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Detection of Inflammatory and Homeostasis Biomarkers after Selective Removal of Carious Dentin-An In Vivo Feasibility Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051003. [PMID: 33801317 PMCID: PMC7958315 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep carious dentin lesions induce an immune reaction within the pulp-dentin complex, leading to the release of cytokines, which might be suitable biomarkers in pulp diagnostics. This in vivo feasibility study determines the concentration of different cytokines after selective removal of carious infected dentin (SCR). In our methodology, paired samples are obtained from 21 patients—each of them with two deep carious lesions at posterior teeth without clinical symptoms. After SCR, lesions are randomly assigned to treatment strategy: Group 1 (11 patients): Carious dentin is covered either with BiodentineTM (n = 11) or gutta-percha (n = 11) before using the adhesive OptibondTM FL. Group 2 (10 patients): The adhesives ClearfilTM SE Protect Bond (n = 10) or ClearfilTM SE Bond 2 (n = 10) are directly applied. Prepared cavities are rinsed with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 (10X) for five minutes immediately after SCR (visit 1) and eight weeks later (visit 2). Rinsing liquid is regained. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, IFN-γ, TIMP-1, -2, and MMP-7, -8, -9 are assessed by customized multiplex assays, evaluated with fluorescence analyzer. Non-parametric statistical analysis (Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney U Test, p < 0.05) is performed (SPSS 25). Our results show that concentrations of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TIMP-1, -2, and MMPs were detectable. Median concentrations of CRP, IL-1β und IL-6 were significantly higher in visit 1 (304.9, 107.4, 3.8 pg/mL), compared to visit 2 (67.8, 2.3, 0.0 pg/mL; pi < 0.001). The study revealed that the non-invasive determination of cytokines from prepared dental cavities is possible.
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Gobbi P, Maravic T, Comba A, Mazzitelli C, Mancuso E, Falconi M, Breschi L, Mazzoni A. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in human sound dentin. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5067-5075. [PMID: 33569677 PMCID: PMC8342377 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes that operate a proteolytic activity at the level of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that can ubiquitously bind different enzyme forms. The study aims to identify a morfo-functional association between TIMP-1 and MMP-2 and -9 in human dentin. Materials and methods Proteins were extracted from demineralized human sound dentin powder and centrifuged to separate two aliquots with different molecular weights of proteins, higher and lower than 30 kDa. In each aliquot, the evaluation of the presence of TIMP-1/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 was performed using co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting analysis. The distribution of TIMP-1, in association with MMP-2 and -9, was investigated using a double immunohistochemical technique. Furthermore, the activity of TIMP-1 was measured by reverse zymography, where acrylamide gel was copolymerized with gelatin and recombinant MMP-2. Results Co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting analysis showed the association TIMP-1/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 in human sound dentin. Electron microscopy evaluation revealed a diffuse presence of TIMP-1 tightly associated with MMP-2 and -9. Reverse zymography analysis confirmed that TIMP-1 present in human dentin is active and can bind different MMPs isoforms. Conclusions The strict association of TIMP-1 with MMP-2 and -9 in situ appeared a constant finding in the human sound dentin. Clinical relevance Considering the role of TIMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 within the connective tissues, clinically applicable protocols could be developed in the future to increase or decrease the level of TIMPs in human dentin to regulate the activity of MMPs, contributing to reduce caries progression and collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Carlo Bo Urbino University, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Tatjana Maravic
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - Allegra Comba
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzitelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Mazzoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy
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Pashley DH, Tay FR, Yiu C, Hashimoto M, Breschi L, Carvalho RM, Ito S. Collagen Degradation by Host-derived Enzymes during Aging. J Dent Res 2016; 83:216-21. [PMID: 14981122 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Incompletely infiltrated collagen fibrils in acid-etched dentin are susceptible to degradation. We hypothesize that degradation can occur in the absence of bacteria. Partially demineralized collagen matrices (DCMs) prepared from human dentin were stored in artificial saliva. Control specimens were stored in artificial saliva containing proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, or pure mineral oil. We retrieved them at 24 hrs, 90 and 250 days to examine the extent of degradation of DCM. In the 24-hour experimental and 90- and 250-day control specimens, we observed 5- to 6-μm-thick layers of DCM containing banded collagen fibrils. DCMs were almost completely destroyed in the 250-day experimental specimens, but not when incubated with enzyme inhibitors or mineral oil. Functional enzyme analysis of dentin powder revealed low levels of collagenolytic activity that was inhibited by protease inhibitors or 0.2% chlorhexidine. We hypothesize that collagen degradation occurred over time, via host-derived matrix metalloproteinases that are released slowly over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Takahashi N, Nyvad B. Ecological Hypothesis of Dentin and Root Caries. Caries Res 2016; 50:422-31. [PMID: 27458979 DOI: 10.1159/000447309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances regarding the caries process indicate that ecological phenomena induced by bacterial acid production tilt the de- and remineralization balance of the dental hard tissues towards demineralization through bacterial acid-induced adaptation and selection within the microbiota - from the dynamic stability stage to the aciduric stage via the acidogenic stage [Takahashi and Nyvad, 2008]. Dentin and root caries can also be partly explained by this hypothesis; however, the fact that these tissues contain a considerable amount of organic material suggests that protein degradation is involved in caries formation. In this review, we compiled relevant histological, biochemical, and microbiological information about dentin/root caries and refined the hypothesis by adding degradation of the organic matrix (the proteolytic stage) to the abovementioned stages. Bacterial acidification not only induces demineralization and exposure of the organic matrix in dentin/root surfaces but also activation of dentin-embedded and salivary matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins. These phenomena initiate degradation of the demineralized organic matrix in dentin/root surfaces. While a bacterial involvement has never been confirmed in the initial degradation of organic material, the detection of proteolytic/amino acid-degrading bacteria and bacterial metabolites in dentin and root caries suggests a bacterial digestion and metabolism of partly degraded matrix. Moreover, bacterial metabolites might induce pulpitis as an inflammatory/immunomodulatory factor. Root and dentin surfaces are always at risk of becoming demineralized in the oral cavity, and exposed organic materials can be degraded by host-derived proteases contained in saliva and dentin itself. New approaches to the prevention and treatment of root/dentin caries are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Mazzoni A, Tjäderhane L, Checchi V, Di Lenarda R, Salo T, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Breschi L. Role of dentin MMPs in caries progression and bond stability. J Dent Res 2014; 94:241-51. [PMID: 25535202 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514562833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin can be described as a biological composite with collagen matrix embedded with nanosized hydroxyapatite mineral crystallites. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins are families of endopeptidases. Enzymes of both families are present in dentin and collectively capable of degrading virtually all extracellular matrix components. This review describes these enzymes and their presence in dentin, mainly focusing on their role in dentin caries pathogenesis and loss of collagen in the adhesive hybrid layer under composite restorations. MMPs and cysteine cathepsins present in saliva, mineralized dentin, and/or dentinal fluid may affect the dentin caries process at the early phases of demineralization. Changes in collagen and noncollagenous protein structure may participate in observed decreases in mechanical properties of caries-affected dentin and reduce the ability of caries-affected dentin to remineralize. These endogenous enzymes also remain entrapped within the hybrid layer during the resin infiltration process, and the acidic bonding agents themselves (irrespective of whether they are etch-and-rinse or self-etch) can activate these endogenous protease proforms. Since resin impregnation is frequently incomplete, denuded collagen matrices associated with free water (which serves as a collagen cleavage reagent for these endogenous hydrolase enzymes) can be enzymatically disrupted, finally contributing to the degradation of the hybrid layer. There are multiple in vitro and in vivo reports showing that the longevity of the adhesive interface is increased when nonspecific enzyme-inhibiting strategies are used. Different chemicals (i.e., chlorhexidine, galardin, and benzalkonium chloride) or collagen cross-linker agents have been successfully employed as therapeutic primers in the bonding procedure. In addition, the incorporation of enzyme inhibitors (i.e., quaternary ammonium methacrylates) into the resin blends has been recently promoted. This review will describe MMP functions in caries and hybrid layer degradation and explore the potential therapeutic role of MMP inhibitors for the development of improved intervention strategies for MMP-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Checchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Di Lenarda
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - T Salo
- Institute of Dentistry, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - F R Tay
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - D H Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - L Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Italy
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Mazzoni A, Scaffa P, Carrilho M, Tjäderhane L, Di Lenarda R, Polimeni A, Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Breschi L. Effects of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives on dentin MMP-2 and MMP-9. J Dent Res 2012; 92:82-6. [PMID: 23128110 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512467034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Auto-degradation of collagen matrices occurs within hybrid layers created by contemporary dentin bonding systems, by the slow action of host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study tested the null hypothesis that there are no differences in the activities of MMP-2 and -9 after treatment with different etch-and-rinse or self-etch adhesives. Tested adhesives were: Adper Scotchbond 1XT (3M ESPE), PQ1 (Ultradent), Peak LC (Ultradent), Optibond Solo Plus (Kerr), Prime&Bond NT (Dentsply) (all 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesives), and Adper Easy Bond (3M ESPE), Tri-S (Kuraray), and Xeno-V (Dentsply) (1-step self-etch adhesives). MMP-2 and -9 activities were quantified in adhesive-treated dentin powder by means of an activity assay and gelatin zymography. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were found after treatment with all of the simplified etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives; however, the activation was adhesive-dependent. It is concluded that all two-step etch-and-rinse and the one-step self-etch adhesives tested can activate endogenous MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human dentin. These results support the role of endogenous MMPs in the degradation of hybrid layers created by these adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazzoni
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Dental Sciences and Biomaterials, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Optimizing dentin bond durability: control of collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins. Dent Mater 2012; 29:116-35. [PMID: 22901826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contemporary adhesives lose their bond strength to dentin regardless of the bonding system used. This loss relates to the hydrolysis of collagen matrix of the hybrid layers. The preservation of the collagen matrix integrity is a key issue in the attempts to improve the dentin bonding durability. METHODS Dentin contains collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins, which are responsible for the hydrolytic degradation of collagen matrix in the bonded interface. RESULTS The identities, roles and function of collagenolytic enzymes in mineralized dentin has been gathered only within last 15 years, but they have already been demonstrated to have an important role in dental hard tissue pathologies, including the degradation of the hybrid layer. Identifying responsible enzymes facilitates the development of new, more efficient methods to improve the stability of dentin-adhesive bond and durability of bond strength. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the nature and role of proteolytic degradation of dentin-adhesive interfaces has improved immensely and has practically grown to a scientific field of its own within only 10 years, holding excellent promise that stable resin-dentin bonds will be routinely available in a daily clinical setting already in a near future.
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Mazzoni A, Breschi L, Carrilho M, Nascimento FD, Orsini G, Ruggeri A, Gobbi P, Manzoli L, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Tjäderhane L. A review of the nature, role, and function of dentin non-collagenous proteins. Part II: enzymes, serum proteins, and growth factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Niu LN, Zhang L, Jiao K, Li F, Ding YX, Wang DY, Wang MQ, Tay FR, Chen JH. Localization of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in human coronal dentine. J Dent 2011; 39:536-42. [PMID: 21641958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) play important roles in dentine formation, caries progression and hybrid layer degradation. This study tested the hypothesis that the distribution and concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 are different at different depths of human coronal dentine, including odontoblasts. METHODS Protein localization was performed using immunohistochemistry. Co-localization of the MMPs and their inhibitors was conducted using immunofluorescence double labelling. Protein concentrations were measured by ELISA and gelatinolytic potential was assessed with gelatine zymography. RESULTS MMP-2 was the main gelatinase in dentine and was concentrated in the odontoblasts, deep dentine and the dentinoenamel junction. TIMP-2 was co-localized with MMP-2 mainly in the odontoblasts but its concentration was low. Both MMP-9 and TIMP-1 showed a decreasing distribution from the deep to the superficial dentine layers; however, the concentration of TIMP-1 was much higher than that of MMP-9. The gelatinolytic potential of dentine protein extracts decreased gradually from deep to superficial dentine. CONCLUSIONS The concentrations and distribution patterns of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, and the gelatinolytic potential of dentine matrix are variable along different dentine depths. Thus, differential collagen degradation potentials may be expected depending upon the depth in which dentine is exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Niu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
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Liu Y, Tjäderhane L, Breschi L, Mazzoni A, Li N, Mao J, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Limitations in bonding to dentin and experimental strategies to prevent bond degradation. J Dent Res 2011; 90:953-68. [PMID: 21220360 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510391799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited durability of resin-dentin bonds severely compromises the lifetime of tooth-colored restorations. Bond degradation occurs via hydrolysis of suboptimally polymerized hydrophilic resin components and degradation of water-rich, resin-sparse collagen matrices by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins. This review examined data generated over the past three years on five experimental strategies developed by different research groups for extending the longevity of resin-dentin bonds. They include: (1) increasing the degree of conversion and esterase resistance of hydrophilic adhesives; (2) the use of broad-spectrum inhibitors of collagenolytic enzymes, including novel inhibitor functional groups grafted to methacrylate resins monomers to produce anti-MMP adhesives; (3) the use of cross-linking agents for silencing the activities of MMP and cathepsins that irreversibly alter the 3-D structures of their catalytic/allosteric domains; (4) ethanol wet-bonding with hydrophobic resins to completely replace water from the extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar collagen compartments and immobilize the collagenolytic enzymes; and (5) biomimetic remineralization of the water-filled collagen matrix using analogs of matrix proteins to progressively replace water with intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar apatites to exclude exogenous collagenolytic enzymes and fossilize endogenous collagenolytic enzymes. A combination of several of these strategies should result in overcoming the critical barriers to progress currently encountered in dentin bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hankou District, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Leonardi R, Loreto C. Immunohistochemical localization of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in human carious dentine. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:298-302. [PMID: 19012952 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated if immunolocalization of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in odontoblast dentinal tubuli changes in response to caries attack in human carious teeth. Ten permanent premolar teeth with moderate to advanced caries and two sound teeth were collected. The premolars were decalcified in ethylene-diamininetetracetic acid (EDTA) and processed for embedding in paraffin wax. Sections of 3-4mum thick were cut and processed for immunohistochemistry. A mouse monoclonal anti-TIMP-1 antibody was used for the localization of TIMP-1 using an immunperoxidase technique. TIMP-1 immunoreactivity was observed in dentine of both sound and carious teeth. In both cases, the density of immunolabelled dentinal tubuli was typically higher toward the pulp chamber. In all the carious teeth, most, but never all, dilated dentinal tubuli were strongly positively immunolabelled. In sound teeth, a weak immunoreaction, only slightly above the background, was observed in dentinal tubuli. These results provide evidence for increased TIMP-1 immunolabelling in dentinal tubuli of carious teeth, in contrast to sound teeth. Overall, these in vivo findings indicate a possible role for TIMP-1 in the pathology of adult human dental tissues following an injury such as a caries lesion.
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Park ES, Cho HS, Kwon TG, Jang SN, Lee SH, An CH, Shin HI, Kim JY, Cho JY. Proteomics Analysis of Human Dentin Reveals Distinct Protein Expression Profiles. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1338-46. [DOI: 10.1021/pr801065s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sung Park
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye-Sim Cho
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Geon Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sin-Nam Jang
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry & BK 21, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, and Department of Oral Pathology & IHBR, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Boushell LW, Kaku M, Mochida Y, Bagnell R, Yamauchi M. Immunohistochemical localization of matrixmetalloproteinase-2 in human coronal dentin. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 53:109-16. [PMID: 18001692 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED While it is known that matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is present in dentin, its distribution and role in human dentin formation and pathology are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To characterize the distribution of MMP-2 in human coronal dentin. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the distribution of MMP-2 in coronal dentin. Freshly extracted human premolars and third molars (age range 12-30) were fixed with formaldehyde, demineralized with 10% EDTA (pH 7.4) and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were made and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using a specific monoclonal anti-MMP-2 antibody. Immunoreactivity was visualized with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine substrate and observed under light microscopy. ImageJ software was used to calculate the relative amount/distribution of MMP-2. RESULTS The analysis revealed immunoreactivity for MMP-2 throughout human coronal dentin. However, intense immunoreactivities were identified in a 90-200 microm zone adjacent to the pre-dentin as well as a 9-10 microm wide zone adjacent to the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ). CONCLUSION MMP-2 has a specific distribution in human coronal dentin indicating it's involvement in extracellular matrix organization in predentin and the establishment of the DEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Boushell
- Department of Operative Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA.
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Mazzoni A, Mannello F, Tay FR, Tonti GAM, Papa S, Mazzotti G, Di Lenarda R, Pashley DH, Breschi L. Zymographic analysis and characterization of MMP-2 and -9 forms in human sound dentin. J Dent Res 2007; 86:436-40. [PMID: 17452564 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and function of dentin matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are not well-understood, but they may play a key role in dentinal caries and the degradation of resin-bonded dentin matrices. To test the null hypothesis that MMP-9 is not found in dentin matrix, we used gelatin zymography to extract and isolate all molecular forms of gelatinolytic MMPs in demineralized mature sound dentin powder obtained from extracted human molars, characterizing and identifying the enzymes by Western blotting. Gelatinolytic MMPs were detected in extracts of demineralized dentin matrix and identified as MMP-2 and MMP-9. Acidic extracts (pH 2.3) yielded 3-8 times more MMP activity than did EDTA (pH 7.4). Their activation may contribute to dentin matrix degradation, which occurs during caries progression and following resin bonding. Inhibition of MMP-2 and -9 proteolytic activity may slow caries progression and increase the durability of resin-dentin bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazzoni
- Department of SAU & FAL, University of Bologna, Italy
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Arcelli D, Palmieri A, Pezzetti F, Brunelli G, Zollino I, Carinci F. Genetic effects of a titanium surface on osteoblasts: a meta-analysis. J Oral Sci 2007; 49:299-309. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.49.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Nishitani Y, Yoshiyama M, Wadgaonkar B, Breschi L, Mannello F, Mazzoni A, Carvalho RM, Tjäderhane L, Tay FR, Pashley DH. Activation of gelatinolytic/collagenolytic activity in dentin by self-etching adhesives. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:160-6. [PMID: 16630309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mild acids are known to activate dentin matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs). All self-etching dental adhesives are acidic (pH 1.5-2.7) and may activate dentin MMPs. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of several all-in-one adhesives to activate gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activities in powdered mineralized dentin. Powdered dentin made from human teeth was mixed with all-in-one adhesives (Clearfil Tri-S Bond, G-Bond, Adper Prompt L-Pop) or a self-etching primer (Clearfil SE Bond primer) for varying times and then the reaction was stopped by extracting the adhesives using acetone. Fresh untreated mineralized dentin powder had a gelatinolytic activity of 3.31 +/- 0.39 relative fluorescent units (RFU) per mg dry weight (24 h) that increased, over storage time, to 87.5 RFU mg(-1) (24 h) after 6-8 wk. When fresh powder was treated with acidic Tri-S Bond, the gelatinolytic activity increased from 3.24 +/- 0.70 RFU mg(-1) to > 112.5 RFU mg(-1) (24 h) after 20 min and then remained unchanged. Monomers with lower pH values produced less activity. There was a significant, direct correlation between gelatinolytic activity and pH, with Tri-S giving the highest activity. Coating dentin powder with Tri-S resin prevented fluorescent substrates from gaining access to the enzyme, even though it activated the enzyme. In conclusion, self-etch adhesives may activate latent MMP and increase the activity to near-maximum levels and contribute to the degradation of resin-dentin bonds over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Palosaari H, Pennington CJ, Larmas M, Edwards DR, Tjäderhane L, Salo T. Expression profile of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs in mature human odontoblasts and pulp tissue. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111:117-27. [PMID: 12648263 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that (at least) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -8, -9, -14 and -20 are expressed by human odontoblasts. Here, we analysed the expression of 19 MMPs and their specific tissue inhibitors (TIMP)-1, -2 and -3) -1, -2 and -3 in mature human odontoblasts and pulp tissue. Since MMP-20 is almost exclusively expressed by the dentin-pulp complex cells, we further analysed the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs)-2 on its expression. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 served as a positive control for growth factor responsiveness. It was found that MMP-1, -2, -9, -10, -11, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -19, -20 and -23, in addition to TIMP-1, -2 and -3 were expressed by both odontoblasts and pulp tissue. Neither MMP-3 nor MMP-12 were expressed in odontoblasts or pulp tissue, and MMP-7, -8, -24 and -25 were expressed only in the odontoblasts; MMP-2, -10, -11, -14 and -20 were expressed more abundantly by odontoblasts, whereas pulp tissue expressed more MMP-13 and MMP-17. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (1 ng ml(-1)) and BMP-2 (100 ng ml(-1)) did not markedly affect MMP-20 mRNA expression. In contrast, TGF-beta1 alone and with BMP-2 significantly upregulated MMP-9 mRNA by 2.4-fold and by 2.6-fold, respectively, in odontoblasts, while in pulp tissue no effects could be detected. The wide-scale expression of MMPs and TIMPs by mature human odontoblasts and pulp tissue suggests that they may participate in dentin matrix organization prior to mineralization, and that growth factors may further control dentin matrix modeling by differentially regulating individual MMPs.
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Courson F, Bdeoui F, Danan M, Degrange M, Gogly B. Regional odontodysplasia: expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2003; 95:60-6. [PMID: 12539028 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2003.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regional odontodysplasia is a localized disorder of tissues of dental origin that results in a ghost-like appearance of the affected teeth. We present a case with a study of gingival tissue around the follicle. The results show evidence of the role of the matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors by resident cells in this pathosis. An imbalance in the amounts of matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors is associated with the pathologic breakdown of the collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Courson
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Université René Descartes, Montrouge, France
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19
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Martin-De Las Heras S, Valenzuela A, Overall CM. The matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase A in human dentine. Arch Oral Biol 2000; 45:757-65. [PMID: 10869489 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A dentine protein extraction protocol was modified in order to identify matrix metalloproteinase gelatinolytic activities in the non-mineralized and mineralized phases of human dentine. Dentine proteins from 24 individual permanent molars from patients aged 15-73 years were sequentially extracted, first with guanidinium chloride (G1 extract), then EDTA (E extract), and after this demineralization step, again by guanidinium chloride (G2 extract) to dissociate collagen-associated proteins. Extracts were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the gels were processed by Western blotting and zymography to detect gelatinolytic activities. Active and latent forms of gelatinase A were identified in the non-mineralized dentine fraction (G1 extract) of 58% of the teeth. Other gelatinolytic species were also detected by zymography with apparent M(r) of 92, 54 and 30 kDa. Although gelatinase A was detected in the G1 extracts of teeth from all ages, indicating more recent synthesis and remodelling of the predentine, gelatinase A was never detected in any E extract or in the G2 extracts of patients older than 41 years. The presence of the active form of gelatinase A in mineralized human dentine implicates this enzyme in dentine mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin-De Las Heras
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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