The rate of oxygen utilization by cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:700-12. [PMID: 21664270 PMCID: PMC3147247 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of oxygen is considered by some to be the most important scientific discovery of all time--from both physical-chemical/astrophysics and biology/evolution viewpoints. One of the major developments during evolution is the ability to capture dioxygen in the environment and deliver it to each cell in the multicellular, complex mammalian body-on demand, i.e., just in time. Humans use oxygen to extract approximately 2550 calories (10.4 MJ) from food to meet daily energy requirements. This combustion requires about 22 mol of dioxygen per day, or 2.5×10(-4) mol s(-1). This is an average rate of oxygen utilization of 2.5×10(-18) mol cell(-1) s(-1), i.e., 2.5 amol cell(-1) s(-1). Cells have a wide range of oxygen utilization, depending on cell type, function, and biological status. Measured rates of oxygen utilization by mammalian cells in culture range from <1 to >350 amol cell(-1) s(-1). There is a loose positive linear correlation of the rate of oxygen consumption by mammalian cells in culture with cell volume and cell protein. The use of oxygen by cells and tissues is an essential aspect of the basic redox biology of cells and tissues. This type of quantitative information is fundamental to investigations in quantitative redox biology, especially redox systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Wagner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program and ESR Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242–1181, USA
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13
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Chin MP, Schauer DB, Deen WM. Nitric oxide, oxygen, and superoxide formation and consumption in macrophages and colonic epithelial cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:778-87. [PMID: 20201482 DOI: 10.1021/tx900415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the rates at which macrophages and epithelial cells synthesize NO is critical for predicting the concentrations of NO and other reactive nitrogen species in colonic crypts during inflammation, and elucidating the linkage between inflammatory bowel disease, NO, and cancer. Macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and HCT116 colonic epithelial cells were subjected to simulated inflammatory conditions, and rates of formation and consumption were determined for NO, O(2), and O(2)(-). Production rates of NO were determined in either of two ways: continuous monitoring of NO concentrations in a closed chamber with corrections for autoxidation, or NO(2)(-) accumulation measurements in an open system with corrections for diffusional losses of NO. The results obtained using the two methods were in excellent agreement. Rates of NO synthesis (2.3 +/- 0.6 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1)), NO consumption (1.3 +/- 0.3 s(-1)), and O(2) consumption (59 +/- 17 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1) when NO is negligible) for activated BMDM were indistinguishable from those of activated RAW264.7 cells. NO production rates calculated from NO(2)(-) accumulation data for HCT116 cells infected with Helicobacter cinaedi (3.9 +/- 0.1 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1)) were somewhat greater than those of RAW264.7 macrophages infected under similar conditions (2.6 +/- 0.1 pmol s(-1) 10(6) cells(-1)). Thus, RAW264.7 cells have NO kinetics nearly identical to those of primary macrophages, and stimulated epithelial cells are capable of synthesizing NO at rates comparable to those of macrophages. Using these cellular kinetic parameters, simulations of NO diffusion and reaction in a colonic crypt during inflammation predict maximum NO concentrations of about 0.2 microM at the base of a crypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Vunjak-Novakovic G, Tandon N, Godier A, Maidhof R, Marsano A, Martens TP, Radisic M. Challenges in cardiac tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2010; 16:169-87. [PMID: 19698068 PMCID: PMC2946883 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering aims to create functional tissue constructs that can reestablish the structure and function of injured myocardium. Engineered constructs can also serve as high-fidelity models for studies of cardiac development and disease. In a general case, the biological potential of the cell-the actual "tissue engineer"-is mobilized by providing highly controllable three-dimensional environments that can mediate cell differentiation and functional assembly. For cardiac regeneration, some of the key requirements that need to be met are the selection of a human cell source, establishment of cardiac tissue matrix, electromechanical cell coupling, robust and stable contractile function, and functional vascularization. We review here the potential and challenges of cardiac tissue engineering for developing therapies that could prevent or reverse heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Tandon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, New York
| | - Amandine Godier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Robert Maidhof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Anna Marsano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Timothy P. Martens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Iyer RK, Radisic M, Cannizzaro C, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Synthetic oxygen carriers in cardiac tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 35:135-48. [PMID: 17364478 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600974988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The prominence of cardiovascular diseases has prompted investigations into alternative treatment options, including tissue engineering. Currently, the biggest limitation in cardiac tissue engineering lies in delivering oxygen to all cells within the construct. Synthetic oxygen carriers hold much promise in that they have high affinity for oxygen and can be supplemented to culture medium without adverse effect on the cells. This review highlights two complementary studies by our group that utilized oxygen carriers in cardiac tissue engineering. Experimental and modeling studies were performed to evaluate the effect of a perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based synthetic oxygen carrier, Oxygent, on oxygen supply within tissue engineered cardiac constructs. Porous biorubber scaffolds with an array of parallel channels mimicking the capillary network were seeded with cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts, and cultivated in medium supplemented with PFC. The presence of PFC enhanced the transport of oxygen, increased oxygen concentrations, and yielded constructs that displayed stronger cardiac-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohin K Iyer
- University of Toronto, IBBME, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Radisic M, Park H, Chen F, Salazar-Lazzaro JE, Wang Y, Dennis R, Langer R, Freed LE, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Biomimetic approach to cardiac tissue engineering: oxygen carriers and channeled scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2077-91. [PMID: 16968150 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report that the functional assembly of engineered cardiac muscle can be enhanced by oxygen supply provided by mechanisms resembling those in normal vascularized tissues. To mimic the capillary network, cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts isolated from the neonatal rat hearts were cultured on a highly porous elastomer with a parallel array of channels that were perfused with culture medium. To mimic oxygen supply by hemoglobin, culture medium was supplemented with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion; constructs perfused with unsupplemented culture medium served as controls. In PFC-supplemented medium, the decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the aqueous phase was only 50% of that in control medium (28 mmHg vs. 45 mmHg between the construct inlet and outlet at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min). Consistently, constructs cultivated in the presence of PFC contained higher amounts of DNA and cardiac markers (troponin I, connexin-43) and had significantly better contractile properties as compared to control constructs. In both groups, electron microscopy revealed open channels and the presence of cells at the channel surfaces as well as within constructs. Improved properties of cardiac constructs could be correlated with the enhanced supply of oxygen to the cells, by a combined use of channeled scaffolds and PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Kuang Y, Walt DR. Detecting oxygen consumption in the proximity ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells using self-assembled fluorescent nanosensors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 96:318-25. [PMID: 16878334 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for the preparation and self-assembly of fluorescent nanosensors onto Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surfaces for dynamically measuring oxygen concentration in the proximity of living cells. Amine functionalized polystyrene nanobeads were impregnated with an oxygen-sensitive ruthenium(II) complex and the beads' surface was coated with polyethylenimine. The resulting nanosensors were assembled on individual S. cerevisiae cells in a controlled manner at physiological pH for continuously monitoring oxygen consumption. This approach exemplifies a general scheme for assembling fluorescent nanosensors on cells for the non-invasive, reversible, and real-time measurement of other physiologically relevant processes, such as the efflux of protons and carbon dioxide, or the influx of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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18
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Radisic M, Deen W, Langer R, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Mathematical model of oxygen distribution in engineered cardiac tissue with parallel channel array perfused with culture medium containing oxygen carriers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H1278-89. [PMID: 15539422 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00787.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A steady-state model of oxygen distribution in a cardiac tissue construct with a parallel channel array was developed and solved for a set of parameters using the finite element method and commercial software (FEMLAB). The effects of an oxygen carrier [Oxygent; 32% volume perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion] were evaluated. The parallel channel array mimics the in vivo capillary tissue bed, and the PFC emulsion has a similar role as the natural oxygen carrier hemoglobin in increasing total oxygen content. The construct was divided into an array of cylindrical domains with a channel in the center and tissue space surrounding the channel. In the channel, the main modes of mass transfer were axial convection and radial diffusion. In the tissue region, mass transfer was by axial and radial diffusion, and the consumption of oxygen was by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Neumann boundary conditions were imposed at the channel centerline and the half distance between the domains. Supplementation of culture medium by PFC emulsion improved mass transport by increasing convective term and effective diffusivity of culture medium. The model was first implemented for the following set of experimentally obtained parameters: construct thickness of 0.2 cm, channel diameter of 330 μm, channel center-to-center spacingof 700 μm, and average linear velocity per channel of 0.049 cm/s, in conjunction with PFC supplemented and unsupplemented culture medium. Subsequently, the model was used to define favorable scaffold geometry and flow conditions necessary to cultivate cardiac constructs of high cell density (108 cells/ml) and clinically relevant thickness (0.5 cm). In future work, the model can be utilized as a tool for optimization of scaffold geometry and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Guarino RD, Dike LE, Haq TA, Rowley JA, Pitner JB, Timmins MR. Method for determining oxygen consumption rates of static cultures from microplate measurements of pericellular dissolved oxygen concentration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 86:775-87. [PMID: 15162453 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple protocol for determining the oxygen consumption of cells in static culture. The protocol is based on a noninvasive oxygen-sensing microplate and a simple mathematical model derived from Fick's Law. The applicability of the model is confirmed by showing the correlation of computed oxygen consumption rate (OCR) values to actual cell densities ascertained by direct cell counting and/or MTT for HL60 and U937 cells cultured in suspension. Correlation between computed OCR and these other indications of cell number was quite good, as long as the cultures were not diffusion-limited for oxygen. The impact of the geometric factors of media depth and well size were confirmed to be consistent with the model. Based on this demonstrated correlation, we also developed a simple, completely noninvasive algorithm for ascertaining the per-cell oxygen utilization rate (OUR), which is the ratio of OCR to cell number, and a fundamental cell characteristic. This is accomplished by correlating the known seed densities to extrapolated determinations of OCR at time zero. Such determinations were performed for numerous cell types, in varying well sizes. Resulting OUR values are consistent with literature values acquired by far more painstaking methods, and ranged from <0.01 fmol.min(-1).cell(-1) for bacteria to 0.1-10 fmol.min(-1).cell(-1) for immortalized mammalian and insect cell lines to >10 fmol.min(-1).cell(-1) for primary hepatocytes. This protocol for determining OCR and OUR is extremely simple and broadly applicable and can afford rapid, informative, and noninvasive insight into the state of the culture.
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Zacharzowsky UB, Wolff G, Kott M, Haase H, Bartsch H, Nuessler AK, Baltas LG, Karawajew L, Morano I. Analysis of the energetic state of heart cells after adenovirus-mediated expression of hALC-1. J Cell Biochem 2003; 86:422-31. [PMID: 12210749 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the human atrial myosin light chain 1 (hALC-1) in the cardiac ventricle in vivo as well as in primary cultivated adult cardiomyocytes caused a pronounced positive inotropic effect. Therefore, it is one of the most promising candidate gene to treat congestive heart failure (CHF). In this work, we investigated, whether hALC-1 expression also modifies the energetic state of cardiomyocytes. Primary cultivated neonatal rat hearts cells (NRHC) were infected with adenoviral vectors (Ad vectors) containing a hALC-1 cDNA (AdCMV.hALC-1) or a control Ad vector. Infection efficiency of NRHC reached 100% at 50 multiplicity of infection (MOI). Interestingly and in contrast to primary cultures of liver cells, there were no cytotoxic side effects or induction of apoptosis up to MOI 50 in Ad vector infected NRHC. NRHC expressed large amounts of hALC-1 upon infection with AdCMV.hALC-1 which could easily been detected by protein staining and Western blot analysis. Analysis of intracellular hALC-1 localization by double-labeling immunofluorescence of AdCMV.hALC-1 infected cardiomyocytes revealed the typical myofibrillar striation pattern, as well as co-localization of hALC-1 with myosin heavy chains. There was no difference in the oxygen consumption between controls and AdCMV.hALC-1 infected NRHC. These data suggest that first: adenoviral vectors could be used as a safe and effective tool for gene transfer to cardiomyocytes, and second: that a positive inotropic effect of hALC-1 is not associated with enhanced oxygen consumption.
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Carrier RL, Rupnick M, Langer R, Schoen FJ, Freed LE, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Effects of oxygen on engineered cardiac muscle. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:617-25. [PMID: 11992527 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Concentration gradients associated with the in vitro cultivation of engineered tissues that are vascularized in vivo result in the formation of only a thin peripheral tissue-like region (e.g., approximately 100 microm for engineered cardiac muscle) around a relatively cell-free interior. We previously demonstrated that diffusional gradients within engineered cardiac constructs can be minimized by direct perfusion of culture medium through the construct. In the present study, we measured the effects of medium perfusion rate and local oxygen concentration (p(O2)) on the in vitro reconstruction of engineered cardiac muscle. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were seeded onto biodegradable polymer scaffolds (fibrous discs, 1.1 cm diameter x 2 mm thick, made of polyglycolic acid, 24 x 10(6) cells per scaffold). The resulting cell-polymer constructs were cultured for a total of 12 days in serially connected cartridges (n = 1-8), each containing one construct directly perfused with culture medium at a flow rate of 0.2-3.0 mL/min. In all groups, oxygen concentration decreased due to cell respiration, and depended on construct position in the series and medium flow rate. Higher perfusion rates and higher p(O2) correlated with more aerobic cell metabolism, and higher DNA and protein contents. Constructs cultured at p(O2) of 160 mm Hg had 50% higher DNA and protein contents, markedly higher expression of sarcomeric alpha-actin, better organized sarcomeres and cell junctions, and 4.5-fold higher rate of cell respiration as compared to constructs cultured at p(O2) of 60 mm Hg. Contraction rates of the corresponding cardiac cell monolayers were 40% higher at p(O2) of 160 than 60 mm Hg. The control of oxygen concentration in cell microenvironment can thus improve the structure and function of engineered cardiac muscle. Experiments of this kind can form a basis for controlled studies of the effects of oxygen on the in vitro development of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Carrier RL, Rupnick M, Langer R, Schoen FJ, Freed LE, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Perfusion improves tissue architecture of engineered cardiac muscle. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2002; 8:175-88. [PMID: 12031108 DOI: 10.1089/107632702753724950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle with a certain threshold thickness, uniformity of tissue architecture, and functionality would expand the therapeutic options currently available to patients with congenital or acquired cardiac defects. Cardiac constructs cultured in well-mixed medium had an approximately 100-microm-thick peripheral tissue-like region around a relatively cell-free interior, a structure consistent with the presence of concentration gradients within the tissue. We hypothesized that direct perfusion of cultured constructs can reduce diffusional distances for mass transport, improve control of oxygen, pH, nutrients and metabolites in the cell microenvironment, and thereby increase the thickness and spatial uniformity of engineered cardiac muscle. To test this hypothesis, constructs (9.5-mm-diameter, 2-mm-thick discs) based on neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and fibrous polyglycolic acid scaffolds were cultured either directly perfused with medium or in control spinner flasks. Perfusion improved the spatial uniformity of cell distribution and enhanced the expression of cardiac-specific markers, presumably due to the improved control of local microenvironmental conditions within the forming tissue. Medium perfusion could thus be utilized to better mimic the transport conditions within native cardiac muscle and enable in vitro engineering of cardiac constructs with clinically useful thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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West GB, Woodruff WH, Brown JH. Allometric scaling of metabolic rate from molecules and mitochondria to cells and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99 Suppl 1:2473-8. [PMID: 11875197 PMCID: PMC128563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.012579799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that metabolic rate scales as the three-quarter power of body mass (M) in unicellular, as well as multicellular, organisms suggests that the same principles of biological design operate at multiple levels of organization. We use the framework of a general model of fractal-like distribution networks together with data on energy transformation in mammals to analyze and predict allometric scaling of aerobic metabolism over a remarkable 27 orders of magnitude in mass encompassing four levels of organization: individual organisms, single cells, intact mitochondria, and enzyme molecules. We show that, whereas rates of cellular metabolism in vivo scale as M(-1/4), rates for cells in culture converge to a single predicted value for all mammals regardless of size. Furthermore, a single three-quarter power allometric scaling law characterizes the basal metabolic rates of isolated mammalian cells, mitochondria, and molecules of the respiratory complex; this overlaps with and is indistinguishable from the scaling relationship for unicellular organisms. This observation suggests that aerobic energy transformation at all levels of biological organization is limited by the transport of materials through hierarchical fractal-like networks with the properties specified by the model. We show how the mass of the smallest mammal can be calculated (approximately 1 g), and the observed numbers and densities of mitochondria and respiratory complexes in mammalian cells can be understood. Extending theoretical and empirical analyses of scaling to suborganismal levels potentially has important implications for cellular structure and function as well as for the metabolic basis of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey B West
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
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Mamchaoui K, Saumon G. A method for measuring the oxygen consumption of intact cell monolayers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L858-63. [PMID: 10749764 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.4.l858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes an open-air method for measuring the O(2) consumption (QO(2)) of intact monolayers of cultured cells. This method is based on Fick's second law of diffusion. It requires only a micromanipulator and a miniature O(2) electrode to measure the PO(2) gradient in the culture medium in the well. It was compared with the conventional oxygraph chamber method. Both methods gave the same value for QO(2) in freshly isolated rat type II cells: 166 +/- 15.3 nmol. h(-1). 10(6) cells(-1) for the open-air method and 151 +/- 11.6 nmol. h(-1). 10(6) cells(-1) for the oxygraph chamber method (n = 11 experiments). But the open-air method gave significantly larger values for QO(2) in cells cultured for 2 days (236 +/- 8.8 nmol. h(-1). 10(6) cells(-1)) than the oxygraph method (71 +/- 15.2 nmol. h(-1). 10(6) cells(-1); P < 0.001; n = 12 experiments). This suggests that the way cells are detached from their substratum to be placed in the oxygraph chamber affects their QO(2). The open-air method may be useful for studies on the metabolic properties of monolayers because the cells do not risk being damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mamchaoui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 82, Faculté Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
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Brischwein M, Baumann W, Ehret R, Schwinde A, Kraus M, Wolf B. Mikrosensorische Systeme in der zellbiologischen Grundlagenforschung und der medizinischen Diagnostik. Naturwissenschaften 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01143324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Metzen E, Wolff M, Fandrey J, Jelkmann W. Pericellular PO2 and O2 consumption in monolayer cell cultures. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 100:101-6. [PMID: 7624611 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(94)00125-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study was based on the uncertainty as to how well monolayer cell cultures growing in customary polystyrene dishes are supplied with O2. For dishes maintained in an air-5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 degrees C, microelectrode measurements revealed that the pericellular steady-state PO2 was 78 mm Hg in confluent bovine endothelial, 110 mm Hg in rat renal mesangial, and 0 (< 0.2) mm Hg in renal (LLC-PK1 and LLC-MK2) or hepatic (HepG2, Hep3B) epithelial cell cultures. These measured PO2 values were in good agreement with those calculated from Fick's law of gas diffusion, applied for the present culture conditions (one-dimensional O2 diffusion, 0.52 cm medium height), the individual cell layer density and the tissue-specific rate of O2 utilization. Our results provide reasons to speculate that conventional monolayer cultures are often hypoxic when incubated in an air-5% CO2 atmosphere. Diffusion-limitations of cellular O2 availability are to be taken into consideration when tissue cultures are used to study PO2-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Metzen
- Physiologisches Institut I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
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Wolff M, Fandrey J, Jelkmann W. Microelectrode measurements of pericellular PO2 in erythropoietin-producing human hepatoma cell cultures. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:C1266-70. [PMID: 8238479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.5.c1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of Fick's law of gas diffusion, it has been proposed that cells in conventional monolayer cultures may be severely hypoxic. Because knowledge of the cellular O2 availability is important for the interpretation of biochemical and toxicological cell culture work, microelectrode measurements of the pericellular PO2 were carried out using the erythropoietin (Epo)-producing human hepatoma cell lines Hep G2 and Hep 3B as an in vitro model. In confluent hepatoma cultures grown in polystyrene dishes and incubated in air with 5% CO2, the pericellular steady-state PO2 was < 1 mmHg. The rates of the production of immunoreactive Epo and lactate were high due to a misproportion between O2 supply and O2 requirements. Epo production decreased when shaken instead of static cultures were studied, or when the O2 concentration in the gas atmosphere was increased gradually up to 95%. In cultures grown on gas-permeable supports, pericellular and gas PO2 values were very similar, with increased Epo production at lowered PO2. In agreement with mathematical models, our experimental data make PO2 measurements desirable for studies of O2-dependent biological functions in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolff
- Department of Surgery, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
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