1
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Chen C, Yao G, Wang F, Bao S, Wan X, Han P, Wang K, Song T, Jiang H. Identification of a (+)-cubenene synthase from filamentous fungi Acremonium chrysogenum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 677:119-125. [PMID: 37573766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene synthases convert farnesyl diphosphate into various sesquiterpenes, which find wide applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Although numerous putative sesquiterpene synthases have been identified in fungal genomes, many lack biochemical characterization. In this study, we identified a putative terpene synthase AcTPS3 from Acremonium chrysogenum. Through sequence analysis and in vitro enzyme assay, AcTPS3 was identified as a sesquiterpene synthase. To obtain sufficient product for NMR testing, a metabolic engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae was constructed to overproduce the product of AcTPS3. The major product of AcTPS3 was identified as (+)-cubenene (55.46%) by GC-MS and NMR. Thus, AcTPS3 was confirmed as (+)-cubenene synthase, which is the first report of (+)-cubenene synthase. The optimized S. cerevisiae strain achieved a biosynthesis titer of 597.3 mg/L, the highest reported for (+)-cubenene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Yao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoheng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiukun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Penggang Han
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wang J, Zhang M, Yang J, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhao Z. Type A Trichothecene Metabolic Profile Differentiation, Mechanisms, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Evolution in Fusarium Species-A Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:446. [PMID: 37505715 PMCID: PMC10467051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are the most common Fusarium toxins detected in grains and related products. Type A trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety due to their high toxicity. Recently, two different trichothecene genotypes within Fusarium species were reported. The available information showed that Tri1 and Tri16 genes are the key determinants of the trichothecene profiles of T-2 and DAS genotypes. In this review, polymorphisms in the Tri1 and Tri16 genes in the two genotypes were investigated. Meanwhile, the functions of genes involved in DAS and NEO biosynthesis are discussed. The possible biosynthetic pathways of DAS and NEO are proposed in this review, which will facilitate the understanding of the synthesis process of trichothecenes in Fusarium strains and may also inspire researchers to design and conduct further research. Together, the review provides insight into trichothecene profile differentiation and Tri gene evolutionary processes responsible for the structural diversification of trichothecene produced by Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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3
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Wei X, Wang WG, Matsuda Y. Branching and converging pathways in fungal natural product biosynthesis. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35255990 PMCID: PMC8902786 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn nature, organic molecules with great structural diversity and complexity are synthesized by utilizing a relatively small number of starting materials. A synthetic strategy adopted by nature is pathway branching, in which a common biosynthetic intermediate is transformed into different end products. A natural product can also be synthesized by the fusion of two or more precursors generated from separate metabolic pathways. This review article summarizes several representative branching and converging pathways in fungal natural product biosynthesis to illuminate how fungi are capable of synthesizing a diverse array of natural products.
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4
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Zuo Y, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Molitor C, Medina A, Magan N, Mohareb F. De novo genome assembly and functional annotation for Fusarium langsethiae. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:158. [PMID: 35193498 PMCID: PMC8864894 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium langsethiae is a T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins producing species firstly characterised in 2004. It is commonly isolated from oats in Northern Europe. T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins exhibit immunological and haemotological effects in animal health mainly through inhibition of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. The development of a high-quality and comprehensively annotated assembly for this species is therefore essential in providing the molecular understanding and the mechanism of T-2 and HT-2 biosynthesis in F. langsethiae to help develop effective control strategies. Results The F. langsethiae assembly was produced using PacBio long reads, which were then assembled independently using Canu, SMARTdenovo and Flye. A total of 19,336 coding genes were identified using RNA-Seq informed ab-initio gene prediction. Finally, predicting genes were annotated using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) against the NCBI non-redundant (NR) genome database and protein hits were annotated using InterProScan. Genes with blast hits were functionally annotated with Gene Ontology. Conclusions We developed a high-quality genome assembly of a total length of 59 Mb and N50 of 3.51 Mb. Raw sequence reads and assembled genome is publicly available and can be downloaded from: GenBank under the accession JAFFKB000000000. All commands used to generate this assembly are accessible via GitHub: https://github.com/FadyMohareb/fusarium_langsethiae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08368-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zuo
- The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, Bedford, UK
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, Bedford, UK
| | - Corentin Molitor
- The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, Bedford, UK
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, Bedford, UK
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, Bedford, UK
| | - Fady Mohareb
- The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, Bedford, UK.
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5
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Chen L, Yang J, Wang H, Yang X, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Wang J. NX toxins: New threat posed by Fusarium graminearum species complex. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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6
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Chen H, Mao L, Zhao N, Xia C, Liu J, Kubicek CP, Wu W, Xu S, Zhang C. Verification of TRI3 Acetylation of Trichodermol to Trichodermin in the Plant Endophyte Trichoderma taxi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:731425. [PMID: 34759898 PMCID: PMC8573352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.731425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichodermin, a trichothecene first isolated in Trichoderma species, is a sesquiterpenoid antibiotic that exhibits significant inhibitory activity to the growth of many pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea by inhibiting the peptidyl transferase involved in eukaryotic protein synthesis. Trichodermin has also been shown to selectively induce cell apoptosis in several cancer cell lines and thus can act as a potential lead compound for developing anticancer therapeutics. The biosynthetic pathway of trichodermin in Trichoderma has been identified, and most of the involved genes have been functionally characterized. An exception is TRI3, which encodes a putative acetyltransferase. Here, we report the identification of a gene cluster that contains seven genes expectedly involved in trichodermin biosynthesis (TRI3, TRI4, TRI6, TRI10, TRI11, TRI12, and TRI14) in the trichodermin-producing endophytic fungus Trichoderma taxi. As in Trichoderma brevicompactum, TRI5 is not included in the cluster. Functional analysis provides evidence that TRI3 acetylates trichodermol, the immediate precursor, to trichodermin. Disruption of TRI3 gene eliminated the inhibition to R. solani by T. taxi culture filtrates and significantly reduced the production of trichodermin but not of trichodermol. Both the inhibitory activity and the trichodermin production were restored when native TRI3 gene was reintroduced into the disruption mutant. Furthermore, a His-tag-purified TRI3 protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, was able to convert trichodermol to trichodermin in the presence of acetyl-CoA. The disruption of TRI3 also resulted in lowered expression of both the upstream biosynthesis TRI genes and the regulator genes. Our data demonstrate that T. taxi TRI3 encodes an acetyltransferase that catalyzes the esterification of the C-4 oxygen atom on trichodermol and thus plays an essential role in trichodermin biosynthesis in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Chen
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
| | - Lijuan Mao
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Xia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Microbiology Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenneng Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Su Xu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chulong Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Bekalu ZE, Dionisio G, Madsen CK, Etzerodt T, Fomsgaard IS, Brinch-Pedersen H. Barley Nepenthesin-Like Aspartic Protease HvNEP-1 Degrades Fusarium Phytase, Impairs Toxin Production, and Suppresses the Fungal Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702557. [PMID: 34394154 PMCID: PMC8358834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nepenthesins are categorized under the subfamily of the nepenthesin-like plant aspartic proteases (PAPs) that form a distinct group of atypical PAPs. This study describes the effect of nepenthesin 1 (HvNEP-1) protease from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on fungal histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) phytase activity. Signal peptide lacking HvNEP-1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. Recombinant HvNEP-1 (rHvNEP-1) strongly inhibited the activity of Aspergillus and Fusarium phytases, which are enzymes that release inorganic phosphorous from phytic acid. Moreover, rHvNEP-1 suppressed in vitro fungal growth and strongly reduced the production of mycotoxin, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), from Fusarium graminearum. The quantitative PCR analysis of trichothecene biosynthesis genes (TRI) confirmed that rHvNEP-1 strongly repressed the expression of TRI4, TRI5, TRI6, and TRI12 in F. graminearum. The co-incubation of rHvNEP-1 with recombinant F. graminearum (rFgPHY1) and Fusarium culmorum (FcPHY1) phytases induced substantial degradation of both Fusarium phytases, indicating that HvNEP-1-mediated proteolysis of the fungal phytases contributes to the HvNEP-1-based suppression of Fusarium.
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8
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Walther C, Baumann P, Luck K, Rothe B, Biedermann PHW, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG, Unsicker SB. Volatile emission and biosynthesis in endophytic fungi colonizing black poplar leaves. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1698-1711. [PMID: 34367348 PMCID: PMC8313976 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatiles play a major role in plant-insect interactions as defense compounds or attractants for insect herbivores. Recent studies have shown that endophytic fungi are also able to produce volatiles and this raises the question of whether these fungal volatiles influence plant-insect interactions. Here, we qualitatively investigated the volatiles released from 13 endophytic fungal species isolated from leaves of mature black poplar (Populus nigra) trees. The volatile blends of these endophytes grown on agar medium consist of typical fungal compounds, including aliphatic alcohols, ketones and esters, the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol and various sesquiterpenes. Some of the compounds were previously reported as constituents of the poplar volatile blend. For one endophyte, a species of Cladosporium, we isolated and characterized two sesquiterpene synthases that can produce a number of mono- and sesquiterpenes like (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-β-caryophyllene, compounds that are dominant components of the herbivore-induced volatile bouquet of black poplar trees. As several of the fungus-derived volatiles like 2-phenylethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and the sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene, are known to play a role in direct and indirect plant defense, the emission of volatiles from endophytic microbial species should be considered in future studies investigating tree-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Walther
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Pamela Baumann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Fohrenbühl 27, 79252 Stegen-Wittental, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Beate Rothe
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter H W Biedermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Fohrenbühl 27, 79252 Stegen-Wittental, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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9
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Bekalu ZE, Dionisio G, Brinch-Pedersen H. Molecular Properties and New Potentials of Plant Nepenthesins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E570. [PMID: 32365700 PMCID: PMC7284499 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nepenthesins are aspartic proteases (APs) categorized under the A1B subfamily. Due to nepenthesin-specific sequence features, the A1B subfamily is also named nepenthesin-type aspartic proteases (NEPs). Nepenthesins are mostly known from the pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes, where they are availed for the hydrolyzation of insect protein required for the assimilation of insect nitrogen resources. However, nepenthesins are widely distributed within the plant kingdom and play significant roles in plant species other than Nepenthes. Although they have received limited attention when compared to other members of the subfamily, current data indicates that they have exceptional molecular and biochemical properties and new potentials as fungal-resistance genes. In the current review, we provide insights into the current knowledge on the molecular and biochemical properties of plant nepenthesins and highlights that future focus on them may have strong potentials for industrial applications and crop trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Eshetu Bekalu
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark; (G.D.); (H.B.-P.)
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10
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Achimón F, Dambolena JS, Zygadlo JA, Pizzolitto RP. Carbon sources as factors affecting the secondary metabolism of the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Izquierdo-Bueno I, Moraga J, Cardoza RE, Lindo L, Hanson JR, Gutiérrez S, Collado IG. Relevance of the deletion of the Tatri4 gene in the secondary metabolome of Trichoderma arundinaceum. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:2955-2965. [PMID: 29623313 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00338f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum (Ta37) has a significant biocontrol application which has been related to the production of the trichothecene, harzianum A (2). Previous studies with a strain of T. arundinaceum which was blocked for the production of 2, revealed the existence of a chemical cross-regulation between the biocontrol fungus and its target organism. A study of the secondary metabolome of a single culture of a mutant of T. arundinaceum TaΔTri4 which produces trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates, has now been carried out. The production of secondary metabolites in a co-culture with the phytopathogen, Botrytis cinerea, was then analyzed. The mutant produced a larger quantity of the aspinolides B (6) and C (7) and other derivatives when compared to the wild type Ta37. Ten new metabolites were isolated: three aspinolides 12-14, the γ-lactones 15 and 16, two hemi-ketals 17 and 18 and three aspinolide degradation products, 19, 21 and 22. In the confrontation cultures involving the TaΔTri4 and the B. cinerea B05.10 strains, there was a higher production of the aspinolides B and C by the TaΔTri4 mutant while the production of the botryanes and botcinins by B. cinerea was reduced in the area of interaction between the cultures. These results shed light on the chemical cross-talk and ecological interactions between these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4° planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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12
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Xue H, Bi Y, Sun Y, Hussain R, Wang H, Zhang S, Zhang R, Long H, Nan M, Cheng X, Alejandro CU. Acetylsalicylic acid treatment reduce Fusarium rot development and neosolaniol accumulation in muskmelon fruit. Food Chem 2019; 289:278-284. [PMID: 30955613 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium rot of muskmelon is a common and frequently-occurring postharvest disease, which leads to quality deterioration and neosolaniol (NEO) contamination. New strategies to control postharvest decay and reduce NEO contamination are of paramount importance. The effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment on the growth of Fusarium sulphureum in vitro, and Fusarium rot development and NEO accumulation in fruits inoculated with F. sulphureum in vivo were investigated. The results showed that ASA inhibited the growth of F. sulphureum, evident morphological and major cellular changes were observed under the microscope. In vivo testing showed that 3.2 mg/mL ASA significantly suppressed Fusarium rot development and NEO accumulation after 6 and 8 d of pathogen inoculation. Meanwhile, Tri gene expressions involved in NEO biosynthesis were down-regulated after treatment. Taken together, ASA treatment not only reduced Fusarium rot development by inhibiting the growth of F. sulphureum, but decreased NEO accumulation by suppressing NEO biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Raza Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hujun Wang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Haitao Long
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Cheng
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
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13
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Vattekkatte A, Garms S, Brandt W, Boland W. Enhanced structural diversity in terpenoid biosynthesis: enzymes, substrates and cofactors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:348-362. [PMID: 29296983 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enormous diversity of terpenes found in nature is generated by enzymes known as terpene synthases, or cyclases. Some are also known for their ability to convert a single substrate into multiple products. This review comprises monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases that are multiproduct in nature along with the regulation factors that can alter the product specificity of multiproduct terpene synthases without genetic mutations. Variations in specific assay conditions with focus on shifts in product specificity based on change in metal cofactors, assay pH and substrate geometry are described. Alterations in these simple cellular conditions provide the organism with enhanced chemodiversity without investing into new enzymatic architecture. This versatility to modulate product diversity grants organisms, especially immobile ones like plants with access to an enhanced defensive repertoire by simply altering cofactors, pH level and substrate geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
![]()
The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Etzerodt T, Wetterhorn K, Dionisio G, Rayment I. Functional characterization of a soluble NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Fusarium graminearum. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 138:69-75. [PMID: 28690182 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease in wheat caused by some fungal pathogens of the Fusarium genus mainly F. graminearum, due to accumulation of toxic trichothecenes. Most of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been mapped, although some proteins of the pathway remain uncharacterized, including an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. We subcloned a F. graminearum cytochrome P450 reductase that might be involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis. It was expressed heterologously in E. coli as N-terminal truncated form with an octahistidine tag for purification. The construct yielded a soluble apoprotein and its incubation with flavins yielded the corresponding monomeric holoprotein. It was characterized for activity in the pH range 5.5-9.5, using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) or cytochrome c as substrates. Binding of the small molecule MTT was weaker than for cytochrome c, however, the rate of MTT reduction was faster. Contrary to other studies of cytochrome reductase proteins, MTT reduction proceeded in a cooperative manner in our studies. Optimum kinetic activity was found at pH 7.5-8.5 for bothMTT and cytochrome c. This is the first paper presenting characterization of a cytochrome P450 reductase from F. graminearum which most likely is involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis or some primary metabolic pathway such as sterol biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Etzerodt
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Karl Wetterhorn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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Maeda K, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Kondoh Y, Kawamura T, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Nishiuchi T, Yoshida M, Osada H, Kobayashi T, Kimura M. Identification of a trichothecene production inhibitor by chemical array and library screening using trichodiene synthase as a target protein. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:1-7. [PMID: 28456298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins often accumulate in apparently normal grains of cereal crops. In an effort to develop an agricultural chemical to reduce trichothecene contamination, we screened trichothecene production inhibitors from the compounds on the chemical arrays. By using the trichodiene (TDN) synthase tagged with hexahistidine (rTRI5) as a target protein, 32 hit compounds were obtained from chemical library of the RIKEN Natural Product Depository (NPDepo) by chemical array screening. At 10μgmL-1, none of the 32 chemicals inhibited trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum in liquid culture. Against the purified rTRI5 enzyme, however, NPD10133 [progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine] showed weak inhibitory activity at 10μgmL-1 (18.7μM). For the screening of chemicals inhibiting trichothecene accumulation in liquid culture, 20 analogs of NPD10133 selected from the NPDepo chemical library were assayed. At 10μM, only NPD352 [testosterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine methyl ester] inhibited rTRI5 activity and trichothecene production. Kinetic analysis suggested that the enzyme inhibition was of a mixed-type. The identification of NPD352 as a TDN synthase inhibitor lays the foundation for the development of a more potent inhibitor via systematic introduction of wide structural diversity on the gonane skeleton and amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawamura
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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Genome of Diaporthe sp. provides insights into the potential inter-phylum transfer of a fungal sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1050-1063. [PMID: 27521636 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have highly active secondary metabolic pathways which enable them to produce a wealth of sesquiterpenoids that are bioactive. One example is Δ6-protoilludene, the precursor to the cytotoxic illudins, which are pharmaceutically relevant as anticancer therapeutics. To date, this valuable sesquiterpene has only been identified in members of the fungal division Basidiomycota. To explore the untapped potential of fungi belonging to the division Ascomycota in producing Δ6-protoilludene, we isolated a fungal endophyte Diaporthe sp. BR109 and show that it produces a diversity of terpenoids including Δ6-protoilludene. Using a genome sequencing and mining approach 17 putative novel sesquiterpene synthases were identified in Diaporthe sp. BR109. A phylogenetic approach was used to predict which gene encodes Δ6-protoilludene synthase, which was then confirmed experimentally. These analyses reveal that the sesquiterpene synthase and its putative sesquiterpene scaffold modifying cytochrome P450(s) may have been acquired by inter-phylum horizontal gene transfer from Basidiomycota to Ascomycota. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that inter-phylum transfer of these minimal sequiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways may have occurred in other fungi. This work provides insights into the evolution of fungal sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways in the production of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive natural products.
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Blum A, Benfield AH, Stiller J, Kazan K, Batley J, Gardiner DM. High-throughput FACS-based mutant screen identifies a gain-of-function allele of the Fusarium graminearum adenylyl cyclase causing deoxynivalenol over-production. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 90:1-11. [PMID: 26932301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight and crown rot, caused by the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum, impose a major threat to global wheat production. During the infection, plants are contaminated with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), which can be toxic for humans and animals. In addition, DON is a major virulence factor during wheat infection. However, it is not fully understood how DON production is regulated in F. graminearum. In order to identify regulators of DON production, a high-throughput mutant screen using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) of a mutagenised TRI5-GFP reporter strain was established and a mutant over-producing DON under repressive conditions identified. A gain-of-function mutation in the F. graminearum adenylyl cyclase (FAC1), which is a known positive regulator of DON production, was identified as the cause of this phenotype through genome sequencing and segregation analysis. Our results show that the high-throughput mutant screening procedure developed here can be applied for identification of fungal proteins involved in diverse processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailisa Blum
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia; School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Aurélie H Benfield
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Jiri Stiller
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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Donzelli B, Krasnoff S. Molecular Genetics of Secondary Chemistry in Metarhizium Fungi. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI 2016; 94:365-436. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are prolific producers of structurally diverse terpenoid compounds. Classes of terpenoids identified in fungi include the sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids. Biosynthetic pathways and enzymes to terpenoids from each of these classes have been described. These typically involve the scaffold generating terpene synthases and cyclases, and scaffold tailoring enzymes such as e.g. cytochrome P450 monoxygenases, NAD(P)+ and flavin dependent oxidoreductases, and various group transferases that generate the final bioactive structures. The biosynthesis of several sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins and bioactive diterpenoids has been well-studied in Ascomycota (e.g. filamentous fungi). Little is known about the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in Basidiomycota (e.g. mushroom forming fungi), although they produce a huge diversity of terpenoid natural products. Specifically, many trans-humulyl cation derived sesquiterpenoid natural products with potent bioactivities have been isolated. Biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of trans-humulyl cation derived protoilludanes, and other sesquiterpenoids, can be rapidly identified by genome sequencing and bioinformatic methods. Genome mining combined with heterologous biosynthetic pathway refactoring has the potential to facilitate discovery and production of pharmaceutically relevant fungal terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen B Quin
- University of Minnesota, Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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22
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Kimura M, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Ohsato S, Fujimura M. Molecular and Genetic Studies ofFusariumTrichothecene Biosynthesis: Pathways, Genes, and Evolution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2105-23. [PMID: 17827683 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a large family of sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolites of Fusarium species (e.g., F. graminearum) and other molds. They are major mycotoxins that can cause serious problems when consumed via contaminated cereal grains. In the past 20 years, an outline of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been established based on the results of precursor feeding experiments and blocked mutant analyses. Following the isolation of the pathway gene Tri5 encoding the first committed enzyme trichodiene synthase, 10 biosynthesis genes (Tri genes; two regulatory genes, seven pathway genes, and one transporter gene) were functionally identified in the Tri5 gene cluster. At least three pathway genes, Tri101 (separated alone), and Tri1 and Tri16 (located in the Tri1-Tri16 two-gene cluster), were found outside of the Tri5 gene cluster. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathways of biosynthesis, the functions of cloned Tri genes, and the evolution of Tri genes, focusing on Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Plant & Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Malmierca MG, Cardoza RE, Alexander NJ, McCormick SP, Collado IG, Hermosa R, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Relevance of trichothecenes in fungal physiology: disruption of tri5 in Trichoderma arundinaceum. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 53:22-33. [PMID: 23454546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium species. Harzianum A (HA), a non-phytotoxic trichothecene produced by Trichoderma arundinaceum, has recently been found to have antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens and to induce plant genes involved in defense responses. In the present work, we have shown that disruption of the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene, which encodes a terpene synthase, stops the production of HA, alters the expression of other tri genes involved in HA biosynthesis, and alters the expression of hmgR, dpp1, erg9, erg1, and erg7, all genes involved in terpene biosynthetic pathways. An increase in the level of ergosterol biosynthesis was also observed in the tri5 disrupted transformant in comparison with the wild type strain. The loss of HA also resulted in a drastic reduction of the biocontrol activity of the transformants against the phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. Finally, the effect of tri5 gene disruption on the regulation and balance of intermediates in terpene biosynthetic pathways, as well as the hypothetical physiological role of trichothecenes, both inter- and intracellularly, on regulation and biocontrol, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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Brock NL, Huss K, Tudzynski B, Dickschat JS. Genetic dissection of sesquiterpene biosynthesis by Fusarium fujikuroi. Chembiochem 2013; 14:311-5. [PMID: 23335243 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A treasure trove of terpenes: The products of two fungal sesquiterpene synthases from the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi were identified by gene-knockout experiments, genetic engineering of the fungus for production optimization, isolation of the sesquiterpenes, and structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L Brock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Antifungal activity of phenyl derivative of pyranocoumarin from Psoralea corylifolia L. seeds by inhibition of acetylation activity of trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase (Tri101). J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:310850. [PMID: 22778547 PMCID: PMC3388716 DOI: 10.1155/2012/310850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal activity of petroleum ether extract of Psoralea corylifolia L. seed, tested against Fusarium sp. namely, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, and Fusarium graminearum, was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay. The chromatographic fractionation of the extract yielded a new phenyl derivative of pyranocoumarin (PDP). The structure of the PDP was confirmed using spectroscopic characterization (GC-MS, IR, and NMR), and a molecular mass of m/z 414 [M-2H]+ with molecular formula C27H28O4 was obtained. The PDP had a potent antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 mg/mL against Fusarium sp. Molecular docking using Grid-Based Ligand Docking with Energetics (GLIDE, Schrodinger) was carried out with the Tri101, trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase, as target protein to propose a mechanism for the antifungal activity. The ligand PDP showed bifurcated hydrogen bond interaction with active site residues at TYR 413 and a single hydrogen bond interaction at ARG 402 with a docking score −7.19 and glide energy of −45.78 kcal/mol. This indicated a strong binding of the ligand with the trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase, preventing as a result the acetylation of the trichothecene mycotoxin and destruction of the “self-defense mechanism” of the Fusarium sp.
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Involvement of Trichoderma trichothecenes in the biocontrol activity and induction of plant defense-related genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4856-68. [PMID: 22562989 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00385-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma species produce trichothecenes, most notably trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), by a biosynthetic pathway in which several of the involved proteins have significant differences in functionality compared to their Fusarium orthologues. In addition, the genes encoding these proteins show a genomic organization differing from that of the Fusarium tri clusters. Here we describe the isolation of Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40837 transformants which have a disrupted or silenced tri4 gene, a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that oxygenates trichodiene to give rise to isotrichodiol, and the effect of tri4 gene disruption and silencing on the expression of other tri genes. Our results indicate that the tri4 gene disruption resulted in a reduced antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani and also in a reduced ability to induce the expression of tomato plant defense-related genes belonging to the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) pathways against B. cinerea, in comparison to the wild-type strain, indicating that HA plays an important function in the sensitization of Trichoderma-pretreated plants against this fungal pathogen. Additionally, the effect of the interaction of T. arundinaceum with B. cinerea or R. solani and with tomato seedlings on the expressions of the tri genes was studied.
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Brock NL, Tudzynski B, Dickschat JS. Biosynthesis of sesqui- and diterpenes by the gibberellin producer Fusarium fujikuroi. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2667-76. [PMID: 21990128 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi IMI58289 emits a complex pattern of volatile terpenoids including two major compounds, the sesquiterpene alcohol α-acorenol and the diterpene ent-kaurene. ent-Kaurene is the precursor for the phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and is produced from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) via ent-copalyl diphosphate by the bifunctional ent-copalyl diphosphate/ent-kaurene synthase (CPS/KS). Several structurally related diterpenes were identified as side products of the CPS/KS. Deletion of the cps/ks gene or the whole GA(3) biosynthetic gene cluster resulted in completely abolished diterpene production. Mutants with deletions of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene P450-4, which is responsible for the three oxidation steps from ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid en route to GA(3), accumulate diterpene hydrocarbons. Feeding with [6,6,6-(2) H(3)] mevalonolactone gave insights into the stereochemistry of the GGPP cyclisation, which operates with a chair-chair-"antipodal" fold. A rational biosynthetic scheme for all identified sesquiterpenes demonstrated their formation from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) via three alternative initial cyclisations. Genome sequencing revealed the presence of five putative sesquiterpene synthase genes in the F. fujikuroi genome. The structures of several trace compounds from other classes have been identified as new natural products; these were delineated from their mass spectra and unambiguously assigned by comparison to synthetic references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L Brock
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Dickschat JS, Brock NL, Citron CA, Tudzynski B. Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2088-95. [PMID: 21748838 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The volatiles of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides were analysed by GC-MS. Sesquiterpenes dominated, with trichodiene as the principle component. Several other sesquiterpenes were detected in low amounts that were unambiguously identified from their mass spectra and retention indices. The absolute configurations of (R)-β-bisabolene, (R)-cuparene, (+)-β-barbatene, (-)-α-cedrene, (+)-β-cedrene, and (+)-α-funebrene originating from different key cationic intermediates, were determined by chiral GC-MS and proved to be related to the trichodiene stereostructure. The unusual compound (E)-iso-γ-bisabolene was also found corroborating a previously suggested mechanism for the cyclisation of the bisabolyl to the cuprenyl cation that is based on quantum mechanical calculations (Y. J. Hong, D. J. Tantillo, Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 4601-4604). These analyses resulted in a revised biosynthesis scheme to trichodiene and the side products of the responsible terpene cyclase, trichodiene synthase, an enzyme that is well characterised from Fusarium sporotrichioides. Feeding studies with several deuterated mevalonolactone isotopomers unravelled stereochemical aspects of the late cyclisations towards trichodiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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McCormick SP, Stanley AM, Stover NA, Alexander NJ. Trichothecenes: from simple to complex mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:802-14. [PMID: 22069741 PMCID: PMC3202860 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world's population grows, access to a safe food supply will continue to be a global priority. In recent years, the world has experienced an increase in mycotoxin contamination of grains due to climatic and agronomic changes that encourage fungal growth during cultivation. A number of the molds that are plant pathogens produce trichothecene mycotoxins, which are known to cause serious human and animal toxicoses. This review covers the types of trichothecenes, their complexity, and proposed biosynthetic pathways of trichothecenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.:+1-309-681-6381; Fax:+1-309-681-6627
| | - April M. Stanley
- Biology Department, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA; (A.M.S.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Nicholas A. Stover
- Biology Department, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA; (A.M.S.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Nancy J. Alexander
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA;
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Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, McCormick SP. Genes, gene clusters, and biosynthesis of trichothecenes and fumonisins inFusarium. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540903092142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Desjardins AE. From yellow rain to green wheat: 25 years of trichothecene biosynthesis research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4478-4484. [PMID: 19385595 DOI: 10.1021/jf9003847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene biosynthesis research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Peoria, IL, began in 1984 in response to concerns about the use of trichothecenes in biological warfare, but continued as a long-term research program on the intractable problem of trichothecene contamination of human foods and animal feeds. Over 25 years, the trichothecene biosynthesis research group integrated natural product chemistry with fungal genetics and plant pathology in the laboratory and in the field to understand how and why Fusarium species make these complex and highly toxic metabolites. This interdisciplinary research placed trichothecenes in the unique class of fungal metabolites that not only cause mycotoxicoses in animals but also are virulence factors in plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Desjardins
- US Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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Foroud NA, Eudes F. Trichothecenes in cereal grains. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:147-173. [PMID: 19333439 PMCID: PMC2662451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins associated with fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals, with worldwide economic and health impacts. While various management strategies have been proposed to reduce the mycotoxin risk, breeding towards FHB-resistance appears to be the most effective means to manage the disease, and reduce trichothecene contamination of cereal-based food products. This review provides a brief summary of the trichothecene synthesis in Fusarium species, their toxicity in plants and humans, followed by the current methods of screening and breeding for resistance to FHB and trichothecene accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Foroud
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1. E-Mail:
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, #301 - 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - François Eudes
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1. E-Mail:
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Vedula LS, Jiang J, Zakharian T, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Structural and mechanistic analysis of trichodiene synthase using site-directed mutagenesis: probing the catalytic function of tyrosine-295 and the asparagine-225/serine-229/glutamate-233-Mg2+B motif. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 469:184-94. [PMID: 17996718 PMCID: PMC2329581 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichodiene synthase from Fusarium sporotrichioides contains two metal ion-binding motifs required for the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate: the "aspartate-rich" motif D(100)DXX(D/E) that coordinates to Mg2+A and Mg2+C, and the "NSE/DTE" motif N(225)DXXSXXXE that chelates Mg2+B (boldface indicates metal ion ligands). Here, we report steady-state kinetic parameters, product array analyses, and X-ray crystal structures of trichodiene synthase mutants in which the fungal NSE motif is progressively converted into a plant-like DDXXTXXXE motif, resulting in a degradation in both steady-state kinetic parameters and product specificity. Each catalytically active mutant generates a different distribution of sesquiterpene products, and three newly detected sesquiterpenes are identified. In addition, the kinetic and structural properties of the Y295F mutant of trichodiene synthase were found to be similar to those of the wild-type enzyme, thereby ruling out a proposed role for Y295 in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sangeetha Vedula
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, USA
| | - Tatiana Zakharian
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - David E. Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, USA
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F, Frasse P, Barreau C, Cahagnier B, Richard-Molard D, Bakan B. Magnesium represses trichothecene biosynthesis and modulates Tri5, Tri6, and Tri12 genes expression in Fusarium graminearum. Mycopathologia 2007; 165:51-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vedula LS, Zhao Y, Coates RM, Koyama T, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Exploring biosynthetic diversity with trichodiene synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466:260-6. [PMID: 17678871 PMCID: PMC2036078 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichodiene synthase is a terpenoid cyclase that catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to form the bicyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trichodiene (89%), at least five sesquiterpene side products (11%), and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)). Incubation of trichodiene synthase with 2-fluorofarnesyl diphosphate or 4-methylfarnesyl diphosphate similarly yields sesquiterpene mixtures despite the electronic effects or steric bulk introduced by substrate derivatization. The versatility of the enzyme is also demonstrated in the 2.85A resolution X-ray crystal structure of the complex with Mg(2+) (3)-PP(i) and the benzyl triethylammonium cation, which is a bulkier mimic of the bisabolyl carbocation intermediate in catalysis. Taken together, these findings show that the active site of trichodiene synthase is sufficiently flexible to accommodate bulkier and electronically-diverse substrates and intermediates, which could indicate additional potential for the biosynthetic utility of this terpenoid cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sangeetha Vedula
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Garvey GS, McCormick SP, Rayment I. Structural and functional characterization of the TRI101 trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase from Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum: kinetic insights to combating Fusarium head blight. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1660-1669. [PMID: 17923480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705752200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a plant disease with serious economic and health impacts. It is caused by fungal species belonging to the genus Fusarium and the mycotoxins they produce. Although it has proved difficult to combat this disease, one strategy that has been examined is the introduction of an indigenous fungal protective gene into cereals such as wheat barley and rice. Thus far the gene of choice has been tri101 whose gene product catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to the C3 hydroxyl moiety of several trichothecene mycotoxins. In vitro this has been shown to reduce the toxicity of the toxins by approximately 100-fold but has demonstrated limited resistance to FHB in transgenic cereal. To understand the molecular basis for the differences between in vitro and in vivo resistance the three-dimensional structures and kinetic properties of two TRI101 orthologs isolated from Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum have been determined. The kinetic results reveal important differences in activity of these enzymes toward B-type trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol. These differences in activity can be explained in part by the three-dimensional structures for the ternary complexes for both of these enzymes with coenzyme A and trichothecene mycotoxins. The structural and kinetic results together emphasize that the choice of an enzymatic resistance gene in transgenic crop protection strategies must take into account the kinetic profile of the selected protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme S Garvey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.
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Cane DE. Terpenoid cyclases: design and function of electrophilic catalysts. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 171:163-76; discussion 176-83. [PMID: 1302176 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514344.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoid cyclases catalyse the cyclization of the universal acyclic precursors geranyl and farnesyl diphosphate to monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. All such cyclases investigated to date are operationally soluble, moderately lipophilic proteins of relative molecular weight 40,000-100,000, requiring no cofactors other than a divalent metal, usually Mg2+ and occasionally Mn2+. The focus of most work has been on the mechanisms of the cyclization reactions themselves. It is currently proposed that the cyclase binds the acyclic substrate in a suitable conformation and initiates the cyclization by ionization of the labile allylic diphosphate moiety. The use of stereospecifically labelled substrates and analysis of the sites of labelling in the derived cyclization products has allowed the proposal of detailed cyclization mechanisms. Further insight into the architecture and function of the cyclase active site has come from the study of substrate and intermediate analogues designed to act as potential inhibitors or anomalous substrates of the normal cyclization reaction. Progress has also been made on the cloning of the relevant structural genes for sesquiterpene cyclases. This has led to new insights into the basic requirements for cyclase catalysis and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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The Trichothecenes and Their Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Segura MJR, Jackson BE, Matsuda SPT. Mutagenesis approaches to deduce structure-function relationships in terpene synthases. Nat Prod Rep 2003; 20:304-17. [PMID: 12828369 DOI: 10.1039/b008338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights mutagenesis studies of terpene synthases, specifically sesquiterpene synthases and oxidosqualene cyclases. Mutagenesis studies of these enzymes have provided mechanistic insights, structure-function relationships for specific enzymatic residues, novel terpene structures and enzymes with novel activities. The literature through 2002 is reviewed and 113 references cited.
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Abstract
Mutant strains of Fusarium graminearum Z3639 produced by disruption of Tri8 were altered in their ability to biosynthesize 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and instead accumulated 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol, 7,8-dihydroxycalonectrin, and calonectrin. Fusarium sporotrichioides NRRL3299 Tri8 mutant strains accumulated 3-acetyl T-2 toxin, 3-acetyl neosolaniol, and 3,4,15-triacetoxyscirpenol rather than T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, and 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol. The accumulation of these C-3-acetylated compounds suggests that Tri8 encodes an esterase responsible for deacetylation at C-3. This gene function was confirmed by cell-free enzyme assays and feeding experiments with yeast expressing Tri8. Previous studies have shown that Tri101 encodes a C-3 transacetylase that acts as a self-protection or resistance factor during biosynthesis and that the presence of a free C-3 hydroxyl group is a key component of Fusarium trichothecene phytotoxicity. Since Tri8 encodes the esterase that removes the C-3 protecting group, it may be considered a toxicity factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902, USA.
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Jurgenson JE, Bowden RL, Zeller KA, Leslie JF, Alexander NJ, Plattner RD. A genetic map of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum). Genetics 2002; 160:1451-60. [PMID: 11973300 PMCID: PMC1462054 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/160.4.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a genetic linkage map of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum) by crossing complementary nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants of G. zeae strains R-5470 (from Japan) and Z-3639 (from Kansas). We selected 99 nitrate-utilizing (recombinant) progeny and analyzed them for amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). We used 34 pairs of two-base selective AFLP primers and identified 1048 polymorphic markers that mapped to 468 unique loci on nine linkage groups. The total map length is approximately 1300 cM with an average interval of 2.8 map units between loci. Three of the nine linkage groups contain regions in which there are high levels of segregation distortion. Selection for the nitrate-utilizing recombinant progeny can explain two of the three skewed regions. Two linkage groups have recombination patterns that are consistent with the presence of intercalary inversions. Loci governing trichothecene toxin amount and type (deoxynivalenol or nivalenol) map on linkage groups IV and I, respectively. The locus governing the type of trichothecene produced (nivalenol or deoxynivalenol) cosegregated with the TRI5 gene (which encodes trichodiene synthase) and probably maps in the trichothecene gene cluster. This linkage map will be useful in population genetic studies, in map-based cloning, for QTL (quantitative trait loci) analysis, for ordering genomic libraries, and for genomic comparisons of related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Jurgenson
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614, USA.
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Kimura M, Anzai H, Yamaguchi I. Microbial toxins in plant-pathogen interactions: Biosynthesis, resistance mechanisms, and significance. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2001; 47:149-160. [PMID: 12483615 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.47.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the history of phytopathology, microbial toxins have been the objects of extensive studies as possible pathogenicity or virulence factors for the producer pathogens. The recent development of molecular genetic techniques provided an experimental basis to thoroughly test the role of these secondary metabolites in pathogenesis. Some of them did prove to be highly associated with disease initiation or enhanced virulence in certain plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we describe recent progresses in the field of plant-pathogen interactions focusing on two toxins; i.e., tabtoxin from Pseudomonas syringae and trichothecenes from Fusarium and other fungi. These microbial toxins have convincingly been shown to play causal roles in plant disease development. Studies on the biosynthesis and resistance mechanisms of these producers are outlined, and the significance of this knowledge is discussed in relation to practical applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Laboratory for Remediation Research, Plant Science Center, and Microbial Toxicology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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45
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Corsino J, de Carvalho PR, Kato MJ, Latorre LR, Oliveira OM, Araújo AR, Bolzani VD, França SC, Pereira AM, Furlan M. Biosynthesis of friedelane and quinonemethide triterpenoids is compartmentalized in Maytenus aquifolium and Salacia campestris. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 55:741-748. [PMID: 11190390 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae) and Salacia campestris (Hippocrateaceae) species accumulate friedelane and quinonemethide triterpenoids in their leaves and root bark, respectively. Enzymatic extracts obtained from leaves displayed cyclase activity with conversion of the substrate oxidosqualene to the triterpenes, 3beta-friedelanol and friedelin. In addition, administration of (+/-)5-(3)H mevalonolactone in leaves of M. aquifolium seedlings produced radio labelled friedelin in the leaves, twigs and stems, while the root bark accumulated labelled maytenin and pristimerin. These experiments indicated that the triterpenes once biosynthesized in the leaves are translocated to the root bark and further transformed to the antitumoral quinonemethide triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corsino
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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46
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47
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Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and Diterpenes. BIOSYNTHESIS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-48146-x_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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48
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Harris LJ, Desjardins AE, Plattner RD, Nicholson P, Butler G, Young JC, Weston G, Proctor RH, Hohn TM. Possible Role of Trichothecene Mycotoxins in Virulence of Fusarium graminearum on Maize. PLANT DISEASE 1999; 83:954-960. [PMID: 30841080 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene-producing and -nonproducing Fusarium graminearum strains were tested for their ability to cause Gibberella ear rot in field trials at two locations-Ottawa, Ontario, and Peoria, Illinois-in 1996. Maize ears were inoculated with wild-type or transgenic F. graminearum strains in which the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway had been disabled by the specific disruption of the trichodiene synthase gene and with a derivative revertant strain in which trichothecene production had been restored through recombination. A silk channel inoculation method was employed at both locations. In addition, a kernel puncture inoculation method was used at the Ontario location. Harvested maize ears were analyzed for visual disease severity, grain yield, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration, and fungal biomass by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or ergosterol quantitation. There was a significant correlation (r= 0.86) between data obtained from the two different methods of quantifying fungal biomass. The trichothecene-nonproducing strains were still pathogenic but appeared less virulent on maize than the trichothecene-producing progenitor and revertant strains, as assayed by most parameters. This suggests that the trichothecenes may act as virulence factors to enhance the spread of F. graminearum on maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Harris
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - A E Desjardins
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - R D Plattner
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - P Nicholson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - G Butler
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - J C Young
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - G Weston
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - R H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - T M Hohn
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
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49
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by many important phytopathogenic and food spoilage fungi including Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. The toxicity of four of the most agriculturally important mycotoxins (the trichothecenes, and the polyketide-derived mycotoxins; aflatoxins, fumonisins and sterigmatocystin) are discussed and their chemical structure described. The steps involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin and the experimental techniques used in the cloning and molecular characterisation of the genes involved in the pathway are described in detail. The biosynthetic genes involved in the fumonisin and trichothecene biosynthetic pathways are also outlined. The potential benefits gained from an increased knowledge of the molecular organisation of these pathways together with the mechanisms involved in their regulation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sweeney
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Ireland
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50
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Abstract
The 10-cyclopropylidene analog of farnesyl diphosphate was shown to be a mechanism-based inhibitor of trichodiene synthase with an inactivation rate (k(inact)) of 0.010 +/- 0.0003 min(-1) and an apparent Ki of 663 +/- 75 nM. The presence of three anomalous sesquiterpene products detected in incubation mixtures indicate that the compound also serves as a substrate of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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