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Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Rubio-Gayosso I, Ramirez I, Ita-Islas I, Meaney E, Gaxiola S, Meaney A, Asbun J, Figueroa-Valverde L, Ceballos G. Intraluminal-restricted 17 beta-estradiol exerts the same myocardial protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo as free 17 beta-estradiol. Steroids 2008; 73:528-38. [PMID: 18314151 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro studies show that in animals and isolated cells, 17 beta-estradiol induces cardiovascular protective effects and it has also been observed that it reduces coronary heart disease risk. However, the use of estrogens to improve or protect cardiovascular function in humans has been controversial, this might be explained by the wide variety of effects, because estrogen receptors (ER) are expressed ubiquitously. Therefore, a cell-specific targeting therapeutic approach might be necessary. 17 beta-Estradiol was coupled to a large modified dextran through an aminocaproic spacer. For this study we used intact and gonadectomized male Wistar rats, 15 days after surgical procedure. Intravascular administration of 17 beta-estradiol-macromolecular conjugate, prior to coronary reperfusion diminishes the area of damage induced by coronary ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury on an in vivo model. This effect was observed at 17 beta-estradiol sub-physiological concentrations [0.01 nmol/L], it is mediated by luminal endothelial ER alpha activation. 17 beta-Estradiol-macromolecular conjugate decreases phosphorylation level of PKC alpha and Akt, as part of the process to induce myocardial protection against coronary I/R. We proved that the hormone-macromolecular conjugate labeled with [3H]estradiol remained confined in the intravascular space the conjugate was not internalized into organs like heart, lung or liver. It is noteworthy that the 17 beta-estradiol-macromolecular conjugate has a slow renal elimination, which might increase its pharmacological advantage. We concluded that the stimulus of endothelial estrogen receptors is enough to decrease the myocardial damage induced by coronary reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Seccion de Graduados, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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Hungerford NL, Sortais B, Smart CG, McKinney AR, Ridley DD, Stenhouse AM, Suann CJ, Munn KJ, Sillence MN, McLeod MD. Analysis of anabolic steroids in the horse: development of a generic ELISA for the screening of 17alpha-alkyl anabolic steroid metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 96:317-34. [PMID: 16040239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the potential for misuse of a wide range of anabolic steroids in horse racing, a screening test to detect multiple compounds, via a common class of metabolites, would be a valuable forensic tool. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect 17alpha-alkyl anabolic steroid metabolites in equine urine. 16beta-Hydroxymestanolone (16beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one) was synthesised in six steps from commercially available epiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one). Polyclonal antibodies were raised in sheep, employing mestanolone (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one) or 16beta-hydroxymestanolone conjugated to human serum albumin, via a 3-carboxymethyloxime linker, as antigens. Antibody cross-reactivities were determined by assessing the ability of a library of 54 representative steroids to competitively bind the antibodies. Antibodies raised against 16beta-hydroxymestanolone showed excellent cross-reactivities for all of the 16beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-methyl steroids analysed and an ELISA has been developed to detect these steroid metabolites. Using this 16beta-hydroxymestanolone assay, urine samples from horses administered with stanozolol (17alpha-methyl-pyrazolo[4',3':2,3]-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol), were analysed raw, following beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis, and following solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures. The suppressed absorbances observed were consistent with detection of the metabolite 16beta-hydroxystanozolol. Positive screening results were confirmed by comparison with standard LCMS analyses. Antibodies raised against mestanolone were also used to develop an ELISA and this was used to detect metabolites retaining the parent D-ring structure following methandriol (17alpha-methylandrost-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol) administration. The ELISA methods developed have application as primary screening tools for detection of new and known anabolic steroid metabolites.
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Figueroa-Valverde L, Luna H, Castillo-Henkel C, Muñoz-Garcia O, Morato-Cartagena T, Ceballos-Reyes G. Synthesis and evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of two, membrane impermeant, macromolecular complexes of dextran-testosterone. Steroids 2002; 67:611-9. [PMID: 11996934 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(02)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular disease is greater in men than in premenopausal women. Testosterone has been considered a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but testosterone's mechanism of action and its cellular site of action are still not clear. However, it is likely that non-genomic extracellular effects of the hormone are involved. With the aim of providing further information about this phenomenon, two membrane impermeant, macromolecular complexes of testosterone were synthesized and their cardiovascular effects were evaluated. We covalently bound testosterone (through carbon 3 or C-17 functional groups) to dextran (2 MDa) and evaluated its effects on isolated and perfused rat hearts (Langerdorff model). Our results showed that the macromolecular complexes increased vascular resistance similarly to free testosterone and blocked adenosine-induced vasodilatation. These effects were exerted rapidly and possibly through a non-genomic mechanism. Blockade of C-3 or C-17 functional groups by binding to macromolecular dextran induced no qualitative and/or quantitative changes in testosterone-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Figueroa-Valverde
- Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, México, D.F. cp. 04960, México
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Kolberg M, Bleifuss G, Sjöberg BM, Gräslund A, Lubitz W, Lendzian F, Lassmann G. Generation and electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping detection of thiyl radicals in model proteins and in the R1 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:57-68. [PMID: 11747310 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the Escherichia coli class Ia ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the best characterized RNR, there is no spectroscopic evidence for the existence of the postulated catalytically essential thiyl radical (R-S(*)) in the substrate binding subunit R1. We report first results on artificially generated thiyl radicals in R1 using two different methods: chemical oxidation by Ce(IV)/nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and laser photolysis of nitric oxide from nitrosylated cysteines. In both cases, EPR spin trapping at room temperature using phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone, and controls with chemically blocked cysteines, has shown that the observed spin adduct originates from thiyl radicals. The EPR line shape of the protein-bound spin adduct is typical for slow motion of the nitroxide moiety, which indicates that the majority of trapped thiyl radicals are localized in a folded region of R1. In aerobic R1 samples without spin trap that were frozen after treatment with Ce(IV)/NTA or laser photolysis, we observed sulfinyl radicals (R-S(*)=O) assigned via their g-tensor components 2.0213, 2.0094, and 2.0018 and the hyperfine tensor components 1.0, 1.1, and 0.9 mT of one beta-proton. Sulfinyl radicals are the reaction products of thiyl radicals and oxygen and give additional evidence for generation of thiyl radicals in R1 by the procedures used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kolberg
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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DAUGHADAY WH. Binding of corticosteroids by plasma proteins. III. The binding of corticosteroid and related hormones by human plasma and plasma protein fractions as measured by equilibrium dialysis. J Clin Invest 2000; 37:511-8. [PMID: 13539189 PMCID: PMC293115 DOI: 10.1172/jci103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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DAUGHADAY WH. Binding of corticosteroids by plasma proteins. IV. The electrophoretic demonstration of corticosteroid binding globulin. J Clin Invest 2000; 37:519-23. [PMID: 13539190 PMCID: PMC293116 DOI: 10.1172/jci103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kashiba-Iwatsuki M, Miyamoto M, Inoue M. Effect of nitric oxide on the ligand-binding activity of albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 345:237-42. [PMID: 9308895 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The redox state of the Cys-34 on albumin plays an important role in ligand binding of this plasma protein. We previously reported that mixed-disulfide formation of albumin with low molecular weight thiols, such as cysteine and glutathione, increased the affinity of this protein for phenolsulfophthalein (PSP) and Cu(II). Although nitric oxide (NO) and its metabolites easily react with various thiols, including that of albumin, and form S-nitrosothiol derivatives, the effect of such modification on the ligand-binding activity of this plasma protein remains to be elucidated. Kinetic analysis revealed that S-nitrosylation of Cys-34 on bovine serum albumin (BSA) decreased its binding activity for PSP. NO also decreased the ligand-binding activity of fresh plasma samples from rat and human. S-nitrosylation also decreased the binding activity of BSA for Cu(II). These results indicate that reversible modification of the Cys-34 by NO and oxidative stress might play regulatory roles in the binding and transport of organic anions and heavy metals in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kashiba-Iwatsuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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Meyer DJ, Kramer H, Ozer N, Coles B, Ketterer B. Kinetics and equilibria of S-nitrosothiol-thiol exchange between glutathione, cysteine, penicillamines and serum albumin. FEBS Lett 1994; 345:177-80. [PMID: 8200453 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics and equilibria of S-nitrosothiol-thiol (SNO-SH) exchange reactions were determined using differential optical absorption. At pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, k2 values ranged from 0.9 M-1.s-1 for the reaction between S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO) and N-acetyl-penicillamine, and up to 279 M-1.s-1 for the exchange between S-nitroso-penicillamine (penSNO) and GSH. SNO-SH exchange involving GSH/GSNO and cysteine/cySNO was relatively rapid, k2 approx. 80 M-1.s-1 with an equilibrium constant slightly in favour of GSNO. GSNO was strongly favoured in equilibrium with penSNO, keq 0.0039. In the case of SNO-SH exchange between S-nitroso human serum albumin (albSNO) and GSH or cysteine k2 values were 3.2 and 9.1 M-1.s-1, respectively. The results show that the initial rate of SNO-SH exchange between physiological albSNO (7 microM) and venous plasma levels of GSH and cysteine is very slow, < 1%/min. On the other hand, if a nitrosothiol such as cySNO were to enter a cell, it would be rapidly converted to GSNO (43%/s).
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College, London, UK
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Bradlow HL. Steroid-protein interactions: the first fifty years. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 538:3-9. [PMID: 3056192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb48843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Bradlow
- Endocrine Unit, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399
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Stroupe SD, Westphal U. Alterations in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of steroids upon binding to serum proteins. Biochemistry 1978; 17:882-7. [PMID: 75741 DOI: 10.1021/bi00598a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Difference spectra of progesterone-binding globulin (PBG) complexes with progesterone and testosterone were measured. The contributions of steroid and protein to the difference spectra were resolved by use of 5alpha-pregane-3,20-dione and dihydrotestosterone to compensate for the perturbation of PBG. The absorption spectra of seven bound steroids all showed increased extinction coefficients, sharpened absorption bands, a small blue shift, and an increased area implying an enhanced transition moment. This is in contrast to the steroid complexes with the low affinity binders, human serum albumin, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, which exhibit decreased extinction coefficients and reduced transition moments.
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Westphal U, Stroupe SD, Chen SL, Harding GB. Mechanism of steroid binding to serum proteins. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1978; 4:229-47. [PMID: 207879 DOI: 10.1080/15287397809529659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Association and dissociation rate constants of steroid complexes with progesterone-binding globulin (PBG) and with corticosteroid-binding globulin have been determined, utilizing the fluorescence quenching phenomenon observed on steroid binding to protein. Stopped-flow techniques were used in most cases. The dissociation rates of the complexes with steroid-binding proteins of serum are much greater than those of steroid-receptor complexes, in accordance with the biological functions of these two types of proteins. Association of steroids with PBG is accompanied by conformational changes in both components of the complexes. Chemical modification of tryptophan, lysine, and tyrosine in PBG results in inactivation of the binding site; complex formation with progesterone protects against this inactivation. A comparison of the affinity constants of PBG complexes with steroids of different structures leads to a conceptual image of the binding site and to localization of the various forces of interaction over the binding site area.
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Beato M, Arnemann J, Voss HJ. Spectrophotometric study of progesterone binding to uteroglobin. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 8:725-30. [PMID: 592800 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(77)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Westphal U, Stroupe SD, Kute T, Cheng SL. Steroid interactions with progesterone-binding globulin. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 8:367-74. [PMID: 74454 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(77)90235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Romeu AM, Martino EE, Stoppani AO. Structural requirements for steroid binding and quenching of albumin fluorescence in bovine plasma albumin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 439:175-93. [PMID: 952952 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Steroids interact with bovine plasma albumin at a binding region that involves tryptophanyl, tyrosyl, arginyl and lysyl residues. The function of the tryptophanyl residues is demonstrated by: (a) the decrease of albumin binding affinity after modification of one tryptophanyl with 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride; (b) steroid quenching of albumin tryptophanyl fluorescence; and (c) steroid quenching of 1-anilinonaphth-alene-8-sulfonate fluorescence, when it is excited by energy transfer from excited tryptophanyls. The function of tyrosyl residues is demonstrated by the decrease of albumin binding affinity after nitration of 30% tyrosyls with tetranitromethane, or deprotonation of tyrosyls by variation of pH. The function of arginyl and lysyl residues is demonstrated by the decrease of binding affinity after modification of these residues with glyoxal, formaldehyde or acetic anhydride. The presence of both apolar (Trp, Tyr and Lys (deprotonated)) and polar (Arg and Lys(protonated)) residues at the steroid binding site fits in well with the site relative apolarity, when expressed on the Kosower scale (Kosower, E.M. (1958) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3253-3260). 2. The contribution of specific amino acid residues to steroid binding depends to some extent on the steroid structure, as exemplified by the quantitatively different role of arginyl (or lysyl) residues in albumin interaction with testosterone acetate and epitestosterone, respectively, or that of tyrosyl residues in albumin interaction with 11-deoxycorticosterone and epitestosterone, respectively. 3. The concerted action of polar and apolar amino acid residues is an essential requirement for steroid binding, since unfolding of albumin polypeptide chain by guanidine-HC1, urea, or by reduction of disulfide bridges with 2-mercaptoethanol, strongly decreases steroid binding to albumin while, conversely, reoxidation and refolding of the unfolded polypeptide chain restore albumin affinity for steroids. 4. Parallel determinations of steroid binding constants by equilibrium dialysis and fluorimetric titration, as well as the general pattern of the pH and temperature effects on steroid quenching of albumin fluorescence, confirm the validity of the fluorescence quenching titration as an effective method for measuring albumin-steroid molecular interactions.
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Stroupe SD, Westphal U. Steroid-protein interactions. Fluorescence quenching of progesterone-binding globulin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein upon binding of steroids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:473-82. [PMID: 1169912 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Molotkov OV, Kozlov NB. The corticosterone level and binding power of the plasma proteins during exposure to heat. Bull Exp Biol Med 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00783892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Morland J, Christoffersen T. Interaction of the mitotic inhibitor 3-hydroxy-6-methylpyrid-2-thion with DNA. Eur J Pharmacol 1969; 7:118-20. [PMID: 5821800 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(69)90174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kerkay J, Westphal U. Steroid-protein interactions. XXI. Metal ion inhibition of association between progesterone and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 129:480-9. [PMID: 4975141 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Kerkay J, Westphal U. Steroid-protein interactions. XIX. Complex formation between alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and steroid hormones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 170:324-33. [PMID: 5707686 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ryan MT. Examination of steroid protein interaction by ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 126:407-17. [PMID: 5691577 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Zum extrahepatischen Stoffwechsel von Aldosteron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02045931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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BLECHER M. Serum protein-steroid hormone interactions I. Binding of deoxycorticosterone to serum proteins assayed in a metabolic system in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1964; 93:158-65. [PMID: 14249141 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(64)90270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Gomes W, Estergreen V, Frost O, Erb R. Progestin Levels in Jugular and Ovarian Venous Blood, Corpora Lutea, and Ovaries of the Nonpregnant Bovine. J Dairy Sci 1963. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(63)89094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brunkhorst WK, Hess E. An interaction of cortisol with components of lymphatic tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1961. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(61)90117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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GUTTMAN DE, HAMLIN WE, SHELL JW, WAGNER JG. Solubilization of Anti-inflammatory Steroids by Aqueous Solutions of Triton WR-1339. J Pharm Sci 1961; 50:305-7. [PMID: 13710039 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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DEVENUTO F, MULE SJ, WESTPHAL U. Perextraction, a procedure to extract C21 steroids from tissues and blood. Arch Biochem Biophys 1958; 73:451-65. [PMID: 13509729 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(58)90289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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