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Potočnik T, Maček Lebar A, Kos Š, Reberšek M, Pirc E, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Effect of Experimental Electrical and Biological Parameters on Gene Transfer by Electroporation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122700. [PMID: 36559197 PMCID: PMC9786189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that different experimental electrical and biological parameters have on GET additionally hinders GET optimization, resulting in the majority of research being performed using a trial-and-error approach. To explore the current state of knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review of GET papers in in vitro conditions and performed meta-analyses of the reported GET efficiency. For now, there is no universal GET strategy that would be appropriate for all experimental aims. Apart from the availability of the required electroporation device and electrodes, the choice of an optimal GET approach depends on parameters such as the electroporation medium; type and origin of cells; and the size, concentration, promoter, and type of the NA to be transfected. Equally important are appropriate controls and the measurement or evaluation of the output pulses to allow a fair and unbiased evaluation of the experimental results. Since many experimental electrical and biological parameters can affect GET, it is important that all used parameters are adequately reported to enable the comparison of results, as well as potentially faster and more efficient experiment planning and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Potočnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Maček Lebar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Pirc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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2
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Sachdev S, Potočnik T, Rems L, Miklavčič D. Revisiting the role of pulsed electric fields in overcoming the barriers to in vivo gene electrotransfer. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:107994. [PMID: 34930678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies are revolutionizing medicine by providing a way to cure hitherto incurable diseases. The scientific and technological advances have enabled the first gene therapies to become clinically approved. In addition, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing record speeds in the development and distribution of gene-based vaccines. For gene therapy to take effect, the therapeutic nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) need to overcome several barriers before they can execute their function of producing a protein or silencing a defective or overexpressing gene. This includes the barriers of the interstitium, the cell membrane, the cytoplasmic barriers and (in case of DNA) the nuclear envelope. Gene electrotransfer (GET), i.e., transfection by means of pulsed electric fields, is a non-viral technique that can overcome these barriers in a safe and effective manner. GET has reached the clinical stage of investigations where it is currently being evaluated for its therapeutic benefits across a wide variety of indications. In this review, we formalize our current understanding of GET from a biophysical perspective and critically discuss the mechanisms by which electric field can aid in overcoming the barriers. We also identify the gaps in knowledge that are hindering optimization of GET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Rems
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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Syed AJ, Anderson JC. Applications of bioluminescence in biotechnology and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5668-5705. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescent probes have hugely benefited from the input of synthetic chemistry and protein engineering. Here we review the latest applications of these probes in biotechnology and beyond, with an eye on current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha J. Syed
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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4
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Abstract
Electrotransfection (ET) is a nonviral method for delivery of various types of molecules into cells both in vitro and in vivo. Close to 90 clinical trials that involve the use of ET have been performed, and approximately half of them are related to cancer treatment. Particularly, ET is an attractive technique for cancer immunogene therapy because treatment of cells with electric pulses alone can induce immune responses to solid tumors, and the responses can be further enhanced by ET of plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding therapeutic genes. Compared to other gene delivery methods, ET has several unique advantages. It is relatively inexpensive, flexible, and safe in clinical applications, and introduces only naked pDNA into cells without the use of additional chemicals or viruses. However, the efficiency of ET is still low, partly because biological mechanisms of ET in cells remain elusive. In previous studies, it was believed that pDNA entered the cells through transient pores created by electric pulses. As a result, the technique is commonly referred to as electroporation. However, recent discoveries have suggested that endocytosis plays an important role in cellular uptake and intracellular transport of electrotransfected pDNA. This review will discuss current progresses in the study of biological mechanisms underlying ET and future directions of research in this area. Understanding the mechanisms of pDNA transport in cells is critical for the development of new strategies for improving the efficiency of gene delivery in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Cervia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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5
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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6
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Muratori C, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. Effect of Cooling On Cell Volume and Viability After Nanoelectroporation. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:217-224. [PMID: 28243693 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electric pulses of nanosecond duration (nsEP) are emerging as a new modality for tissue ablation. Plasma membrane permeabilization by nsEP may cause osmotic imbalance, water uptake, cell swelling, and eventual membrane rupture. The present study was aimed to increase the cytotoxicity of nsEP by fostering water uptake and cell swelling. This aim was accomplished by lowering temperature after nsEP application, which delayed the membrane resealing and/or suppressed the cell volume mechanisms. The cell diameter in U-937 monocytes exposed to a train of 50, 300-ns pulses (100 Hz, 7 kV/cm) at room temperature and then incubated on ice for 30 min increased by 5.6 +/- 0.7 μm (40-50%), which contrasted little or no changes (1 +/- 0.3 μm, <10%) if the incubation was at 37 °C. Neither this nsEP dose nor the 30-min cooling caused cell death when applied separately; however, their combination reduced cell survival to about 60% in 1.5-3 h. Isosmotic addition of a pore-impermeable solute (sucrose) to the extracellular medium blocked cell swelling and rescued the cells, thereby pointing to swelling as a primary cause of membrane rupture and cell death. Cooling after nsEP exposure can potentially be employed in medical practice to assist tissue and tumor ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA.
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
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7
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Betal S, Shrestha B, Dutta M, Cotica LF, Khachatryan E, Nash K, Tang L, Bhalla AS, Guo R. Magneto-elasto-electroporation (MEEP): In-vitro visualization and numerical characteristics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32019. [PMID: 27562291 PMCID: PMC4999954 DOI: 10.1038/srep32019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A magnetically controlled elastically driven electroporation phenomenon, or magneto-elasto-electroporation (MEEP), is discovered while studying the interactions between core-shell magnetoelectric nanoparticles (CSMEN) and biological cells in the presence of an a.c. magnetic field. In this paper we report the effect of MEEP observed via a series of in-vitro experiments using core (CoFe2O4)-shell (BaTiO3) structured magnetoelectric nanoparticles and human epithelial cells (HEP2). The cell electroporation phenomenon and its correlation with the magnetic field modulated CSMEN are described in detail. The potential application of CSMEN in electroporation is confirmed by analyzing crystallographic phases, multiferroic properties of the fabricated CSMEN, influences of d.c. and a.c. magnetic fields on the CSMEN and cytotoxicity tests. The mathematical formalism to quantitatively describe the phenomena is also reported. The reported findings provide insights into the underlying MEEP mechanism and demonstrate the utility of CSMEN as an electric pulse-generating nano-probe in electroporation experiments with a potential application toward accurate and efficient targeted cell permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soutik Betal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Binita Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Luiz F Cotica
- Department of Physics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR - 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Edward Khachatryan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Kelly Nash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Amar S Bhalla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ruyan Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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8
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Jiang C, Davalos RV, Bischof JC. A review of basic to clinical studies of irreversible electroporation therapy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:4-20. [PMID: 25389236 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2367543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for cancer treatment has increased sharply over the past decade. As a nonthermal therapy, IRE offers several potential benefits over other focal therapies, which include 1) short treatment delivery time, 2) reduced collateral thermal injury, and 3) the ability to treat tumors adjacent to major blood vessels. These advantages have stimulated widespread interest in basic through clinical studies of IRE. For instance, many in vitro and in vivo studies now identify treatment planning protocols (IRE threshold, pulse parameters, etc.), electrode delivery (electrode design, placement, intraoperative imaging methods, etc.), injury evaluation (methods and timing), and treatment efficacy in different cancer models. Therefore, this study reviews the in vitro, translational, and clinical studies of IRE cancer therapy based on major experimental studies particularly within the past decade. Further, this study provides organized data and facts to assist further research, optimization, and clinical applications of IRE.
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9
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Sarbazvatan S, Sardari D, Taheri N, Sepanloo K. Response of single cell with acute angle exposed to an external electric field. Med Eng Phys 2015; 37:1015-9. [PMID: 26307458 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the electric field incurs effects on the living cells. Predicting the response of single cell or multilayer cells to induced alternative or static eclectic field has permanently been a challenge. In the present study a first order single cell with acute angle under the influence of external electric field is considered. The cell division stage or the special condition of reshaping is modelled with a cone being connected. In the case of cell divisions, anaphase, it can be considered with two cones that connected nose-to-nose. Each cone consists of two regions. The first is the membrane modelled with a superficial layer, and the second is cytoplasm at the core. A Laplace equation is written for this model and the distribution of its electric field is a sharp point in the single cell for which an acute angle model is calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Sarbazvatan
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto- Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal .
| | - Dariush Sardari
- Plasma Physics Building, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Branch, Tehran, P.O. Box 14515-775, Iran
| | - Nahid Taheri
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto- Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kamran Sepanloo
- Reactor & Accelerators Research and Development School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), End of North Karegar Street, P.O. Box 14395-836, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Shen J, Fu J, Ma J, Wang X, Gao C, Zhuang C, Wan J, Jiang L. Isolation, culture, and transient transformation of plant protoplasts. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2014; 63:2.8.1-17. [PMID: 24894837 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0208s63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression in protoplasts, which has been used in several plant species, is an important and versatile tool for rapid functional gene analysis, protein subcellular localization, and biochemical manipulations. This unit describes transient gene expression by electroporation of DNA into protoplasts of Arabidopsis or tobacco suspension-cultured cells and by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated DNA transformation into protoplasts derived from rice leaf sheaths. PEG-mediated DNA transformation for transient gene expression in rice protoplasts in suspension culture is also described as an alternative technique. Methods for collecting intracellular and secreted proteins are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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11
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Hannaman D. Electroporation for DNA immunization: clinical application. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:503-17. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Clay N, Baek K, Shkumatov A, Lai MH, Smith CE, Rich M, Kong H. Flow-mediated stem cell labeling with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle clusters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10266-73. [PMID: 24033276 PMCID: PMC3872536 DOI: 10.1021/am4030998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a strategy to enhance the uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO) clusters by manipulating the cellular mechanical environment. Specifically, stem cells exposed to an orbital flow ingested almost a 2-fold greater amount of SPIO clusters than those cultured statically. Improvements in magnetic resonance (MR) contrast were subsequently achieved for labeled cells in collagen gels and a mouse model. Overall, this strategy will serve to improve the efficiency of cell tracking and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Clay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Kwanghyun Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Artem Shkumatov
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Mei-Hsiu Lai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Cartney E. Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Max Rich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
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13
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Vargas AE, Markoski MM, Cañedo AD, da Silva FH, Nardi NB. Genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 879:479-90. [PMID: 22610578 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-815-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are currently considered the most promising type of adult stem cells for therapeutic applications, because they can be easily isolated from the bone marrow and other tissues, and manipulated for different applications. The genetic transformation of MSC using genes that enhance their homing ability, as well as their proliferation and survival capacities when transplanted to sites of injury, is an important alternative to improve MSC function, especially for tissue regeneration. This chapter describes protocols for the transformation of MSC using plasmid vectors by lipofection and electroporation, as well as retroviral vectors representing viral transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Escosteguy Vargas
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Liu L, Johnson C, Fujimura S, Teque F, Levy JA. Transfection optimization for primary human CD8+ cells. J Immunol Methods 2011; 372:22-9. [PMID: 21777592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation, a non-virus-mediated gene transfection method, has traditionally had poor outcomes with low gene transfection efficiency and poor cellular viability, particularly in primary human lymphocytes. Herein we have optimized the electroporation conditions for primary CD8+ cells resulting in a maximum rate of 81.3%, and a mean transfection efficiency of 59.6%. After removal of dead cells, the viability of transfected primary CD8+ cells was greater than 90%, similar to untransfected controls. Using this procedure, primary human CD8+ cells transfected with an interferon α8 plasmid produced fluids that inhibited HIV-1 replication by > 95%. This transfection protocol is useful for transfection of other primary blood cells, such as CD4+ T cells, and for studying the function of genes in primary human blood cells instead of cell lines. The transfection procedure also has potential application in gene therapy clinical trials to treat diseases utilizing transfected primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxing Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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15
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Madeira C, Ribeiro SC, Pinheiro IS, Martins SA, Andrade PZ, da Silva CL, Cabral JM. Gene delivery to human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by microporation. J Biotechnol 2011; 151:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Strøm BO, Aden P, Mathisen GH, Lømo J, Davanger S, Paulsen RE. Transfection of chicken cerebellar granule neurons used to study glucocorticoid receptor regulation by nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A). J Neurosci Methods 2010; 193:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Use of collagen gel as a three-dimensional in vitro model to study electropermeabilization and gene electrotransfer. J Membr Biol 2010; 236:87-95. [PMID: 20640849 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene electrotransfer is a promising nonviral method that enables transfer of plasmid DNA into cells with electric pulses. Although many in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed, the question of the implied gene electrotransfer mechanisms is largely open. The main obstacle toward efficient gene electrotransfer in vivo is relatively poor mobility of DNA in tissues. Since cells are mechanically coupled to their extracellular environment and act differently compared to standard in vitro conditions, we developed a three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro model of CHO cells embedded in collagen gel as an ex vivo model of tissue to study electropermeabilization and different parameters of gene electrotransfer. For this purpose, we first used propidium iodide to detect electropermeabilization of CHO cells embedded in collagen gel. Then, we analyzed the influence of different concentrations of plasmid DNA and pulse duration on gene electrotransfer efficiency. Our results revealed that even if cells in collagen gel can be efficiently electropermeabilized, gene expression is significantly lower. Gene electrotransfer efficiency in our 3-D in vitro model had similar dependence on concentration of plasmid DNA and pulse duration comparable to in vivo studies, where longer (millisecond) pulses were shown to be more optimal compared to shorter (microsecond) pulses. The presented results demonstrate that our 3-D in vitro model resembles the in vivo situation more closely than conventional 2-D cell cultures and, thus, provides an environment closer to in vivo conditions to study mechanisms of gene electrotransfer.
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18
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Electroporation in Biological Cell and Tissue: An Overview. ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTRACTION FROM FOOD PLANTS AND BIOMATERIALS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79374-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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20
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Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Hashida M. Nonviral approaches for targeted delivery of plasmid DNA and oligonucleotide. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:726-45. [PMID: 17823947 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Successful gene therapy depends on the development of efficient delivery systems. Although pDNA and ODN are novel candidates for nonviral gene therapy, their clinical applications are generally limited owing to their rapid degradation by nucleases in serum and rapid clearance. A great deal of effort had been devoted to developing gene delivery systems, including physical methods and carrier-mediated methods. Both methods could improve transfection efficacy and achieve high gene expression in vitro and in vivo. As for carrier-mediated delivery in vivo, since gene expression depends on the particle size, charge ratio, and interaction with blood components, these factors must be optimized. Furthermore, a lack of cell-selectivity limits the wide application to gene therapy; therefore, the use of ligand-modified carriers is a promising strategy to achieve well-controlled gene expression in target cells. In this review, we will focus on the in vivo targeted delivery of pDNA and ODN using nonviral carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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22
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Sokolova V, Epple M. Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers of nucleic acids into cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1382-95. [PMID: 18098258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) into living cells, that is, transfection, is a major technique in current biochemistry and molecular biology. This process permits the selective introduction of genetic material for protein synthesis as well as the selective inhibition of protein synthesis (antisense or gene silencing). As nucleic acids alone are not able to penetrate the cell wall, efficient carriers are needed. Besides viral, polymeric, and liposomal agents, inorganic nanoparticles are especially suitable for this purpose because they can be prepared and surface-functionalized in many different ways. Herein, the current state of the art is discussed from a chemical viewpoint. Advantages and disadvantages of the available methods are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Sokolova
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Modern electroporation has been widely and successfully used in gene therapies and drug submissions on large animals including human. The DNA vaccine submission was now focused on muscle electroporation and has been shown to be a perspective application. Here we review some potentials of this application and discuss some difficulties in practical works.
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Sokolova V, Epple M. Anorganische Nanopartikel zum Transport von Nucleinsäuren in Zellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Vallone D, Santoriello C, Gondi SB, Foulkes NS. Basic protocols for zebrafish cell lines: maintenance and transfection. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 362:429-41. [PMID: 17417032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-257-1_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines derived from zebrafish embryos show great potential as cell culture tools to study the regulation and function of the vertebrate circadian clock. They exhibit directly light-entrainable rhythms of clock gene expression that can be established by simply exposing cultures to light-dark cycles. Mammalian cell lines require treatments with serum or activators of signaling pathways to initiate transient, rapidly dampening clock rhythms. Furthermore, zebrafish cells grow at room temperature, are viable for long periods at confluence, and do not require a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greatly simplifying culture conditions. Here we describe detailed methods for establishing zebrafish cell cultures as well as optimizing transient and stable transfections. These protocols have been successfully used to introduce luciferase reporter constructs into the cells and thereby monitor clock gene expression in vivo. The bioluminescence assay described here lends itself particularly well to high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vallone
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Sokolova VV, Radtke I, Heumann R, Epple M. Effective transfection of cells with multi-shell calcium phosphate-DNA nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2006; 27:3147-53. [PMID: 16469375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles were prepared for cell transfection. A calcium phosphate nanoparticle served as core which was then coated with DNA for colloidal stabilisation. The efficiency of transfection could be considerably increased by adding another layer of calcium phosphate on the surface, thereby incorporating DNA into the particle and preventing its degradation within the cell by lysosomes. A subsequent outermost layer of DNA on the calcium phosphate gave a colloidal stabilisation. The efficiency of such multi-shell particles was significantly higher than that of simple DNA-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles. The transfection efficiency of EGFP-encoding DNA was tested with different cell lines (T-HUVEC, HeLa, and LTK). The dispersions were stable and could be used for transfection after 2 weeks of storage at 4 degrees C without loss of efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya V Sokolova
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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27
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Iida Y, Oda Y, Nakamori S, Tsunoda S, Kishida T, Gojo S, Shin-Ya M, Asada H, Imanishi J, Yoshikawa T, Matsubara H, Mazda O. Transthoracic direct current shock facilitates intramyocardial transfection of naked plasmid DNA infused via coronary vessels in canines. Gene Ther 2006; 13:906-16. [PMID: 16511524 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Catheter-mediated, percutaneous, transluminal delivery of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) into myocardium may offer a valuable strategy to heart diseases. Here, we examined whether clinically available transthoracic direct current (DC) shock improves intracoronary naked DNA transfection into myocardium. Plasmid vector encoding the GL3 luciferase was infused retrogradely into the coronary veins of beagle dogs, whereas another pDNA solution was infused into the left coronary artery. During and after these procedures, the coronary venous sinus was occluded by balloon, and transthoracic DC shock of 200 J was applied immediately after the infusions. Without DC shock, no remarkable increase in luciferase activity was demonstrated in any part of the left ventricular myocardium. In the presence of DC pulsation, significant luciferase expression was detected in the regions that were supplied by left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), whereas the gene expression in the right coronary artery (RCA) regions was much less drastic. X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside) staining of cardiac cross-sections also revealed regional expression of beta-galactosidase. Immunohistochemical examinations of heart cryosections revealed that cardiomyocytes in LAD regions successfully expressed transgene product. The present system may enable a new strategy for myocardial gene therapy, without any special device or technique other than cardiac catheterization and DC cardioversion that are generally performed in ordinary hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Iida
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Vascular Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamikyo, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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28
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Roos AK, Moreno S, Leder C, Pavlenko M, King A, Pisa P. Enhancement of cellular immune response to a prostate cancer DNA vaccine by intradermal electroporation. Mol Ther 2006; 13:320-7. [PMID: 16185933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently it has become clear that more potent methods for DNA vaccine delivery need to be developed to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines. In vivo electroporation has emerged as a potent method for DNA vaccine delivery. In a mouse model, we evaluated the CD8(+) T lymphocyte response to a prostate cancer DNA vaccine encoding prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after intradermal electroporation. A significantly increased gene expression (100- to 1000-fold) and higher levels of PSA-specific T cells, compared to DNA delivery without electroporation, was demonstrated. Interestingly, investigation of a panel of different electroporation conditions showed that only some conditions that induce high levels of gene expression additionally induced cellular immunity. This suggests that electroporation parameters should be carefully optimized, not only to enhance transfection efficiency, but also to enhance the immune response to the vaccine. This study demonstrates the applicability of intradermal electroporation as a delivery method for genetic cancer vaccines and other DNA vaccines relying on antigen-specific T cell induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Roos
- Cancer Center Karolinska R8:01, Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Yamaoka T, Yonemitsu Y, Komori K, Baba H, Matsumoto T, Onohara T, Maehara Y. Ex vivo electroporation as a potent new strategy for nonviral gene transfer into autologous vein grafts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H1865-72. [PMID: 16219811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00353.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer to vein grafts has therapeutic potential to prevent late graft failure; however, certain issues, including efficacy and safety, have hindered the clinical application of this treatment modality. Here, we report the successful and efficient gene transfer of plasmid DNA via ex vivo electroporation into veins as well as into vein grafts. Two approaches were used: one involved transluminal in situ gene transfer using a T-shaped electrode (the “Lu” method), and the other was an adventitial ex vivo approach using an electroporation cuvette followed by vein grafting (the “Ad” method). The Lu method was carried out at 10 V, with optimal gene transfer efficiency in the in situ jugular veins of rabbits, and transgene expression was observed primarily in endothelial cells. However, when these veins were grafted into the arterial circulation, no luciferase activity was detected; this effect was probably due to the elimination of the gene-transferred cells as a result of endothelial denudation. In contrast, optimal and satisfactory gene transfer was obtained with the vein grafts subjected to the Ad method at 30 V, and transgene expression was seen primarily in adventitial fibroblasts. Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase cDNA to the vein graft via the Ad method successfully limited the extent of intimal hyperplasia, even under hyperlipidemic conditions, at 4 wk after grafting. We thus propose that the Ad method via ex vivo electroporation may provide a novel, safe, and clinically available technique for nonviral gene transfer to sufficiently prevent late graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terutoshi Yamaoka
- Dept. of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Naked plasmid DNA can be used to introduce genetic material into a variety of cell types in vivo. However, such gene transfer and expression is generally very low compared with that achieved with viral vectors and so is unsuitable for clinical therapeutic application in most cases. This difference in efficiency has been substantially reduced by the introduction of in vivo electroporation to enhance plasmid delivery to a wide range of tissues including muscle, skin, liver, lung, artery, kidney, retina, cornea, spinal cord, brain, synovium, and tumors. The precise mechanism of in vivo electroporation is uncertain, but appears to involve both electropore formation and an electrophoretic movement of the plasmid DNA. Skeletal muscle is a favored target tissue for three reasons: there is a pressing need to develop effective therapies for muscular dystrophies; skeletal muscle can act as an effective platform for the long-term secretion of therapeutic proteins for systemic distribution; and introduction of DNA vaccines into skeletal muscle promotes strong humoral and cellular immune responses. All of these applications are significantly improved by the application of in vivo electroporation. Importantly, the increased efficiency of plasmid delivery following electroporation is seen in larger species as well as rodents, in contrast to the decreasing efficiencies with increasing body size for simple intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA. As this electroporation-enhanced non-viral gene delivery system works well in larger species and avoids the vector-specific immune responses associated with recombinant viruses, the prospects for clinical application are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M McMahon
- Gene Targeting Unit, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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31
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Cegovnik U, Novaković S. Setting optimal parameters for in vitro electrotransfection of B16F1, SA1, LPB, SCK, L929 and CHO cells using predefined exponentially decaying electric pulses. Bioelectrochemistry 2004; 62:73-82. [PMID: 14990328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Revised: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To achieve the maximal introduction of plasmid DNA into cells and, at the same time, to prevent undesirable cell deaths, electrotransfection conditions should be determined for every single cell type individually. In the present study, we determined the optimal electrotransfection parameters for in vitro transfection of B16F1, SA1, LPB, SCK, L929 and CHO cells. Some of these varying parameters were electric field strength, number of applied pulses and their duration, osmolarity of electroporation buffer, plasmid DNA concentration and temperature at which the electroporation was carried out. The maximal transfection rates at optimal electrotransfection parameters in B16F1, SA1, LPB, SCK, L929 and CHO were 85%, 40%, 60%, 1%, 40% and 65%, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that the electroporation is a useful procedure for an in vitro transfection of the majority of mammalian cells. The method, if optimized, may generate reproducibly high proportion of transfected cells among the cell types that are sensitive to electric field action. Thus, the determined parameters could serve for the subsequent implementations of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Cegovnik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Oncology, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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32
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Maasho K, Marusina A, Reynolds NM, Coligan JE, Borrego F. Efficient gene transfer into the human natural killer cell line, NKL, using the Amaxa nucleofection system™. J Immunol Methods 2004; 284:133-40. [PMID: 14736423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell lines are useful for studying facets of NK cell biology. Such cell lines are notoriously difficult to transfect by traditional methods, a fact that has hampered NK cell biology studies for a long time. To overcome this, we investigated the use of the Amaxa nucleofection system that directly transfers DNA into the nucleus of the cell. This technology has revolutionized transfection studies with heretofore relatively transfection resistant cell types such as T cells, B cells and dendritic cells. Despite these advances, NK cells and NK cell lines have remained relatively resistant to transfection, including nucleofection. In this study we employed cDNA for SHP1 and various Rab proteins cloned in enhanced green/yellow fluorescent protein (EGFP/EYFP) expression plasmids for transient transfections into NKL cells. The expression of EGFP/EYFP fusion proteins was analyzed by flow cytometry, immunoblot and confocal microscopic analyses. We achieved 40-70% transfection efficiency with high levels of expression in this cell line with 85-90% viability. The method used in this report proves to be far superior to existing methods for delivering DNA into this well studied NK cell line and, consequently, provides new experimental opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerima Maasho
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Room 205, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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33
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Satkauskas S, Bureau MF, Puc M, Mahfoudi A, Scherman D, Miklavcic D, Mir LM. Mechanisms of in vivo DNA electrotransfer: respective contributions of cell electropermeabilization and DNA electrophoresis. Mol Ther 2002; 5:133-40. [PMID: 11829520 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient cell electrotransfection can be achieved using combinations of high-voltage (HV; 800 V/cm, 100 micros) and low-voltage (LV; 80 V/cm, 100 ms) pulses. We have developed equipment allowing the generation of various HV and LV combinations with precise control of the lag between the HV and LV pulses. We injected luciferase-encoding DNA in skeletal muscle, before or after pulse delivery, and measured luciferase expression after various pulse combinations. In parallel, we determined permeabilization levels using uptake of (51)Cr-labeled EDTA. High voltage alone resulted in a high level of muscle permeabilization for 300 seconds, but very low DNA transfer. Combinations of one HV pulse followed by one or four LV pulses did not prolong the high permeabilization level, but resulted in a large increase in DNA transfer for lags up to 100 seconds in the case of one HV + one LV and up to 3000 seconds in the case of one HV + four LV. DNA expression also reached similar levels when we injected the DNA between the HV and LV pulses. We conclude that the role of the HV pulse is limited to muscle cell permeabilization and that the LV pulses have a direct effect on DNA. In vivo DNA electrotransfer is thus a multistep process that includes DNA distribution, muscle permeabilization, and DNA electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Satkauskas
- LPPMB, UMR 8532 CNRS, Institute Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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Fuchs S, Baffour R, Shou M, Stabile E, Singh S, Schwartz B, Branellec D, Epstein SE, Kornowski R. Could plasmid-mediated gene transfer into the myocardium be augmented by left ventricular guided laser myocardial injury? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001; 54:533-8. [PMID: 11747197 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Early studies have indicated no correlation between the amount of mechanical injury and the level of myocardial gene expression following direct plasmid vector injection. Recently, however, evidence suggests that combined laser myocardial injury and plasmid-based gene delivery exert synergistic effects on gene expression and activity. The purpose of the study was to determine whether laser-induced myocardial injury followed by transendocardial gene transfer increases gene expression compared to gene transfer alone. We assessed the ability of a plasmid vector to express its transgene after injection into porcine ischemic myocardium with and without preceding laser myocardial injury. Thirteen animals had transendocardial injections of the luciferase reporter gene in a plamid vector using a catheter-based injection system. Injections (0.5 mg per animal, 50 microg per injection site) were divided into 10 sites in the ischemic territory. Eight animals underwent transendocardial laser injury of the ischemic region (2 Joule per pulse x 10 sites) prior to gene delivery. In five animals, gene injection sites were dispersed between laser channels, and in three animals laser and gene delivery were applied in close proximity (< 5 mm) or at the same location. Luciferase activity was measured at 3 and 7 days. Luciferase expression in ischemic zones was markedly elevated at day 3 and 7, and similar whether animals were pretreated using laser injury followed by gene transfer compared to gene transfer alone. Neither same-spot injection nor dispersed gene delivery were associated with augmented gene expression compared to gene transfer alone. Using the above-described catheter-based approach to combine localized laser injury and injection of naked DNA into ischemic myocardium, laser injury did not augment gene expression above levels present with gene transfer alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fuchs
- Cardiolovascular Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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35
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Canatella PJ, Prausnitz MR. Prediction and optimization of gene transfection and drug delivery by electroporation. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1464-9. [PMID: 11593359 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2000] [Accepted: 07/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although electroporation is widely used for laboratory gene transfection and gaining increased importance for nonviral gene therapy, it is generally employed using trial-and-error optimization schemes for lack of methods to predict electroporation's effects on cells. Therefore, we used a statistical approach to quantitatively predict molecular uptake and cell viability following electroporation and show that it predicts both in vitro and in vivo results for a wide range of molecules, including DNA, in 60 different cell types. Mechanistically, this broad predictive ability suggests that electroporation is mediated primarily by lipid bilayer structure and only secondarily by cell-specific characteristics. For gene therapy applications, this approach should facilitate rational design of electroporation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Canatella
- School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 778 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
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36
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Matsumoto T, Komori K, Shoji T, Kuma S, Kume M, Yamaoka T, Mori E, Furuyama T, Yonemitsu Y, Sugimachi K. Successful and optimized in vivo gene transfer to rabbit carotid artery mediated by electronic pulse. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1174-9. [PMID: 11509948 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2000] [Accepted: 05/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several gene transfer methods, including viral or nonviral vehicles have been developed, however, efficacy, safety or handling continue to present problems. We developed a nonviral and plasmid-based method for arterial gene transfer by in vivo electronic pulse, using a newly designed T-shaped electrode. Using rabbit carotid arteries, we first optimized gene transfer efficiency, and firefly luciferase gene transfer via electronic pulse under 20 voltage (the pulse length: P(on)time 20 ms, the pulse interval: P(off) time 80 ms, number of pulse: 10 times) showed the highest gene expression. Exogenous gene expression was detectable for at least up to 14 days. Electroporation-mediated gene transfer of E. coli lacZ with nuclear localizing signal revealed successful gene transfer to luminal endothelial cells and to medial cells. Histological damage was recognized as the voltage was increased but neointima formation 4 weeks after gene transfer was not induced. In vivo electroporation-mediated arterial gene transfer is readily facilitated, is safe and may prove to be an alternative form of gene transfer to the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Enzmann V, Hollborn M, Poschinger K, Wiedemann P, Kohen L. Immunosuppression by IL-10-transfected human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Curr Eye Res 2001; 23:98-105. [PMID: 11840347 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.23.2.98.5474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation seems to be a possible therapy for restoring vision in the case of retinal degeneration. As there is a risk of allergic rejection, a gene-transfer of immunosuppressive cytokines into the graft may diminish this reaction. Therefore, we investigated the transfer of interleukin-10 (IL-10) into an immortalised human RPE cell line (hTERT-RPE1) and its effect on the proliferation of allogeneic immune competent cells. METHODS The hTERT-RPE1 cells were transiently transfected with the cDNA of human IL-10 using a lipid-based transfection reagent. The expression of IL-10 mRNA was ana-lysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured the secretion of the cytokine over 7 days. The effect of the secreted IL-10 on the proliferation of allogeneic T cells with and without homologous macrophages was investigated colorimetrically. To enhance this reaction, RPE cells were pre-activated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Anti-IL-10 antibodies were used in a neutralising assay. RESULTS A transfection efficiency of 23.3 +/- 9.03% was achieved. IL-10 mRNA could only be shown in IL-10-transfected hTERT-RPE1 cells. The same was found for the level of cytokine, with a maximum on day 3 (10.34 +/- 0.09 ng/ml). A significant suppressive effect of the secreted IL-10 on T-cell proliferation was detectable on days 5 and 6. This effect could be significantly abolished with anti-IL-10 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The IL-10-producing hTERT-RPE1 cells had an immunosuppressive action on T-cell proliferation in vitro. A gene-transfer into RPE allografts before transplantation may be able to promote graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
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38
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Espinos E, Liu JH, Bader CR, Bernheim L. Efficient non-viral DNA-mediated gene transfer to human primary myoblasts using electroporation. Neuromuscul Disord 2001; 11:341-9. [PMID: 11369185 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer of human primary myoblasts with various non-viral methods has been hampered by low yield of transfection. We report here an efficient, simple and reproducible non-viral DNA-mediated gene transfer procedure for transfecting human myoblasts. We found that electroporation promotes a highly efficient DNA uptake by human primary cultures of myogenic cells. Under optimal conditions, 60-70% of human myoblasts transfected with the enhanced green fluorescent gene expressed the enhanced green fluorescent protein. Electroporated myoblasts behaved normally as judged by their ability to synthesize and express developmentally regulated proteins and to undergo terminal differentiation, i.e. to fuse and form myotubes. We showed, in addition, that a subpopulation of cultured human myoblasts with self-renewing properties and equivalent to native muscle satellite cells were as efficiently transfected by electroporation as proliferating myoblasts. Thus, the development of gene therapies based on the engineering and transplantation of human myoblasts may greatly benefit from gene transfer by electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Espinos
- Département de Physiologie et Division de Recherche Clinique Neuromusculaire, Centre Médical Universitaire, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, CH-1211 4, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether electroporation can be used for topical gene delivery and for DNA expression in rat keratinocytes. METHODS The localization of a fluorescent-labelled plasmid and the expression of a reporter gene (pEGFP-N1) coding for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in stripped skin were assessed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS The plasmid penetrated into the epidermis within minutes after electroporation and entered the keratinocyte cytoplasm within hours. A localized expression of GFP was observed for at least 7 days in the epidermis. Skin viability was not compromised by electroporation. CONCLUSIONS Electroporation enhances the delivery, and hence the expression, of topically applied plasmid DNA on the skin. It could be a promising alternative method to administer DNA, particularly for DNA vaccines, in the skin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dujardin
- Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Bureau MF, Gehl J, Deleuze V, Mir LM, Scherman D. Importance of association between permeabilization and electrophoretic forces for intramuscular DNA electrotransfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1474:353-9. [PMID: 10779687 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer using electrical pulses is a rapidly expanding field. Many studies have been performed in vitro to elucidate the mechanism of DNA electrotransfer. In vivo, the use of efficient procedures for DNA electrotransfer in tissues is recent, and the question of the implied mechanisms is largely open. We have evaluated the effects of various combinations of square wave electric pulses of variable field strength and duration, on cell permeabilization and on DNA transfection in the skeletal muscle in vivo. One high voltage pulse of 800 V/cm, 0.1 ms duration (short high pulse) or a series of four low voltage pulses of 80 V/cm, 83 ms duration (long low pulses) slightly amplified transfection efficacy, while no significant permeabilization was detected using the (51)Cr-EDTA uptake test. By contrast, the combination of one short high pulse followed by four long low pulses led to optimal gene transfer efficiency, while inducing muscle fibers permeabilization. These results are consistent with additive effects of electropermeabilization and DNA electrophoresis on electrotransfer efficiency. Finally, the described new combination, as compared to the previously reported use of repeated identical pulses of intermediate voltage, leads to similar gene transfer efficiency, while causing less permeabilization and thus being likely less deleterious. Thus, combination of pulses of various strengths and durations is a new procedure for skeletal muscle gene transfer that may represents a clear improvement in view of further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bureau
- UMR 7001 CNRS/ENSCP/Aventis, Centre de Recherche de Vitry Alfortville, 13 quai Jules Guesde, BP 14, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France.
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Engström PE, Persson BR, Salford LG. Studies of in vivo electropermeabilization by gamma camera measurements of (99m)Tc-DTPA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1473:321-8. [PMID: 10594369 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A protocol was developed to study the drug uptake from in vivo electropermeabilization at different settings of parameters influencing the uptake efficiency. Radiolabelled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was used to trace the distribution and internalization of a hydrophilic drug after in vivo electropermeabilization. Skeletal muscle tissue in rat was treated with permeabilizing electric pulses before or after intravenous administration of (99m)Tc-DTPA. The drug accumulation in the treated volume was subsequently evaluated with a scintillation camera. The dependence of uptake on field strength and duration of the applied electric pulses was investigated for exponentially decaying pulses and square wave pulses. Further, the uptake dependence on time interval between injection and pulsation was studied as well as the uptake dependence on the number of pulses applied in a single electropermeabilization treatment. Dynamic gamma camera studies were performed to quantify the time scale of the drug uptake in electropermeabilized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Engström
- Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Abstract
We have demonstrated that the viability of electrotransfected adherent CHO and suspended NK-L, K-562, L1210 and MC2 cells is improved if pelleting by centrifugation is performed immediately after pulsing. The protection effect on cell viability is cell line- and pellet thickness-dependent. For forming CHO cell pellets, centrifugation force (300-13,000 g) and duration are not crucial; about five to 10 cell layers in the pellet provide the optimal protection effect. NK-L, K-562, L1210 and MC2 cell pellets are optimally formed by centrifugation at 13,000 g in an Eppendorf desktop centrifuge. Pelleting improves the cell viability over the whole range of the NK-L, K-562, L1210 and MC2 cell concentrations studied. When this pelleting method is applied to load CHO cells with FITC-dextran (41,000 MW), not only is the success rate close to 100%, but the growth rate is similar to the control, which is far better than the conventional electroporation method. Furthermore, the transfection efficiency of the five cell lines in pellet is significantly higher than that in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Li
- Membrane Biophysics Laboratory, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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43
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Abstract
Delivery of genes or macromolecules to cardiovascular tissues provides new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of many acquired and inherited diseases. To investigate electroporation as a delivery method in cardiac tissue, embryonic chick hearts were studied for uptake of propidium iodide (PI) or DNA encoding either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase following electrical shock. PI uptake increased monotonically from 6% of heart tissue after 3 shocks to 77% with 12 shocks. GFP and luciferase expression varied in proportion to shock number, with detectable levels in all electrically treated hearts. Thus, electroporation promotes uptake of PI and DNA in cardiac tissue, suggesting further application of this method for therapeutic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Harrison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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44
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Abstract
The ability to rapidly activate new genes is essential for the biological effects mediated by IFN-gamma. Studies directed at understanding how these genes are induced by this ligand led to the identification of the STAT family of transcription factors. STATs are rapidly activated at the receptor, whereupon they translocate to the nucleus and bind to a unique enhancer found in the promoter of target genes. The ability to identify this IFN-gamma response element and the proteins that bind it was critical for the elucidation of this pathway. These techniques are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Park
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
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Eynard N, Rols M, Ganeva V, Galutzov B, Sabri N, Teissié J. Electrotransformation pathways of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells: recent developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(97)00038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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46
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Liao HS, Kodama T, Doi T, Emi M, Asaoka H, Itakura H, Matsumoto A. Novel elements located at -504 to -399 bp of the promoter region regulated the expression of the human macrophage scavenger receptor gene in murine macrophages. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
Here we describe a protocol for the stable transfection of murine T helper (Th) cells and long term culture of the resulting transfectants. The electroporation protocol was established for the murine Th2 clone L1/1 by testing different parameters determining the electric field (capacitance, voltage, single or twin pulse) as well as the activation status of the cells. The transfected T cells were genetically altered by stable integration of the neomycin resistance gene, encoded in the vector pM5neo, into the genome. For selection and long term culture of stable transfectants a scheme combining selection with the antibiotic neomycin (G-418, Geneticin) and repeated stimulation with antigen presenting cells (APC) and antigen was established. This protocol should also be applicable to other antigen reactive T cells. The resistance of the T cells to neomycin correlated directly with expression of the transferred neomycin resistance gene as demonstrated by mRNA analysis. Applying periodic reselection with neomycin the transfected Th2 cells were found to be stable for more than 18 months in culture and displayed an unaltered antigen recognition and lymphokine production pattern as compared with the untransfected L1/1 Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Will
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürberg, Erlangen, Germany
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48
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Yang TA, Heiser WC, Sedivy JM. Efficient in situ electroporation of mammalian cells grown on microporous membranes. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:2803-10. [PMID: 7659501 PMCID: PMC307114 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.15.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is a common technique for the introduction of DNA molecules into living cells. The method is currently limited by the necessity of applying the electrical discharge to cells in suspension. Adherent cells must therefore be removed from their substratum, which can induce unwanted physiological effects. We report here a new procedure for in situ electroporation of cells grown on microporous membranes of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyester (PE). We demonstrate that this method of in situ electroporation employs only readily available materials and standard electroporation devices without any modifications, is as efficient as conventional electroporation of cells in suspension, and is applicable to a wide range of cell types. Efficient electroporation can be achieved under conditions of minimal cell killing, and can be performed with quiescent cells as well as with confluent epithelial sheets. The method is a useful extension of electroporation technology, and will allow the application of electroporation to a wider spectrum of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Yang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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49
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Abstract
The introduction and expression of exogenous genetic material in cultured cells has provided a powerful tool for studying gene function and regulation. Immortalized cell lines have been useful for establishing gene transfer methodologies that are generally inefficient. For investigators of epidermal and mucosal biology, wishing to make use of the tissue architecture produced by primary keratinocytes in vitro, the limited life span of these cells presents a host of unique problems. Primary cells require the use of gene transfer methods that are highly efficient and will not significantly alter the cell's normal differentiation pathway. The purpose of this review is to evaluate gene transfer technology as it applies to keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Fenjves
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8702
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50
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Lindqvist C, Karp M, Akerman K, Oker-Blom C. Flow cytometric analysis of bioluminescence emitted by recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells. CYTOMETRY 1994; 15:207-12. [PMID: 8187580 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990150305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Five recombinant baculoviruses, each containing a different insect luciferase gene encoding a protein with characteristic light emission properties, namely, luc GR (546 nm), luc FF (556 nm), luc YG (560 nm), luc YE (578 nm), and luc OR (593 nm) were constructed. All genes were inserted under the transcriptional control of the polyhedrin gene promoter of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) and expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells during viral infection. The biological activity of the different luciferases was characterized by using intact recombinant baculovirus infected cells. Addition of the substrate, D-luciferin, immediately prior to the analysis allowed monitoring of light emission by flow cytometry. Also, the kinetics of the light emission of lucGR was analyzed with the flow cytometer. The emission peaks of the infected cells were clearly separated by wavelength scanning. Especially, the firefly luciferase (lucFF) had a broad peak and transient luminescence. The highest maximal intensity values in vivo were recorded for luc GR and luc YG. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the major protein expressed had a molecular weight similar to authentic luciferase. Flow cytometry and insect luciferases with clearly separated emission spectra appear to be of value for sensitive in vivo analysis of gene promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindqvist
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, BioCity, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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