1
|
Tulen CBM, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Remels AHV. Disruption of the Molecular Regulation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Airway and Lung Epithelial Cells by Cigarette Smoke: Are Aldehydes the Culprit? Cells 2023; 12:cells12020299. [PMID: 36672235 PMCID: PMC9857032 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease for which cigarette smoking is the main risk factor. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are short-chain aldehydes known to be formed during pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco and have been linked to respiratory toxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is suggested to be mechanistically and causally involved in the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases such as COPD. Cigarette smoke (CS) has been shown to impair the molecular regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and content in epithelial cells of the airways and lungs. Although it is unknown which specific chemicals present in CS are responsible for this, it has been suggested that aldehydes may be involved. Therefore, it has been proposed by the World Health Organization to regulate aldehydes in commercially-available cigarettes. In this review, we comprehensively describe and discuss the impact of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde on mitochondrial function and content and the molecular pathways controlling this (biogenesis versus mitophagy) in epithelial cells of the airways and lungs. In addition, potential therapeutic applications targeting (aldehyde-induced) mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as regulatory implications, and the necessary required future studies to provide scientific support for this regulation, have been covered in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy B. M. Tulen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. V. Remels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tulen CBM, Duistermaat E, Cremers JWJM, Klerx WNM, Fokkens PHB, Weibolt N, Kloosterboer N, Dentener MA, Gremmer ER, Jessen PJJ, Koene EJC, Maas L, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Staal YCM, Remels AHV. Smoking-Associated Exposure of Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Aldehydes: Impact on Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Mitochondrial Content and Function. Cells 2022; 11:3481. [PMID: 36359877 PMCID: PMC9655975 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). During the pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco, reactive aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are formed, which are known to be involved in respiratory toxicity. Although CS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of COPD, the role of aldehydes therein is incompletely understood. To investigate this, we used a physiologically relevant in vitro exposure model of differentiated human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) exposed to CS (one cigarette) or a mixture of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde (at relevant concentrations of one cigarette) or air, in a continuous flow system using a puff-like exposure protocol. Exposure of PBEC to CS resulted in elevated IL-8 cytokine and mRNA levels, increased abundance of constituents associated with autophagy, decreased protein levels of molecules associated with the mitophagy machinery, and alterations in the abundance of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, decreased transcript levels of basal epithelial cell marker KRT5 were reported after CS exposure. Only parts of these changes were replicated in PBEC upon exposure to a combination of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. More specifically, aldehydes decreased MAP1LC3A mRNA (autophagy) and BNIP3 protein (mitophagy) and increased ESRRA protein (mitochondrial biogenesis). These data suggest that other compounds in addition to aldehydes in CS contribute to CS-induced dysregulation of constituents controlling mitochondrial content and function in airway epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy B. M. Tulen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Duistermaat
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Walther N. M. Klerx
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. B. Fokkens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Naömi Weibolt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Kloosterboer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Primary Lung Culture (PLUC) Facility, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke A. Dentener
- Primary Lung Culture (PLUC) Facility, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Gremmer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Phyllis J. J. Jessen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evi J. C. Koene
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lou Maas
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne C. M. Staal
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. V. Remels
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nadalutti CA, Prasad R, Wilson SH. Perspectives on formaldehyde dysregulation: Mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in mammalian cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103134. [PMID: 34116475 PMCID: PMC9014805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining genome stability involves coordination between different subcellular compartments providing cells with DNA repair systems that safeguard against environmental and endogenous stresses. Organisms produce the chemically reactive molecule formaldehyde as a component of one-carbon metabolism, and cells maintain systems to regulate endogenous levels of formaldehyde under physiological conditions, preventing genotoxicity, among other adverse effects. Dysregulation of formaldehyde is associated with several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we discuss the complex topic of endogenous formaldehyde metabolism and summarize advances in research on fo dysregulation, along with future research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Nadalutti
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Clapp PW, Lavrich KS, van Heusden CA, Lazarowski ER, Carson JL, Jaspers I. Cinnamaldehyde in flavored e-cigarette liquids temporarily suppresses bronchial epithelial cell ciliary motility by dysregulation of mitochondrial function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L470-L486. [PMID: 30604630 PMCID: PMC6459291 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00304.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes in cigarette smoke (CS) impair mitochondrial function and reduce ciliary beat frequency (CBF), leading to diminished mucociliary clearance (MCC). However, the effects of aldehyde e-cigarette flavorings on CBF are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cinnamaldehyde, a flavoring agent commonly used in e-cigarettes, disrupts mitochondrial function and impairs CBF on well-differentiated human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells. To this end, hBE cells were exposed to diluted cinnamon-flavored e-liquids and vaped aerosol and assessed for changes in CBF. hBE cells were subsequently exposed to various concentrations of cinnamaldehyde to establish a dose-response relationship for effects on CBF. Changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were evaluated by Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer, and adenine nucleotide levels were quantified by HPLC. Both cinnamaldehyde-containing e-liquid and vaped aerosol rapidly yet transiently suppressed CBF, and exposure to cinnamaldehyde alone recapitulated this effect. Cinnamaldehyde impaired mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in a dose-dependent manner, and intracellular ATP levels were significantly but temporarily reduced following exposure. Addition of nicotine had no effect on the cinnamaldehyde-induced suppression of CBF or mitochondrial function. These data indicate that cinnamaldehyde rapidly disrupts mitochondrial function, inhibits bioenergetic processes, and reduces ATP levels, which correlates with impaired CBF. Because normal ciliary motility and MCC are essential respiratory defenses, inhalation of cinnamaldehyde may increase the risk of respiratory infections in e-cigarette users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Clapp
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katelyn S Lavrich
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Eduardo R Lazarowski
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Johnny L Carson
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xin F, Tian Y, Gao C, Guo B, Wu Y, Zhao J, Jing J, Zhang X. A two-photon fluorescent probe for basal formaldehyde imaging in zebrafish and visualization of mitochondrial damage induced by FA stress. Analyst 2019; 144:2297-2303. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A two-photon fluorescence probe Mito-FA-FP can monitor mitochondrial morphology change and image endogenous FA in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyun Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Yong Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Congcong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Bingpeng Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Yulong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Junfang Zhao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Ullrich O, Henke W, Grune T, Siems WG. The effect of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and of its metabolite 4-hydroxynonenoic acid on respiration of rat kidney cortex mitochondria. Free Radic Res 1996; 24:421-7. [PMID: 8804985 DOI: 10.3109/10715769609088041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In rat kidney cortex mitochondria, 4-hydroxynonenal inhibits state 3 respiration as well as uncoupled respiration at micromolar concentrations. The inhibition is more distinct for NAD-linked than for FAD-linked respiration. 4-Hydroxynonenal increases the state 4 respiration. It is assumed that 4-hydroxynonenal behaves like a decoupling agent. 4-Hydroxynonenal augments the inhibitory effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol observed at superoptimal concentrations. 4-Hydroxynonenal is metabolised by renal mitochondria, and 4-hydroxynonenoic acid is one of the metabolites generated. This metabolite is without effect on respiration at concentrations up to 50 microM. Therefore, the effect of 4-hydroxynonenal on respiration is not mediated by this fatty acid derivative formed during respiratory measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Ullrich
- Clinics of Physical Therapy, University Hospital Charité, Medical Faculty, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feo F, Canuto RA, Garcea R, Brossa O, Dianzani MU. The effect of 4-hydroxy-2, 3-trans-pent-en-1-al and maleylaldehyde on some mitochondrial functions. Life Sci 1980; 26:165-72. [PMID: 6245316 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
9
|
|