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Hélaine V, Gastaldi C, Lemaire M, Clapés P, Guérard-Hélaine C. Recent Advances in the Substrate Selectivity of Aldolases. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Hélaine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Gastaldi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marielle Lemaire
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pere Clapés
- Biological Chemistry Department, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC−CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Guérard-Hélaine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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2
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Kim T, Stogios PJ, Khusnutdinova AN, Nemr K, Skarina T, Flick R, Joo JC, Mahadevan R, Savchenko A, Yakunin AF. Rational engineering of 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolases for the biosynthesis of ( R)-1,3-butanediol. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:597-609. [PMID: 31806708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-carbon bond formation is one of the most important reactions in biocatalysis and organic chemistry. In nature, aldolases catalyze the reversible stereoselective aldol addition between two carbonyl compounds, making them attractive catalysts for the synthesis of various chemicals. In this work, we identified several 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolases (DERAs) having acetaldehyde condensation activity, which can be used for the biosynthesis of (R)-1,3-butanediol (1,3BDO) in combination with aldo-keto reductases (AKRs). Enzymatic screening of 20 purified DERAs revealed the presence of significant acetaldehyde condensation activity in 12 of the enzymes, with the highest activities in BH1352 from Bacillus halodurans, TM1559 from Thermotoga maritima, and DeoC from Escherichia coli The crystal structures of BH1352 and TM1559 at 1.40-2.50 Å resolution are the first full-length DERA structures revealing the presence of the C-terminal Tyr (Tyr224 in BH1352). The results from structure-based site-directed mutagenesis of BH1352 indicated a key role for the catalytic Lys155 and other active-site residues in the 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate cleavage and acetaldehyde condensation reactions. These experiments also revealed a 2.5-fold increase in acetaldehyde transformation to 1,3BDO (in combination with AKR) in the BH1352 F160Y and F160Y/M173I variants. The replacement of the WT BH1352 by the F160Y or F160Y/M173I variants in E. coli cells expressing the DERA + AKR pathway increased the production of 1,3BDO from glucose five and six times, respectively. Thus, our work provides detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of substrate selectivity and activity of DERAs and identifies two DERA variants with enhanced activity for in vitro and in vivo 1,3BDO biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Future Technology Center, LG Chem, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 150-721, Korea
| | - Peter J Stogios
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Anna N Khusnutdinova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Kayla Nemr
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Tatiana Skarina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jeong Chan Joo
- Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alexander F Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
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3
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Haridas M, Abdelraheem EMM, Hanefeld U. 2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA): applications and modifications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9959-9971. [PMID: 30284013 PMCID: PMC6244999 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) is a class I aldolase that offers access to several building blocks for organic synthesis. It catalyzes the stereoselective C-C bond formation between acetaldehyde and numerous other aldehydes. However, the practical application of DERA as a biocatalyst is limited by its poor tolerance towards industrially relevant concentrations of aldehydes, in particular acetaldehyde. Therefore, the development of proper experimental conditions, including protein engineering and/or immobilization on appropriate supports, is required. The present review is aimed to provide a brief overview of DERA, its history, and progress made in understanding the functioning of the enzyme. Furthermore, the current understanding regarding aldehyde resistance of DERA and the various optimizations carried out to modify this property are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Haridas
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eman M M Abdelraheem
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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4
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Schulte M, Petrović D, Neudecker P, Hartmann R, Pietruszka J, Willbold S, Willbold D, Panwalkar V. Conformational Sampling of the Intrinsically Disordered C-Terminal Tail of DERA Is Important for Enzyme Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018; 8:3971-3984. [PMID: 30101036 PMCID: PMC6080863 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) catalyzes the reversible conversion of acetaldehyde and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into deoxyribose-5-phosphate. DERA is used as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of drugs such as statins and is a promising pharmaceutical target due to its involvement in nucleotide catabolism. Despite previous biochemical studies suggesting the catalytic importance of the C-terminal tyrosine residue found in several bacterial DERAs, the structural and functional basis of its participation in catalysis remains elusive because the electron density for the last eight to nine residues (i.e., the C-terminal tail) is absent in all available crystal structures. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we conclusively show that the rarely studied C-terminal tail of E. coli DERA (ecDERA) is intrinsically disordered and exists in equilibrium between open and catalytically relevant closed states, where the C-terminal tyrosine (Y259) enters the active site. Nuclear Overhauser effect distance restraints, obtained due to the presence of a substantial closed state population, were used to derive the solution-state structure of the ecDERA closed state. Real-time NMR hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments reveal that Y259 is required for efficiency of the proton abstraction step of the catalytic reaction. Phosphate titration experiments show that, in addition to the phosphate-binding residues located near the active site, as observed in the available crystal structures, ecDERA contains previously unknown auxiliary phosphate-binding residues on the C-terminal tail which could facilitate in orienting Y259 in an optimal position for catalysis. Thus, we present significant insights into the structural and mechanistic importance of the ecDERA C-terminal tail and illustrate the role of conformational sampling in enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Schulte
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dušan Petrović
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität im Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1 (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vineet Panwalkar
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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5
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Schulte M, Stoldt M, Neudecker P, Pietruszka J, Willbold D, Panwalkar V. 1H, 13C, and 15N backbone and sidechain resonance assignments of a monomeric variant of E. coli deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2017; 11:197-201. [PMID: 28560616 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-017-9747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) catalyses the reversible conversion of 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate (dR5P) into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and acetaldehyde. For industrial applications, this enzyme is used in organic synthesis for aldol reactions between acetaldehyde as a donor and a wide range of aldehydes as acceptors. Here, we present a near complete set of sequence-specific 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments of a 28 kDa monomeric variant of the Escherichia coli DERA. These assignments provide the basis for ongoing structural and dynamic analysis of DERA substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Schulte
- ICS-6 (Strukturbiochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Stoldt
- ICS-6 (Strukturbiochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- ICS-6 (Strukturbiochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jӧrg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität im Forschungszentrum Jülich, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- ICS-6 (Strukturbiochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vineet Panwalkar
- ICS-6 (Strukturbiochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Wang Y, Jones MK, Xu H, Ray WK, White RH. Mechanism of the Enzymatic Synthesis of 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde-phosphate (4-HFC-P) from Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Catalyzed by 4-HFC-P Synthase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2997-3008. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael K. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Huimin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - W. Keith Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Robert H. White
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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7
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Jeffery J, Jörnvall H. Sorbitol dehydrogenase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 61:47-106. [PMID: 3281420 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123072.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jeffery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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8
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Jennewein S, Schürmann M, Wolberg M, Hilker I, Luiten R, Wubbolts M, Mink D. Directed evolution of an industrial biocatalyst: 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate aldolase. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:537-48. [PMID: 16892289 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aldolases are emerging as powerful and cost efficient tools for the industrial synthesis of chiral molecules. They catalyze enantioselective carbon-carbon bond formations, generating up to two chiral centers under mild reaction conditions. Despite their versatility, narrow substrate ranges and enzyme inactivation under synthesis conditions represented major obstacles for large-scale applications of aldolases. In this study we applied directed evolution to optimize Escherichia coli 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) as biocatalyst for the industrial synthesis of (3R,5S)-6-chloro-2,4,6-trideoxyhexapyranoside. This versatile chiral precursor for vastatin drugs like Lipitor (atorvastatin) is synthesized by DERA in a tandem-aldol reaction from chloroacetaldehyde and two acetaldehyde equivalents. However, E. coli DERA shows low affinity to chloroacetaldehyde and is rapidly inactivated at aldehyde concentrations useful for biocatalysis. Using high-throughput screenings for chloroacetaldehyde resistance and for higher productivity, several improved variants have been identified. By combination of the most beneficial mutations we obtained a tenfold improved variant compared to wild-type DERA with regard to (3R,5S)-6-chloro-2,4,6-trideoxyhexapyranoside synthesis, under industrially relevant conditions.
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9
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Heine A, Luz JG, Wong CH, Wilson IA. Analysis of the class I aldolase binding site architecture based on the crystal structure of 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase at 0.99A resolution. J Mol Biol 2004; 343:1019-34. [PMID: 15476818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the bacterial (Escherichia coli) class I 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) has been determined by Se-Met multiple anomalous dispersion (MAD) methods at 0.99A resolution. This structure represents the highest-resolution X-ray structure of an aldolase determined to date and enables a true atomic view of the enzyme. The crystal structure shows the ubiquitous TIM alpha/beta barrel fold. The enzyme contains two lysine residues in the active site. Lys167 forms the Schiff base intermediate, whereas Lys201, which is in close vicinity to the reactive lysine residue, is responsible for the perturbed pK(a) of Lys167 and, hence, also a key residue in the reaction mechanism. DERA is the only known aldolase that is able to use aldehydes as both aldol donor and acceptor molecules in the aldol reaction and is, therefore, of particular interest as a biocatalyst in synthetic organic chemistry. The uncomplexed DERA structure enables a detailed comparison with the substrate complexes and highlights a conformational change in the phosphate-binding site. Knowledge of the enzyme active-site environment has been the basis for exploration of catalysis of non-natural substrates and of mutagenesis of the phosphate-binding site to expand substrate specificity. Detailed comparison with other class I aldolase enzymes and DERA enzymes from different organisms reveals a similar geometric arrangement of key residues and implies a potential role for water as a general base in the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heine
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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10
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Heine A, DeSantis G, Luz JG, Mitchell M, Wong CH, Wilson IA. Observation of covalent intermediates in an enzyme mechanism at atomic resolution. Science 2001; 294:369-74. [PMID: 11598300 DOI: 10.1126/science.1063601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In classical enzymology, intermediates and transition states in a catalytic mechanism are usually inferred from a series of biochemical experiments. Here, we derive an enzyme mechanism from true atomic-resolution x-ray structures of reaction intermediates. Two ultra-high resolution structures of wild-type and mutant d-2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate (DRP) aldolase complexes with DRP at 1.05 and 1.10 angstroms unambiguously identify the postulated covalent carbinolamine and Schiff base intermediates in the aldolase mechanism. In combination with site-directed mutagenesis and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance, we can now propose how the heretofore elusive C-2 proton abstraction step and the overall stereochemical course are accomplished. A proton relay system appears to activate a conserved active-site water that functions as the critical mediator for proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Stura EA, Ghosh S, Garcia-Junceda E, Chen L, Wong CH, Wilson IA. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data for class I deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli: an application of reverse screening. Proteins 1995; 22:67-72. [PMID: 7675789 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
X-ray quality crystals of class I-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli have been obtained for the unliganded enzyme and in complex with its substrate, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate. The enzyme catalyzes the reversible cleavage of 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate to acetaldehyde and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The unliganded and complex crystals are prismatic long rods and belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell dimensions a = 183.1 A, b = 61.4 A, c = 49.3 A and a = 179.2 A, b = 60.5, A, c = 49.1 A, respectively. Two molecules in the asymmetric unit are related by a noncrystallographic 2-fold axis. The crystals are stable in the X-ray beam and diffract to at least 2.6 A. A new method, reverse screening, designed to minimize protein utilization during the screening process was used to determine supersaturation and crystallization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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12
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Sgarrella F, Del Corso A, Tozzi MG, Camici M. Deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase of Bacillus cereus: purification and properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1118:130-3. [PMID: 1730028 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase was purified 41 times from Bacillus cereus induced by growth on deoxyribonucleosides. The purification procedure includes ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and preparative electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme is stable above pH 6.5, but is rapidly inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. Being insensitive to EDTA, it may be considered as a Class I aldolase. Among a number of compounds tested (including some carboxylic acids, free and phosphorylated pentoses, nucleotides and nucleosides), none has been found to affect the enzyme activity. The enzyme appears to be dimeric, with a subunit Mr of 23,600. A Km of 4.4 x 10(-4) M was calculated for dRib 5-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sgarrella
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Italy
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13
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Ipata PL, Sgarrella F, Tozzi MG. Mechanisms of exogenous purine nucleotide utilization in Bacillus cereus. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1985; 26:419-32. [PMID: 3000698 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152826-3.50040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Jeffery J, Jörnvall H. Enzyme relationships in a sorbitol pathway that bypasses glycolysis and pentose phosphates in glucose metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:901-5. [PMID: 6405381 PMCID: PMC393495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.4.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathway from glucose via sorbitol bypasses the control points of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase in glucose metabolism. It also may produce glycerol, linking the bypass to lipid synthesis. Utilization of this bypass is favored by a plentiful supply of glucose--hence, conditions under which glycolysis also is active. The bypass further involves oxidation of NADPH, so the pentose phosphate pathway and the bypass are mutually facilitative. Possible consequences in different organs under normal and pathological, especially diabetic, conditions are detailed. Enzymes with related structures (for example, sorbitol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, and possibly, aldehyde reductase and aldose reductase, respectively) are linked functionally by this scheme. Some enzymes of the bypass also feature in glycolysis (aldolase and alcohol dehydrogenase), and these enzymes, with the reductases involved, are proteins known to occur in different classes or multiple isozyme forms. Two of the enzymes (aldolase and alcohol dehydrogenase) both involve classes with and without a catalytic metal (zinc). The existence of parallel pathways and the occurrence of similar enzymic steps in one pathway may help to explain the abundance and multiplicity of enzymes such as reductases, aldolases, and alcohol dehydrogenases.
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15
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Valentin-Hansen P, Boëtius F, Hammer-Jespersen K, Svendsen I. The primary structure of Escherichia coli K12 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase. Nucleotide sequence of the deoC gene and the amino acid sequence of the enzyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 125:561-6. [PMID: 6749498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of the deoC gene of Escherichia coli K12 and the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein, deoxyriboaldolase, has been established. The protein consists of 259 amino acids with a molecular weight of 27 737. The purified enzyme may exist both as a monomer and as a dimer. On the basis of amino acid composition, molecular weight and catalytic properties, the enzymes from E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium seem to be almost similar. They belong to the class I aldolases, which form Schiff base intermediates. Using data for the S. typhimurium enzyme, the lysine residue involved in the active site in the E. coli enzyme was tentatively identified.
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16
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Jargiello P, Sushak C, Hoffee P. 2-Deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase: isolation and characterization of proteins genetically modified in the active site region. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 177:630-41. [PMID: 797319 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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