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Towards Understanding the Direct and Indirect Actions of Growth Hormone in Controlling Hepatocyte Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102532. [PMID: 34685512 PMCID: PMC8533955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is critical for achieving normal structural growth. In addition, GH plays an important role in regulating metabolic function. GH acts through its GH receptor (GHR) to modulate the production and function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin. GH, IGF1, and insulin act on multiple tissues to coordinate metabolic control in a context-specific manner. This review will specifically focus on our current understanding of the direct and indirect actions of GH to control liver (hepatocyte) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the context of normal fasting (sleep) and feeding (wake) cycles and in response to prolonged nutrient deprivation and excess. Caveats and challenges related to the model systems used and areas that require further investigation towards a clearer understanding of the role GH plays in metabolic health and disease are discussed.
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El-Halawany N, El-Werdany A, El-Sayed YA, Shawky AEMA, Al-Tohamy AF, Abdel-Shafy H, Abd-El-Razek FM. Characterization of growth hormone gene (GH) in three Egyptian goat breeds. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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3
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HULMES JEFFREYD, MIEDEL MAYC, LI CHOHHAO, PAN YUCHINGE. Primary structure of elephant growth hormone†. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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TSUBOKAWA MAKOTO, KAWAUCHI HIROSHI. Complete amino acid sequence of fin whale growth hormone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1985.tb02177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Bewley TA, Li CH. The chemistry of human pituitary growth hormone. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 42:73-166. [PMID: 236640 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122877.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Panda AK. Bioprocessing of therapeutic proteins from the inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 85:43-93. [PMID: 12930093 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36466-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been most extensively used for the large-scale production of therapeutic proteins, which do not require complex glycosylation for bioactivity. In recent years tremendous progress has been made on the molecular biology, fermentation process development and protein refolding from inclusion bodies for efficient production of therapeutic proteins using E. coli. High cell density fermentation and high throughput purification of the recombinant protein from inclusion bodies of E. coli are the two major bottle necks for the cost effective production of therapeutic proteins. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments both in high cell density, high productive fermentation and inclusion body protein refolding processes using E. coli as an expression system. The first section deals with the problems of high cell density fermentation with an aim to high volumetric productivity of recombinant protein. Process engineering parameters during the expression of ovine growth hormone as inclusion body in E. coli were analyzed. Ovine growth hormone yield was improved from 60 mg L(-1) to 3.2 g L(-1) using fed-batch culture. Similar high volumetric yields were also achieved for human growth hormone and for recombinant bonnet monkey zona pellucida glycoprotein expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli. The second section deals with purification and refolding of recombinant proteins from the inclusion bodies of E. coli. The nature of inclusion body protein, its characterization and isolation from E. coli has been discussed in detail. Different solubilization and refolding methods, which have been used to recover bioactive protein from inclusion bodies of E. coli have also been discussed. A novel inclusion body protein solubilization method, while retaining the existing native-like secondary structure of the protein and its subsequent refolding in to bioactive form, has been discussed. This inclusion body solubilization and refolding method has been applied to recover bioactive recombinant ovine growth hormone, recombinant human growth hormone and bonnet monkey zona pellucida glycoprotein from the inclusion bodies of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
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Gupta V, Eshwari ANS, Panda AK, Agarwal GP. Optimization of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography for single-step purification of recombinant ovine growth hormone expressed in Escherichia coli. J Chromatogr A 2003; 998:93-101. [PMID: 12862375 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, Sepharose 6B gel with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether as spacer arm, iminodiacetic acid as the ligand and Cu2+, Ni2+ as metal ions were used to prepare an immobilized metal ion affinity (IMA) gel. The binding capacities of recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) onto IMA gels were maximized in the packed bed column. Parameters influencing the purification efficiencies such as pH, ionic strength and flow-rate were optimized to achieve improved separation. The roGH was purified from inclusion bodies with an overall yield of 73.5% and purity of 94.3% using a Cu(2+)-iminodiacetic acid (IDA) column. However, the Ni(2+)-IDA column was more successful in purifying the roGH from crude cell lysate in a single-step with a yield of 83% and purity of 92.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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8
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Secchi C, Borromeo V. Structure and function of bovine growth hormone. Bovine growth hormone as an experimental model for studies of protein-protein interactions. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 688:161-77. [PMID: 9061453 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a polipeptide that controls the differentiation, growth and metabolism of many cell types, and is secreted from the hypophysis of all vertebrate species tested so far. Despite the overlapping evolutionary, structural, immunological and biological properties, it is well-known that GHs from distinct mammalian species have significant species-specific characteristics. The main purpose of this review is to highlight bovine GH (bGH) structural features related to its species-specific properties. Novel interest in bGH is also aroused by the advent of biotechnological methods for production of recombinant proteins. In fact recombinant bGH will have a great importance in veterinary medicine research and as a 'high tech' drug that needs to be monitored in zootechnical productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Secchi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Veterinaria e Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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9
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Kobayashi T, Yasuda A, Yamaguchi K, Kawauchi H, Kikuyama S. The complete amino acid sequence of growth hormone of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1078:383-7. [PMID: 1859828 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of growth hormone (GH) isolated from the adenohypophysis of the bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) was determined. The hormone was reduced, carboxymethylated and subsequently cleaved with cyanogen bromide. Intact bullfrog GH was also digested with lysyl endopeptidase and trypsin. The resulting fragments were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and subjected to sequence analysis using an automated gas-liquid sequencer employing the Edman method. Bullfrog GH was found to consist of 190 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence determined is in accord with that deduced from bullfrog GH cDNA by Pan and Chang (1988) except for nine residues at positions 43-48, 73, 80 and 87. Sequence comparisons revealed that bullfrog GH is more similar to tetrapod GHs (e.g., 69% homology with sea turtle GH, 66% with chicken GH and 61% with ovine GH) than to GHs of teleosts (e.g., 35% homology with chum salmon GH and 33% with bonito GH) except for eel (52% identity). Bullfrog GH and prolactin exhibit a sequence homology of 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Yamaguchi K, King DS, Specker JL, Nishioka RS, Hirano T, Bern HA. Amino acid sequence of growth hormone isolated from medium of incubated pituitary glands of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1991; 81:323-31. [PMID: 2019405 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(91)90017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) growth hormone (GH) was determined directly by Edman degradation of peptide fragments generated by lysyl endopeptidase and trypsin digestion. The N-terminal residue was deduced to be pyroglutamic acid through the use of pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase; its removal allowed amino acid sequence determination of the remainder of the N-terminal trypsin peptide by Edman degradation. Tilapia GH is composed of 187 amino acid residues and shows high similarity to other perciform GHs. Sequence identities are: 89% with tuna GH, 83% with bonito GH, 85% with yellowtail GH, 89% with red sea bream GH, and 34% with bovine GH. The two asparagine residues (Asn-148 and Asn-184) were recovered by Edman degradation, suggesting the absence of N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamaguchi
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan
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11
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The Interactions of Water and Proteins in Cellular Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-76553-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Powers
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950
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Foster DN, Kim SU, Enyeart JJ, Foster LK. Nucleotide sequence of the complementary DNA for turkey growth hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:967-75. [PMID: 2125220 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Near-full length complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding turkey growth hormone (GH) have been isolated from a pituitary library. The longer of the two turkey GH cDNA clones that were sequenced is 803 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 41 nucleotides of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame of 648 bp that encodes a 25 amino acid leader polypeptide segment as well as a 191 amino acid mature turkey GH protein, and a 3'-UTR that is 92 bp long followed by a 22 bp poly A tract. Comparison of the turkey GH nucleotide sequence to that of other avian GH clones shows the coding region to be greater than 93% homologous while the homology to mammalian GH sequences is between 68 and 78%. Northern blot analysis showed an approximate 800 bp turkey GH processed mRNA transcript that hybridized to the turkey GH cDNA probe. A large up-regulation of turkey GH transcription occurred when intact cultured pituitaries were treated with 1 nM human growth hormone releasing hormone but only modest changes were observed when cultures were treated with thyroid releasing hormone or somatostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Foster
- Department of Poultry Science, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
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Martinat N, Anouassi A, Huet JC, Pernollet JC, Segard V, Combarnous Y. Purification and partial characterization of growth hormone from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Domest Anim Endocrinol 1990; 7:527-35. [PMID: 2261763 DOI: 10.1016/0739-7240(90)90010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Camel growth hormone (camGH) was isolated from the insoluble residue left after extraction of the gonadotropins FSH and LH from a single batch of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) pituitaries. Only one form of camGH was isolated and characterized; no glycosylated form of camGH could be evidenced. The isoelectric points (pI) of camGH was determined by chromatofocusing. The N-terminal amino-acid sequences of camGH was determined and compared to those of GHs from other species. The availability of this hormone and our better knowledge of its structure will permit to undertake the study of its structure-function relationships and of its physiological functions in this economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Martinat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique & URA CNRS 1291, Station de Physiologie de la Reproduction, Nouzilly, France
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Kobayashi T, Kikuyama S, Yasuda A, Kawauchi H, Yamaguchi K, Yokoo Y. Purification and characterization of bullfrog growth hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 73:417-24. [PMID: 2784399 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A highly purified growth hormone (GH) was isolated from an unadsorbed fraction obtained by subjecting acid acetone extract of bullfrog pituitary glands to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, a side fraction obtained during the purification of prolactin, by cation-exchange chromatography on CM-Toyopearl and high-performance liquid chromatography on ODS with a yield of 5.6 mg/g protein of the starting material. Intraperitoneal injections of GH to hypophysectomized Xenopus resulted in a considerable elevation of chondroitin sulfate synthesis in the xiphisternal cartilage as measured in vitro. The bullfrog GH had a molecular weight of 22,000 Da as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of bullfrog GH was estimated to be 7.8 by gel electrofocusing. The partial amino acid sequences of bullfrog GH at both terminal regions were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Yasuda A, Yamaguchi K, Papkoff H, Yokoo Y, Kawauchi H. The complete amino acid sequence of growth hormone from the sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 73:242-51. [PMID: 2707583 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of growth hormone (GH) from a reptilian species (the sea turtle, Chelonia mydas) has been determined for the first time. The hormone was reduced, carboxymethylated, and subsequently cleaved in turn with cyanogen bromide and Staphylococcus aureus protease. The intact protein was also cleaved with lysyl endopeptidase and o-iodosobenzoic acid. The resulting fragments were exclusively separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and subjected to sequence analysis by automated gas-phase sequencer employing the Edman method. The sea turtle GH consist of 190 amino acid residues with two disulfide linkages formed between residues 52-160 and 180-188, and possesses a microheterogeneity, indicated by the presence or absence of an additional alanine residue at the N-terminus. Sequence identities of sea turtle GH to other species of GH are 89% with chicken GH, 79% with rat GH, 68% with blue shark GH, 58% with eel GH, 59% with human GH, and 40% with a teleostean GH such as chum salmon. On the basis of amino acid sequence comparisons, a molecular phylogenetic tree is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yasuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Iwate, Japan
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18
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Kishida M, Hirano T, Kubota J, Hasegawa S, Kawauchi H, Yamaguchi K, Shirahata K. Isolation of two forms of growth hormone secreted from eel pituitaries in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1987; 65:478-88. [PMID: 3549441 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(87)90134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two forms of growth hormone (GH) were purified by chromatofocusing of medium from cultured Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) pituitaries. The pituitaries were organ-cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium with Earle's salts. Following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the medium at pH 9.5, two prominent bands were seen with Rf 0.36 and 0.29; they were designated as eGHI and eGHII, respectively. Seven-hundred fifty milliliters of medium, in which 260 pituitaries were cultured for 6-10 weeks, was concentrated by DIAFLO membrane (YM-5) and subjected to gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column and to chromatofocusing on a PBE-94 column. eGHI and II were finally purified by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column, yielding 2.0 mg of eGHI and 1.3 mg of eGHII. Both eGHI and eGHII were equipotent to ovine GH in promoting growth of juvenile rainbow trout. The putative GH-producing cells in the proximal pars distalis of the eel pituitary were stained specifically with antisera raised against eGHI or eGHII; no cross-reactivity was seen in the follicular prolactin cells in the rostral pars distalis. As determined by gel isoelectric focusing, eGHI and eGHII have isoelectric points of 6.3 and 6.7, respectively. Identical molecular masses of 23,000 Da were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Their amino acid compositions strongly resembled each other; comparison of the partial N-terminal amino acids indicates that sequence 1 to 36 of GHII is exactly the same as 4 to 39 of GHI.
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Wagner GF, Fargher RC, Brown JC, McKeown BA. Further characterization of growth hormone from the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1985; 60:27-34. [PMID: 3932122 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(85)90288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the isolation of growth hormone (GH) from the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) pituitary using gel, affinity, and ion exchange chromatography. Chum GH has an estimated molecular weight of 23,500 and an amino acid composition that is consistent with a vertebrate GH. The differentially charged forms of chum GH which are only apparent under alkaline conditions were separated by ion exchange and compared immunologically and biologically; Peak I, which consists of a single band (Rf = 0.35) under alkaline electrophoresis and Peak II which consists of two bands with Rf's of 0.41 and 0.45. Both forms were found to be immunologically identical by immunodiffusion and to have similar growth promoting properties in intact rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Chum GH was also active in the rat tibia test at a daily dosage of 70 micrograms/animal. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies with chum GH and other fish GHs.
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20
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Valiquette G, Zimmerman EA, Roberts JL. mRNA sequence predictions from homologous protein sequences. J Theor Biol 1985; 112:445-58. [PMID: 3982048 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(85)80013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A model has been developed that permits the prediction of mRNA nucleic acid sequence from the sequences of the translated proteins. The model relies on the information obtained from the comparison of protein sequences in related species to reduce the number of possible codons for those amino acids where mutations are observed. The predictions so obtained have been tested by applying the model to proteins whose mRNA sequences are known. The model's predictions have been found to be 100% accurate if three or more different amino acids are known at a given position and if the protein sequences are restricted to relatively closely related species (within the same class). The use of this model may permit a reduction of the mRNA sequence degeneracy and therefore be helpful in the synthesis of cDNA probes or for the prediction of restriction endonuclease sites. Computer programs have been developed to ease the use of the model.
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Abstract
Hirudin is a thrombin-specific inhibitor of Mr 8000 (65 amino acid residues). Native hirudin contains 3 disulfide linkages within the first 39 amino-terminal residues, and a highly acidic C-terminal segment which is freely accessible to enzyme digestion by both endo- and exo-peptidases. Removal of the acidic C-terminal amino acids of native hirudin by both chemical and enzymatic methods resulted in a concomitant loss of hirudin inhibition activity. It is concluded that this acidic C-terminal segment of hirudin is essential for hirudin-thrombin interaction. The implication of the hirudin-thrombin interaction for the enzymatic specificity of thrombin is also discussed.
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Abstract
Purified growth hormone (GH), isolated from pituitary glands of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), was shown to have biochemical and immunological properties in common with other teleost GH preparations. Intraperitoneal injections of the carp GH, at a dose of 1 microgram/g body wt, resulted in significant increases in body weight in goldfish. In addition, the carp GH was used to prepare an antiserum for the development of a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The displacement curves for serum from goldfish with an intact pituitary gland were parallel to that of the purified cGH in this RIA. In contrast, serial dilutions of serum from hypophysectomized goldfish, and purified goldfish prolactin and carp gonadotropin did not have significant cross reaction. The present study strongly suggests that this RIA is suitable for the measurement of circulating GH levels in the goldfish.
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Kawauchi H, Abe K, Takahashi A, Hirano T, Hasegawa S, Naito N, Nakai Y. Isolation and properties of chum salmon prolactin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 49:446-58. [PMID: 6188649 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A highly purified prolactin (PRL) was isolated from the chum salmon pituitary by extraction with acid acetone, gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 with a yield of 1 mg/g of wet tissue. It was 10-15 times more potent than ovine PRL in sodium-retaining activity for juvenile rainbow trout adapted to 50% seawater. The salmon PRL emerged as a single and symmetrical peak on Sephadex G-100 with Ve/Vo = 2.0. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed only one band at pH 4.3, whereas no band was seen at pH 7.5. The isoelectric point was estimated to be 10.3 by gel electric focusing. The circular dichroism spectrum of the salmon PRL was similar to that of tilapia PRL, showing an alpha-helix content of 50%. The salmon PRL had a molecular weight of 23,400 daltons by gel filtration and 22,300 daltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, with a single NH2-terminal residue, isoleucine, and a single COOH-terminal residue, half-cystine. In the sequence comparison with those of mammalian PRLs and growth hormones, the clusters of invariant residues were found in both terminal regions, although the disulfide at NH2-terminal of mammalian PRLs was missing. Specific salmon PRL antisera were prepared in rabbits giving a precipitin reaction against the salmon PRL and a pituitary extract of tilapia in agar diffusion but no cross reaction with purified mammalian PRLs. The antibody was localized specifically in PRL cells of the chum salmon pituitary.
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Bulatov AA, Osipova TA. Primary structure of seiwhale pituitary somatotropin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1982; 20:396-9. [PMID: 7174201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1982.tb00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Seiwhale somatotropin has been isolated from seiwhale pituitaries. It was cleaved by cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin. The peptide fragments were separated and purified by gel filtration on Sephadexes, ion exchange chromatography, high voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Amino acid sequences of the isolated peptides were studied by the dansyl-Edman procedure. The data obtained suggested a primary structure of seiwhale somatotropin consisting of 190 amino acid residues and showed a high degree of homology with somatotropins of many other species.
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Gráf L, Li CH, Cheng CH, Jibson MD. Two contiguous thrombin fragments of human somatotropin form a functionally active recombinant, but the two homologous fragments from sheep hormone do not. Biochemistry 1981; 20:7251-8. [PMID: 6274394 DOI: 10.1021/bi00528a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two thrombin fragments of reduced-carbamidomethylated human somatotropin representing the full primary structure of the native hormone (residues 1-134 and 135-191) have been found to form a recombinant molecule with properties similar to those of reduced-carbamidomethylated human somatotropin as shown by circular dichroism spectroscopy, two receptor-binding assays, and radioimmunoassay. In contrast, the homologous thrombin fragments of reduced-carbamidomethylated sheep hormone (residues 1-133 and 134-191) do not undergo recombination. Furthermore, neither the reduced-alkylated nor the reduced and nonalkylated C-terminal thrombin fragment of sheep hormone is able to interact with the reduced-carbamidomethylated N-terminal thrombin fragment of human hormone, under conditions which favor the recombination of the two human somatotropin fragments.
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Farmer SW, Licht P, Gallo AB, Mercado-Simmen R, DeLisle FE, Papkoff H. Studies on several marsupial anterior pituitary hormones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1981; 43:336-45. [PMID: 7215783 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Kirschenbaum DM. A compilation of amino acid analyses of proteins, polypeptides, and peptides. XII. Residues per molecule--9. Anal Biochem 1977; 83:484-520. [PMID: 341744 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Farmer SW, Papkoff H, Bewley TA, Hayashida T, Nishioka RS, Bern HA, Li CH. Isolation and properties of teleost prolactin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1977; 31:60-71. [PMID: 832819 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(77)90191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Farmer SW, Papkoff H, Hayashida T, Bewley TA, Bern HA, Li CH. Purification and properties of teleost growth hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1976; 30:91-100. [PMID: 825412 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(76)90070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gráf L, Barát E, Borvendég J, Hermann I, Patthy A. Action of thrombin on ovine, bovine and human pituitary growth hormones. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 64:333-40. [PMID: 1278162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. This communication reports the action of bovine thrombin on ovine, bovine and human growth hormones. Thrombin cleavage was shown to be restricted to a single homologous peptide bond in all three growth hormones (at sequence positions 133--134 of the ovine and bovine hormones). 2. Ovine growth hormone was the most sensitive to the action of thrombin, bovine growth hormone was attacked to a relatively less extent, and human growth hormone was the most resistant to the enzyme. 3. After reduction and carbamidomethylation of the disulfide bonds in thrombin modified ovine growth hormone, the two fragments (residues 1--133 and 134--191) were isolated. The large NH2-terminal thrombin fragment of the hormone (residues 1--133) was found to be inactive in the rat tibia test, whereas a tryptic fragment (residues 96--133) isolated in an independent way gave measurable responses.
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Kostyo JL, Reagan CR. The biology of growth hormone. PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS. PART B: GENERAL & SYSTEMATIC PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 2:591-604. [PMID: 824654 DOI: 10.1016/0306-039x(76)90009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tarli P, Li CH. Human pituitary growth hormone: solubility in ammonium sulfate solutions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 161:696-7. [PMID: 4857722 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Glaser CB, Bewley TA, Li CH. Reaction of bovine and ovine pituitary growth hormones with tetranitromethane. Biochemistry 1973; 12:3379-87. [PMID: 4199891 DOI: 10.1021/bi00742a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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