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Wu Y, Xia G, Zhang W, Chen K, Bi Y, Liu S, Zhang W, Liu R. Structural design and antimicrobial properties of polypeptides and saccharide–polypeptide conjugates. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9173-9196. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01916j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and progress of antimicrobial polypeptides and saccharide–polypeptide conjugates in regards to their structural design, biological functions and antimicrobial mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Guixue Xia
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Kang Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Yufang Bi
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
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Shen W, He P, Xiao C, Chen X. From Antimicrobial Peptides to Antimicrobial Poly(α-amino acid)s. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800354. [PMID: 29923332 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Conventional small-molecule antibiotics are facing a significant challenge of the rapidly developed drug resistance of pathogens. In contrast, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an important component for innate host defenses, are now under intensive investigation as a promising antimicrobial agent for combating drug resistant pathogens. Most AMPs can effectively kill a broad spectrum of pathogens via physical disruption of microbial cellular membranes, which is identified to be difficult to develop resistance. However, the clinical applications of AMPs are still greatly limited by several inherent impediments, such as high cost of production, potential hemolysis or toxicity, and liability to proteinase degradation. Recently, cationic poly(α-amino acid)s with structures mimicking the AMPs are found to have excellent antimicrobial activity. These polymers, termed "antimicrobial poly(α-amino acid)s (APAAs)," have some advantages over AMPs, such as easy production and modification, prolonged antimicrobial activity, low cytotoxicity, and enhanced stability to protease degradation. Here, a brief introduction of mechanisms and affecting factors of microbial killing by AMPs is first presented, followed by a systematic illustration of recent advances in design and preparation of biomimetic APAAs and a perspective in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Pan He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Changchun University of Science and Technology; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Debnath S, Karan S, Debnath M, Dash J, Chatterjee TK. Poly-L-Lysine Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis and Induces Apoptosis in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma and in Sarcoma S-180 Tumor. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2255-2268. [PMID: 28843265 PMCID: PMC5697490 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.8.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study focuses on the role of Poly-L-lysine (PLL), an essential amino acid, on molecular changes of tumor angiogenesis suppression, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression after treatment on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and solid sarcoma-180 tumor cells bearing mice. Materials and Methods: The cell viability was carried out using MTT assay. The antitumor activity was evaluated by treatment with PLL at 20 and 40mg/kg/b.w doses for 14 days in EAC ascites tumor and 21 days for Sarcoma-180 solid tumor model. Several tumor evaluation studies, haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated. Importantly, the tumor cell apoptosis was assessed using microscopic observations, DNA fragmentation assay, Flow cytometric analysis, cell-cycle and electron-microscopic study, following which, the expression of several signal proteins related to pro-apoptosis, anti-apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis were quantified using western blotting and immunohistochemistry study. Results: Precisely, PLL had cytotoxic effect on K562; A549; U937 and B16F10 cancer cells. Significant decreases in liquid and solid tumors and increased life span of treated mice were observed (P<0.05). Typical morphological changes, apoptosis bleb phenomenon and sub-G1 cell cycle arrests revealed that PLL promoted apoptotic cell death. Western blot and immunohistochemistry confirms, PLL activated apoptotic signalling cascades through down regulation of Bcl-2 and CD31 protein and up-regulation of Bax and p53 proteins. The anti-angiogenic effects were also accompanied with decreased VEGF expression and reduced peritoneal-angiogenesis and microvessel density. Conclusions: The antitumor and antitumor-angiogenic activity of PLL was confirmed from all the results via up and down regulation of relevant signal proteins reported in this publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Debnath
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, India.
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Ginsburg I, van Heerden PV, Koren E. From amino acids polymers, antimicrobial peptides, and histones, to their possible role in the pathogenesis of septic shock: a historical perspective. J Inflamm Res 2017; 10:7-15. [PMID: 28203100 PMCID: PMC5293372 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s126150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of our understanding of the biological role played by synthetic and natural antimicrobial cationic peptides and by the highly basic nuclear histones as modulators of infection, postinfectious sequelae, trauma, and coagulation phenomena. The authors discuss the effects of the synthetic polymers of basic poly α amino acids, poly l-lysine, and poly l-arginine on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, bacterial killing, and blood vessels; the properties of natural and synthetic antimicrobial cationic peptides as potential replacements or adjuncts to antibiotics; polycations as opsonizing agents promoting endocytosis/phagocytosis; polycations and muramidases as activators of autolytic wall enzymes in bacteria, causing bacteriolysis and tissue damage; and polycations and nuclear histones as potential virulence factors and as markers of sepsis, septic shock, disseminated intravasclar coagulopathy, acute lung injury, pancreatitis, trauma, and other additional clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | | - Erez Koren
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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Ginsburg I, Koren E. Are cationic antimicrobial peptides also ‘double-edged swords’? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:453-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Charnley M, Moir AJG, Douglas CWI, Haycock JW. Anti-microbial action of melanocortin peptides and identification of a novel X-Pro-D/L-Val sequence in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Peptides 2008; 29:1004-9. [PMID: 18355945 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin peptides alpha-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val and Lys-Pro-D-Val are known to be potent anti-inflammatory agents; however their role as antibacterial peptides is less clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether these peptides displayed antibacterial properties, and specifically whether the Lys-Pro-D-Val tripeptide was more potent than Lys-Pro-Val, consistent with their anti-inflammatory actions. alpha-MSH, Ac-Lys-Pro-D-Val-NH2 and Ac-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2 were found to be antibacterial against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) over a broad range of concentrations compared to a control peptide, Ac-Ala-Ala-Ala-NH2. However, the relative potency of alpha-MSH, Ac-Lys-Pro-D-Val-NH2, Ac-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2 did not differ. Furthermore, it was found that the cationic charge on the lysine residue was not required for activity as a variant peptide Ac-Ala-Pro-D-Val-NH2 was also antibacterial. We therefore describe a novel X-Pro-D/L-Val peptide sequence with similarity to the short melanocortin peptides, which possess antibacterial activity. The combined anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action of such peptides may also have potential value therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirren Charnley
- Department of Engineering Materials, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
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Torrent M, Navarro S, Moussaoui M, Nogués MV, Boix E. Eosinophil cationic protein high-affinity binding to bacteria-wall lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3544-55. [PMID: 18293932 DOI: 10.1021/bi702065b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is an eosinophil-secreted RNase involved in the immune host defense, with a cytotoxic activity against a wide range of pathogens. The protein displays antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. The protein can destabilize lipid bilayers, although the action at the membrane level can only partially account for its bactericidal activity. We have now shown that ECP can bind with high affinity to the bacteria-wall components. We have analyzed its specific association to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), its lipid A component, and peptidoglycans (PGNs). ECP high-affinity binding capacity to LPSs and lipid A has been analyzed by a fluorescent displacement assay, and the corresponding dissociation constants were calculated using the protein labeled with a fluorophor. The protein also binds in vivo to bacteria cells. Ultrastructural analysis of cell bacteria wall and morphology have been visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains. The protein damages the bacteria surface and induces the cell population aggregation on E. coli cultures. Although both bacteria strain cells retain their shape and no cell lysis is patent, the protein can induce in E. coli the outer membrane detachment. ECP also activates the cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in both strains. Moreover, the depolarization activity on E. coli does not require any pretreatment to overcome the outer membrane barrier. The protein binding to the bacteria-wall surface would represent a first encounter step key in its antimicrobial mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Torrent
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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Ginsburg I. Bactericidal cationic peptides can also function as bacteriolysis-inducing agents mimicking beta-lactam antibiotics?; it is enigmatic why this concept is consistently disregarded. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:367-74. [PMID: 14975505 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a general consensus that highly cationic peptides kill bacteria primarily by injuring their membranes, an additional hypothesis is proposed suggesting that a large variety of cationic peptides might also render bacteria non viable by activating their autolytic wall enzymes - muramidases (a "Trojan Horse" phenomenon), resulting in bacteriolysis. This group of cationic peptides includes: lysozyme, lactoferrin, neutrophil-derived permeability increasing peptides, defensins, elastase, cathepsin G, and secretory phopholipase A2. In this respect, cationic peptides mimic the bactericidal/bacteriolytic effects exerted by of beta-lactam antibiotics. Bacteriolysis results in a massive release of the pro-inflammatory cell-wall components, endotoxin (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PPG), which if not effectively controlled, can trigger the coagulation and complement cascades, the release from phagocytes of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and proteinases. Synergism (a "cross-talk") among such agonists released following bacteriolysis, is probably the main cause for septic shock and multiple organ failure. It is proposed that a use of bacteriolysis-inducing antibiotics should be avoided in bacteremic patients and particularly in those patients already suspected of developing shock symptoms as these might further enhance bacteriolysis and the release of LPS, LTA and PPG. Furthermore, in additonal to the supportive regimen exercised in intensive care settings, a use of non bacteriolysis-inducing antibiotics when combined with highly sulfated compounds (e.g. heparin, and other clinically certified polysufates) should be considered instead, as these might prevent the activation of the microbial own autolytic systems induced either by highly cationic peptides released by activated phagocytes or by the highly bacteriolytic beta-lactams. Polysulfates might also depress the deleterious effects of the complement cascade and the use of combinations among anti-oxidants ( N-acetyl cysteine), proteinase inhibitors and phospholipids might prove effective to depress the synergistic cytotoxic effects induced by inflammatory agonists. Also, a use of gamma globulin enriched either in anti-LPS or in anti-LTA activities might serve to prevent the binding of these toxins to receptors upon macrophage which upon activation generate inflammatory cytokines. Thus, a use of "cocktails" of anti-inflammatory agents might replace the unsuccessful use of single antagonists proven in scores of clinical trials of sepsis to by ineffective in prolonging the lives of patients. It is enigmatic why the concept, and the publications which support a role for cationic peptides also as potent inducers of bacteriolysis, an arch evil and a deleterious phenomenon which undoubtedly plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of post-infectious sequelae, has been consistently disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University - Hadassah, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
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Ginsburg I. Cationic polyelectrolytes from leukocytes might kill bacteria by activating their autolytic systems: enigmatically, the relevance of this phenomenon to post-infectious sequelae is disregarded. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28:1188. [PMID: 12400517 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-002-1385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Otsuka-Fuchino H, Watanabe Y, Hirakawa C, Tamiya T, Matsumoto JJ, Tsuchiya T. Bactericidal action of a glycoprotein from the body surface mucus of giant African snail. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1992; 101:607-13. [PMID: 1379901 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90094-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Bactericidal action of a glycoprotein, Achacin, purified from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica Férussac, has been studied. 2. Achacin kills both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but only in their growing states. 3. Achacin does not have any bacteriolytic activity. 4. The strain which has no cell wall is a little more sensitive than the native strain and the cell membrane-damaged strain. 5. Achacin was observed on the cytoplasmic membrane and on the cell wall of treated Escherichia coli by immunoelectron microscopy. 6. Achacin attacks the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Otsuka-Fuchino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ginsburg I. Cationic polyelectrolytes: potent opsonic agents which activate the respiratory burst in leukocytes. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1989; 8:11-26. [PMID: 2555283 DOI: 10.3109/10715768909087968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and yeasts which are "opsonized" with cationic polyelectrolytes (poly-L-arginine, poly-L-histidine and arginine-rich histone) are avidly endocytosed by both "professional" and "non-professional" phagocytes. The cationized particles also strongly activate the respiratory burst in neutrophils and in macrophages leading to the generation of chemiluminescence, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, lysine and ornithine-rich polymers are poor opsonic agents. Poly L-arginine is unique in its capacity to act synergistically with lectins, with chemotactic peptides and with cytochalasin B to generate large amounts of chemiluminescence and superoxide in human neutrophils. Unlike polyarginine, polyhistidine, in the absence of carrier particles, is one of the most potent stimulators of superoxide generations, known. Neutrophils treated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide fail to generate superoxide, but generate strong luminol-dependent chemiluminescence which is totally inhibited by sodium azide and by thiourea. Neutrophils injured by cytolytic agents (saponin, digitonin, lysolecithin) lose their chemiluminescence and superoxide-generating capacities upon stimulation by a variety of ligands. These activities are however regained by the addition of NADPH. Lysolecithin can replace polyarginine in a "cocktail" also containing lectins and cytochalasin B, which strongly activate the respiratory burst. This suggests that polyarginine acts both as a cytolytic agent and as a ligand. Arginine and histidine-rich polyelectrolytes enhance the pathogenic effects of immune complexes in vivo (reversed Arthus phenomenon) presumably by "glueing" them to tissues. Polyhistidine complexed to catalase or to superoxide dismutase, markedly enhances their efficiency as antioxidants. On the other hand polyhistidine complexed to glucose oxidase markedly enhances injury to endothelial cells suggesting that the close association of the cationized enzyme with the plasma membrane facilitates the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with the targets. A variety of cationic agents (histone, polyarginine, polyhistidine, polymyxin B) and membrane-active agents (lysophosphatides, microbial hemolysins) act synergistically with glucose oxidase or with reagent hydrogen peroxide to kill target cells. The mechanisms by which arginine- and histidine-rich polyelectrolytes activate the respiratory burst in neutrophils might involve interaction with G-proteins, the activation of arachidonic acid metabolism and phospholipase A2, or the interaction with myeloperoxidase. Naturally-occurring cationic proteins might modulate several important functions of leukocytes and the course and outcome of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ginsburg
- Department of Oral Biology, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ginsburg I. Cationic polyelectrolytes: a new look at their possible roles as opsonins, as stimulators of respiratory burst in leukocytes, in bacteriolysis, and as modulators of immune-complex diseases (a review hypothesis). Inflammation 1987; 11:489-515. [PMID: 2961690 DOI: 10.1007/bf00915991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Ginsburg
- Department of Oral Biology, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Katsu T, Kobayashi H, Fujita Y. Mode of action of gramicidin S on Escherichia coli membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 860:608-19. [PMID: 2427118 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The action of a cationic antibiotic gramicidin S on the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli was studied. It was found that gramicidin S disrupted the permeability barrier of the outer membrane, permitting the permeation of an antibiotic ionophore, this being similar to the action of the dimer in compound 48/80 (Katsu, T., Shibata, M. and Fujita, Y. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 818, 61-66). However, differently from the dimer, gramicidin S further stimulated the efflux of K+ through the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli. The time course of K+ permeability change accorded well with that of change in the viability of E. coli cells. These changes occurred at temperatures above the phase transition of the cytoplasmic membrane. This temperature range differed greatly from the case of polymyxin B, a polycationic antibiotic acting at temperatures above the phase transition of the outer membrane. We discuss the mode of gramicidin S action on the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli, in comparison with the results on red blood cells and liposomes.
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Blair NE, Bonner WA. Experiments on the amplification of optical activity. ORIGINS OF LIFE 1980; 10:255-63. [PMID: 7413186 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
By way of investigating possible mechanisms for the abiotic amplification of small enantiomeric excesses (e.e.'s) in almost racemic mixtures of amino acid enantiomers, we have undertaken a quantitative study of the base-initiated partial polymerization of leucine and valine N-carboxy-anhydride (NCA) enantiomer mixtures containing known excesses of both the R- and S-forms. Polymerization to the extent of ca. 50% of leucine NCA having an 8-70% e.e. of either the R- or S-enantiomer led to an e.e. enhancement in the polymer, which contained a 12-84% e.e. of that enantiomer which predominated in the original monomer NCA. A corresponding decrease in the e.e. of the initially predominant enantiomer was noted in the unpolymerized residue from each reaction. Polymerization to the extent of 25-50% of mixtures of valine NCA enantiomers containing a 12-13% e.e. of either R- or S-isomer led to polymers showing a 7-8% decrease in the e.e. of the initially predominant enantiomer, and to an increase of its e.e. in the unpolymerized residue. these divergent results, the latter of which is quite novel, are compared with earlier qualitative results in the literature and are discussed briefly from the viewpoint of both mechanism and the amplification of optical activity.
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Kasymova GF, Burichenko VK, Meitus ÉE, Poroshin KT. Lysine- and arginine-containing polypeptides of regular structure and their bactericidal properties. Chem Nat Compd 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00580898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Duksin D, Katchalski E, Sachs L. Specific aggregation of SV40-transformed cells by ornithine, leucine copolymers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:185-92. [PMID: 4318776 PMCID: PMC283186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A basic copolymer of ornithine and leucine (1:1) was shown to rapidly agglutinate, in the absence of serum, normal cells and cells transformed by viral and nonviral carcinogens. This agglutination was inhibited by addition of serum. In presence of serum, the same copolymer and those of ornithine and valine (1:1) and arginine and leucine (1:1), produced a specific aggregation of simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed cells cultured for about 24 hr after addition of the peptide. The rapid agglutination and SV40-specific aggregation could not be inhibited by a variety of individual amino acids or carbohydrates. The specific aggregation could be detected in mixtures of SV40-transformed and other cells, and it was not prevented by x-irradiating the cells with 4000 R. Aggregation of the SV40-transformed cells was inhibited by acidic polyamino acids provided these were added not later than about 5 hr after addition of the basic copolymer. The results indicate that the basic copolymer, in the presence of serum, produces a change in SV40-transformed cells, presumably in the surface membrane, that causes the cells to aggregate. In addition to the aggregation of cells transformed by SV40, cells transformed by adenovirus 12, which did not contain detectable SV40-specific nuclear tumor (T) antigen, were also aggregated by the basic copolymer in the presence of serum. This indicates that the ornithine, leucine copolymer is able to detect an SV40-like change in the surface membrane of cells transformed by adenovirus 12.
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Fridkin M, Frenkel A, Ariely S. Poly(L-leucyl-L-ornithyl-L-leucine) and its guanidization product: synthesis and antibacterial activity. Biopolymers 1969; 8:661-8. [PMID: 5362530 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1969.360080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Botré C, Marchetti M, Borghi S, Memoli A. T use of membrane electrodes in potentiometric titrations of living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 183:249-52. [PMID: 4893420 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(69)90153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Aloof-Hirsch S, de Vries A, Berger A. The direct lytic factor of cobra venom: purification and chemical characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 154:53-60. [PMID: 5639025 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(68)90257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Enhancing action of synthetic and natural basic polypeptides on erythrocyte-ghost phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(68)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Buchanan-Davidson DJ, Seastone CV, Stahmann MA. ACTION OF SYNTHETIC POLYLYSINE ON THE GROWTH AND PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA IN VITRO. J Bacteriol 1960; 80:590-4. [PMID: 16561873 PMCID: PMC278893 DOI: 10.1128/jb.80.5.590-594.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D J Buchanan-Davidson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin
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BARANY M, BARANY K. [Polyelectrolytes as interaction inhibitors and the importance of Ca and Mg for actin-myosin interaction]. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1960; 41:204-16. [PMID: 13796546 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)90003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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Abstract
Three acyclic decapeptide analogs of gramicidin S, although found to possess antibacterial activity, apparently have modes of action which differ from that of the naturally occurring cyclic antibiotic. In contrast to the immediate action of gramicidin S, one of the decapeptides produced complete bacteriostasis only after several cell divisions had occurred. Furthermore, mixtures of gramicidin S with either of two of the acyclic peptides were synergistic. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
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SELA M, KATCHALSKI E. Biological Properties of Poly-α- Amino Acids. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1959; 14:391-478. [PMID: 14444673 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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KATCHALSKI E, SELA M. Synthesis and chemical properties of poly-alpha-amino acids. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1958; 13:243-492. [PMID: 14404711 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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