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Stenflo J. Vitamin K, prothrombin, and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:1-31. [PMID: 76430 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Panduro A, Valencia J, Rojkind M. Induction of prothrombin biosynthesis and inhibition of gamma carboxylase activity in experimental models of liver regeneration and fibrosis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 25:525-32. [PMID: 8467953 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(93)90660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. When acute liver damage is induced in rats treated with CCl4, both prothrombin biosynthesis and gamma carboxylase activity decreases, originating a prolongation of prothrombin time in plasma. 2. Then, during the regenerative process, prothrombin biosynthesis increases higher than normal, but gamma carboxylase activity remain decreased. In this case, prolongation of prothrombin time occurs in spite of high levels of descarboxylated prothrombin in plasma. 3. An increase of descarboxylated prothrombin in plasma is also detected in the CCl4-liver fibrosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Panduro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición S.Z., Tlalpan, México, D.F
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Wallin R, Patrick SD, Martin LF. 3-Methylcholanthrene induction of enzymes in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:4303-6. [PMID: 3120735 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on liver enzymes in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system has been investigated in normal rats and rats treated with the anticoagulant warfarin. It was found that 3-methylcholanthrene did not interfere with the anticoagulant function of the drug. Treatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in a 2.7-fold increase in liver cytosolic DT-diaphorase activity and a 1.5-fold increase in liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity. A pathway for production of reduced vitamin K cofactor for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is catalyzed by DT-diaphorase and an as yet unidentified NADH-specific dehydrogenase(s). The data suggest that the unidentified enzyme(s) in the pathway is not induced by 3-methylcholanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wallin
- Department of Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033
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Brody T, Suttie JW. Evidence for the glycoprotein nature of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase from rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 923:1-7. [PMID: 3801513 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the rat liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and microsomal precursors of prothrombin and other vitamin K-dependent proteins to bind to lectin gels has been determined. Under denaturing conditions which dissociate precursor substrates from the carboxylase enzyme, prothrombin precursors and microsomal proteins labeled in gamma-carboxyglutamate residues with [14C]bicarbonate were nearly quantitatively bound to concanavalin A gels. When lentil lectin gels were used, only about one third of these proteins were bound, suggesting a heterogeneity of this glycoprotein pool. Under non-denaturing conditions, both precursor proteins and vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity were retained on either concanavalin A or lentil lectin gels. These data are consistent with an increase in lectin binding determinants in the precursor-carboxylase complex and are evidence for the glycoprotein nature of this microsomal enzyme.
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Tollersrud OK, Helgeland L. On the quantification of prothrombin from different species using Echis carinatus as activator. Thromb Res 1986; 42:737-47. [PMID: 3523815 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(86)90110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of thrombin-like activity from rat, human, bovine and mouse prothrombin by Echis carinatus venom (ECV) treatment was compared using a partially purified system (i.e. whole ECV and isolated prothrombin). A rapid increase in coagulant activity was obtained within 0.5 to 2 min., being constant upon further incubation for 60 min. A large variation in coagulant activity of the ECV generated thrombin from the four species was found, whereas no differences were found for the amidolytic activities. The coagulant activities of the ECV generated thrombin was also low compared with the corresponding thrombin activities obtained by physiological activation. Coagulant activity of the ECV generated thrombin levelled off at increasing concentration of prothrombin in the sample as measured by the one-stage coagulation assay. By measuring amidolytic activity a linear relationship to the concentration of prothrombin was found, however. These findings indicate that ECV converts prothrombin from the four different species to a thrombin-like protein with properties distinct from alpha-thrombin. The lack of linearity in the ECV generated clot activity with increasing concentration of prothrombin could be explained by assuming a dimerization of the thrombin-like protein molecules making them less accessible to fibrinogen. The significance of these observations for the quantification of prothrombin from different species is discussed.
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Karl PI, Friedman PA. Responses of renal and hepatic vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase substrates to warfarin and vitamin K treatments. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 17:1313-6. [PMID: 4092815 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(85)90053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A single intraperitoneal injection of warfarin (5 mg/kg) in the rat causes maximal accumulation of hepatic vitamin K dependent carboxylase substrate by 8 hr. In the kidney accumulation is slower with maximal amounts of the substrate appearing at about 16 hr. Vitamin K administered intravenously to warfarin-treated rats causes the complete disappearance of the hepatic substrate in 2 hr. In contrast, neither a single nor multiple injections of the vitamin decrease the renal substrate level by more than 30%. However, this decrease can be augmented by inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide.
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Takahashi O, Hiraga K. Inhibition of phylloquinone epoxide-dependent carboxylation of microsomal proteins from rat liver by 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1981; 19:701-6. [PMID: 7327471 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(81)90523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
In summary, in this review on the function of vitamin K in post-translational modification of precursor proteins by carboxylation of certain glutamyl residues, I have tried to cover in particular the recent work on the reaction, the enzymes involved and the mechanisms being considered. In doing this I have also considered vitamin K, its discovery, its functional form and the possible relation of its metabolism to the carboxylation reaction. Equally the various vitamin K-dependent gla-containing proteins currently known have been described. The carboxylation of synthetic small molecule exogenous substrates and the synthesis and metabolism of the products of carboxylation are of great help in studying the reaction. Structural specificity of vitamin K analogs in vivo and in vitro has been compared and the use of various antagonists in vivo and in vitro considered in attempts to gain an understanding of the overall reaction. The reactions subsequent to carboxylation, e.g., the activation of prothrombin to thrombin via serine proteases and the related activation of the other vitamin K-dependent proteins have not been considered in this review. The review has not covered prothrombin or other vitamin K-dependent protein isolation, nor the determination of these proteins. As the vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation story has developed over the past six years, a number of reviews have been written which help in keeping up with the various aspects of the field as it has expanded. These reviews refer to many of the papers I have had to eliminate due to space limitations. They are referenced as 469-489. The review is in no sense comprehensive and many papers have been missed or only mentioned. I have tried to concentrate on the more recent work and, thus, much of the very fine work of the 1940's on vitamin K chemistry is hardly mentioned. Some redundancy has been built into the organization of the review so that a reader can obtain a reasonable view of any one section without having to search the whole review for all possible relevant information on any particular part of the field.
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Averdunk R, Grüner J. Einfluß von Vorstufen von Faktor II oder Faktor X auf den Quick-Wert bei Verwendung von Thromboplastinen verschiedener Hersteller. Clin Chem Lab Med 1981. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1981.19.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fractionation and reconstitution of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation activity in rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Suttie JW. Mechanism of action of vitamin K: synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 8:191-223. [PMID: 6772376 DOI: 10.3109/10409238009105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is required for the synthesis of prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, and a number of newly discovered proteins. These plasma proteins participate in calcium-dependent phospholipid membrane interactions which are mediated through the presence of gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in their amino-terminal region. Vitamin K is required for the postribosomal conversion of glutamyl residues in liver precursors of these proteins to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in the completed plasma proteins. In the absence of vitamin K, or in the presence of vitamin K antagonists, animals produce plasma forms which lack the carboxylated residue. These proteins are nonfunctional because of their lack of phospholipid interaction. The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase which carries out this reaction has been studied in rat liver microsomal preparations where it will carboxylate the endogenous precursor proteins. Low-molecular-weight glutamyl-containing peptide substrates, such as Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, which are homologous to regions of the prothrombin precursor, will also serve as substrates for the detergent-solubilized enzyme. This enzyme has been shown to require the reduced form of the vitamin and O2 but no ATP or a biotin-containing protein for its activity. The same microsomal preparations will also convert vitamin K to its 2,3-epoxide, and it is possible that activity may be related to the role of the vitamin in driving the carboxylase reaction.
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Dubin A, Suen E, Delaney R, Chiu A, Johnson B. Regulation of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Esnouf MP, Green MR, Hill HA, Walter SJ. The inhibition of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamyl residues in prothrombin by some copper complexes. FEBS Lett 1979; 107:146-50. [PMID: 499536 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dubin A, Suen ET, Delaney R, Chiu A, Johnson BC. Stimulation of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 88:1024-9. [PMID: 465069 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Siegfried CM, Knauer GR, Matschiner JT. Evidence for increased formation of preprothrombin and the noninvolvement of vitamin K-dependent reactions in sex-linked hyperprothrombinemia in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 194:486-95. [PMID: 443815 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hauschka P, Reid M. Vitamin D dependence of a calcium-binding protein containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in chicken bone. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Zwaal RF. Membrane and lipid involvement in blood coagulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 515:163-205. [PMID: 356885 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(78)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Olson RE, Suttie JW. Vitamin K and gamma-carboxyglutamate biosynthesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1978; 35:59-108. [PMID: 343363 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Helgeland L. The submicrosomal site for the conversion of prothrombin precursor to biologically active prothrombin in rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 499:181-93. [PMID: 907786 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Guillin MC, Aronson DL, Bezeaud A, Menache D, Schlegel N, Amar M. The purification of human acarboxy prothrombin. Characterization of its derivatives after thrombin cleavage. Thromb Res 1977; 10:223-33. [PMID: 403630 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(77)90004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jolly DW, Kadis BM, Nelson TE. Estrogen and prothrombin synthesis. The prothrombinogenic action of estrogen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 74:41-9. [PMID: 836287 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Grant GA, Suttie JW. Rat liver prothrombin precursors: purification of a second, more basic form. Biochemistry 1976; 15:5387-93. [PMID: 999813 DOI: 10.1021/bi00669a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Grant GA, Suttie JW. Rat prothrombin: purification, characterization, and activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 176:650-62. [PMID: 984850 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mack DO, Suen ET, Girardot JM, Miller JA, Delaney R, Johnson BC. Soluble enzyme system for vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Benson RE, Dodds WJ. Partial characterization of the factor VIII-stimulating material of rabbit liver perfusates: relationships to rabbit plasma factor VIII. Br J Haematol 1975; 31:437-47. [PMID: 829749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Esmon CT, Sadowski JA, Suttie JW. A new carboxylation reaction. The vitamin K-dependent incorporation of H-14-CO3- into prothrombin. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Nardacci NJ, Jones JP, Hall AL, Olson RE. Synthesis of nascent prothrombin and albumin in a heterologous system using rat liver messenger RNA purified in oligo (dT)-cellulose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 64:51-8. [PMID: 1147935 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Esmon CT, Grant GA, Suttie JW. Purification of an apparent rat liver prothrombin precursor: characterization and comparison to normal rat prothrombin. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1595-600. [PMID: 1125189 DOI: 10.1021/bi00679a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence would suggest that prothrombin is synthesized from a liver precursor molecule in a vitamin K dependent step which involves the attachment of calcium binding groups to the precursor. A protein has now been isolated from the liver of warfarin-treated rats which has the properties predicted for this precursor. The purified precursor is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight indistinguishable from rat prothrombin. Both electrophoretic and isofocusing analyses indicate that the precursor is less negatively charged than prothrombin. Specific proteolysis of the precursor by thrombin, taipan snake venom, or clotting factor Xa yielded fragments indistinguishable from those formed by similar proteolysis of prothrombin. The rate of activation of the precursor to thrombin by factor Xa and Ca-2+ was not stimulated by the addition of phospholipid, while prothrombin activation is greatly stimulated under these conditions. All of the data obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the protein isolated is a precursor to prothrombin, and that under the influence of vitamin K, this precursor is converted to prothrombin by the addition of a number of acidic calcium binding groups.
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[3H]diborane reduction of vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding proteins. Identification of a unique amino acid. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Suttie JW. Metabolism and properties of a liver precursor to prothrombin. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1975; 32:463-81. [PMID: 4617405 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shah DV, Suttie JW. The vitamin K dependent, in vitro production of prothrombin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 60:1397-402. [PMID: 4425352 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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