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Allen JF. Why we need to know the structure of phosphorylated chloroplast light-harvesting complex II. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 161:28-44. [PMID: 28393369 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis there are two 'light states' - adaptations of the photosynthetic apparatus to spectral composition that otherwise favours either photosystem I or photosystem II. In chloroplasts of green plants the transition to light state 2 depends on phosphorylation of apoproteins of a membrane-intrinsic antenna, the chlorophyll-a/b-binding, light-harvesting complex II (LHC II), and on the resulting redistribution of absorbed excitation energy from photosystem II to photosystem I. The transition to light state 1 reverses these events and requires a phospho-LHC II phosphatase. Current structures of LHC II reveal little about possible steric effects of phosphorylation. The surface-exposed N-terminal domain of an LHC II polypeptide contains its phosphorylation site and is disordered in its unphosphorylated form. A molecular recognition hypothesis proposes that state transitions are a consequence of movement of LHC II between binding sites on photosystems I and II. In state 1, LHC II forms part of the antenna of photosystem II. In state 2, a unique but as yet unidentified 3-D structure of phospho-LHC II may attach it instead to photosystem I. One possibility is that the LHC II N-terminus becomes ordered upon phosphorylation, adopting a local alpha-helical secondary structure that initiates changes in LHC II tertiary and quaternary structure that sever contact with photosystem II while securing contact with photosystem I. In order to understand redistribution of absorbed excitation energy in photosynthesis we need to know the structure of LHC II in its phosphorylated form, and in its complex with photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Allen
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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2
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Kaňa R, Govindjee. Role of Ions in the Regulation of Light-Harvesting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1849. [PMID: 28018387 PMCID: PMC5160696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting in the thylakoids is one of the major key factors affecting the efficiency of photosynthesis. Thylakoid membrane is negatively charged and influences both the structure and the function of the primarily photosynthetic reactions through its electrical double layer (EDL). Further, there is a heterogeneous organization of soluble ions (K+, Mg2+, Cl-) attached to the thylakoid membrane that, together with fixed charges (negatively charged amino acids, lipids), provides an electrical field. The EDL is affected by the valence of the ions and interferes with the regulation of "state transitions," protein interactions, and excitation energy "spillover" from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. These effects are reflected in changes in the intensity of chlorophyll a fluorescence, which is also a measure of photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of the excited state of chlorophyll a. A triggering of NPQ proceeds via lumen acidification that is coupled to the export of positive counter-ions (Mg2+, K+) to the stroma or/and negative ions (e.g., Cl-) into the lumen. The effect of protons and anions in the lumen and of the cations (Mg2+, K+) in the stroma are, thus, functionally tightly interconnected. In this review, we discuss the consequences of the model of EDL, proposed by Barber (1980b) Biochim Biophys Acta 594:253-308) in light of light-harvesting regulation. Further, we explain differences between electrostatic screening and neutralization, and we emphasize the opposite effect of monovalent (K+) and divalent (Mg2+) ions on light-harvesting and on "screening" of the negative charges on the thylakoid membrane; this effect needs to be incorporated in all future models of photosynthetic regulation by ion channels and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Kaňa
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the CzechiaTřeboň, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Govindjee
- Center of Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
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3
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Wientjes E, Drop B, Kouřil R, Boekema EJ, Croce R. During state 1 to state 2 transition in Arabidopsis thaliana, the photosystem II supercomplex gets phosphorylated but does not disassemble. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32821-6. [PMID: 24097972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to continuous changes in light quality and quantity that challenge the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus and have evolved a series of mechanisms to face this challenge. In this work, we have studied state transitions, the process that redistributes the excitation pressure between photosystems I and II (PSI/PSII) by the reversible association of LHCII, the major antenna complex of higher plants, with either one of them upon phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. By combining biochemical analysis and electron microscopy, we have studied the effect of state transitions on the composition and organization of photosystem II in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two LHCII trimers (called trimers M and S) are part of the PSII supercomplex, whereas up to two more are loosely associated with PSII in state 1 in higher plants (called "extra" trimers). Here, we show that the LHCII from the extra pool migrates to PSI in state 2, thus leaving the PSII supercomplex and the semicrystalline PSII arrays intact. In state 2, not only is the mobile LHCII phosphorylated, but also the LHCII in the PSII supercomplexes. This demonstrates that PSII phosphorylation is not sufficient for disconnecting LHCII trimers S and M from PSII and for their migration to PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- From the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Allen JF, Santabarbara S, Allen CA, Puthiyaveetil S. Discrete redox signaling pathways regulate photosynthetic light-harvesting and chloroplast gene transcription. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26372. [PMID: 22039472 PMCID: PMC3198397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis in chloroplasts, two related regulatory processes balance the actions of photosystems I and II. These processes are short-term, post-translational redistribution of light-harvesting capacity, and long-term adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry initiated by control of chloroplast DNA transcription. Both responses are initiated by changes in the redox state of the electron carrier, plastoquinone, which connects the two photosystems. Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK) is a regulator of transcription of chloroplast genes for reaction centres of the two photosystems, and a sensor of plastoquinone redox state. We asked whether CSK is also involved in regulation of absorbed light energy distribution by phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHC II). Chloroplast thylakoid membranes isolated from a CSK T-DNA insertion mutant and from wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit similar light- and redox-induced (32)P-labelling of LHC II and changes in 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra, while room-temperature chlorophyll fluorescence emission transients from Arabidopsis leaves are perturbed by inactivation of CSK. The results indicate indirect, pleiotropic effects of reaction centre gene transcription on regulation of photosynthetic light-harvesting in vivo. A single, direct redox signal is transmitted separately to discrete transcriptional and post-translational branches of an integrated cytoplasmic regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Allen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Puthiyaveetil S. A mechanism for regulation of chloroplast LHC II kinase by plastoquinol and thioredoxin. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1717-21. [PMID: 21557941 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
State transitions are acclimatory responses to changes in light quality in photosynthesis. They involve the redistribution of absorbed excitation energy between photosystems I and II. In plants and green algae, this redistribution is produced by reversible phosphorylation of the chloroplast light harvesting complex II (LHC II). The LHC II kinase is activated by reduced plastoquinone (PQ) in photosystem II-specific low light. In high light, when PQ is also reduced, LHC II kinase becomes inactivated by thioredoxin. Based on newly identified amino acid sequence features of LHC II kinase and other considerations, a mechanism is suggested for its redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
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Ruban AV, Johnson MP. Dynamics of higher plant photosystem cross-section associated with state transitions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 99:173-83. [PMID: 19037743 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic state transitions are a well-known phenomenon of short-term adaptation of the photosynthetic membrane to changes in spectral quality of light in low light environments. The principles of the monitoring and quantification of the process in higher plants are revised here. The use of the low-temperature excitation fluorescence spectroscopy for analysis of the photosystem I antenna cross-section dynamics is described. This cross section was found to increase by 20-25% exclusively due to the migration and attachment of LHCIIb complex in State 2. Analysis of the fine structure of the additional PSI cross-section spectrum revealed the 510 nm band, characteristic of Lutein 2 of LHCIIb and present only when the complex is in a trimeric state. The excitation fluorescence spectrum of the phospho-LHCII resembles the spectrum of aggregated and hence quenched LHCII. This novel observation could explain the fact that at no point in the course of the state transition high fluorescence and long lifetime components of detached trimeric LHCII have ever been observed. In the plants lacking Lhcb1 and 2 proteins and unable to perform state transitions, compensatory sustained adjustments of the photosystem I and II antennae have been revealed. Whilst the major part of the photosystem II antenna is built largely of CP26 trimers, possessing less chlorophyll b and more of the red-shifted chlorophyll a, photosystem I in these plants contains more than 20% of extra LHCI antenna enriched in chlorophyll b. Hence, both photosystems in the plants lacking state transitions have less spectrally distinct antennae, which enable to avoid energy imbalance due to the changes in the light quality. These alterations reveal remarkable plasticity of the higher plant photosynthetic antenna design providing the basis for a flexible adaptation to the light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, Fogg Building, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Chuartzman SG, Nevo R, Shimoni E, Charuvi D, Kiss V, Ohad I, Brumfeld V, Reich Z. Thylakoid membrane remodeling during state transitions in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:1029-39. [PMID: 18398051 PMCID: PMC2390732 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.055830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptability of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms to fluctuations in light spectral composition and intensity is conferred by state transitions, short-term regulatory processes that enable the photosynthetic apparatus to rapidly adjust to variations in light quality. In green algae and higher plants, these processes are accompanied by reversible structural rearrangements in the thylakoid membranes. We studied these structural changes in the thylakoid membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts using atomic force microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and confocal imaging. Based on our results and on the recently determined three-dimensional structure of higher-plant thylakoids trapped in one of the two major light-adapted states, we propose a model for the transitions in membrane architecture. The model suggests that reorganization of the membranes involves fission and fusion events that occur at the interface between the appressed (granal) and nonappressed (stroma lamellar) domains of the thylakoid membranes. Vertical and lateral displacements of the grana layers presumably follow these localized events, eventually leading to macroscopic rearrangements of the entire membrane network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Chuartzman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizman Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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8
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Kruse O, Rupprecht J, Mussgnug JH, Dismukes GC, Hankamer B. Photosynthesis: a blueprint for solar energy capture and biohydrogen production technologies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:957-70. [PMID: 16307108 DOI: 10.1039/b506923h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solar energy capture, conversion into chemical energy and biopolymers by photoautotrophic organisms, is the basis for almost all life on Earth. A broad range of organisms have developed complex molecular machinery for the efficient conversion of sunlight to chemical energy over the past 3 billion years, which to the present day has not been matched by any man-made technologies. Chlorophyll photochemistry within photosystem II (PSII) drives the water-splitting reaction efficiently at room temperature, in contrast with the thermal dissociation reaction that requires a temperature of ca. 1550 K. The successful elucidation of the high-resolution structure of PSII, and in particular the structure of its Mn(4)Ca cluster provides an invaluable blueprint for designing solar powered biotechnologies for the future. This knowledge, combined with new molecular genetic tools, fully sequenced genomes, and an ever increasing knowledge base of physiological processes of oxygenic phototrophs has inspired scientists from many countries to develop new biotechnological strategies to produce renewable CO(2)-neutral energy from sunlight. This review focuses particularly on the potential of use of cyanobacteria and microalgae for biohydrogen production. Specifically this article reviews the predicted size of the global energy market and the constraints of global warming upon it, before detailing the complex set of biochemical pathways that underlie the photosynthetic process and how they could be modified for improved biohydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Kruse
- University of Bielefeld, Department of Biology, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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9
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Allen JF, Holmes NG. A general model for regulation of photosynthetic unit function by protein phosphorylation. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Hodges M, Packham N, Barber J. Modification of photosystem II activity by protein phosphorylation. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Andersson MX, Kjellberg JM, Sandelius AS. Chloroplast biogenesis. Regulation of lipid transport to the thylakoid in chloroplasts isolated from expanding and fully expanded leaves of pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 127:184-93. [PMID: 11553746 PMCID: PMC117974 DOI: 10.1104/pp.127.1.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2001] [Revised: 05/14/2001] [Accepted: 06/06/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To study the regulation of lipid transport from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid, intact chloroplasts, isolated from fully expanded or still-expanding pea (Pisum sativum) leaves, were incubated with radiolabeled lipid precursors and thylakoid membranes subsequently were isolated. Incubation with UDP[(3)H]Gal labeled monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in both envelope membranes and digalactosyldiacylglycerol in the outer chloroplast envelope. Galactolipid synthesis increased with incubation temperature. Transport to the thylakoid was slow below 12 degrees C, and exhibited a temperature dependency closely resembling that for the previously reported appearance and disappearance of vesicles in the stroma (D.J. Morré, G. Selldén, C. Sundqvist, A.S. Sandelius [1991] Plant Physiol 97: 1558-1564). In mature chloroplasts, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol transport to the thylakoid was up to three times higher than digalactosyldiacylglycerol transport, whereas the difference was markedly lower in developing chloroplasts. Incubation of chloroplasts with [(14)C]acyl-coenzyme A labeled phosphatidylcholine (PC) and free fatty acids in the inner envelope membrane and phosphatidylglycerol at the chloroplast surface. PC and phosphatidylglycerol were preferentially transported to the thylakoid. Analysis of lipid composition revealed that the thylakoid contained approximately 20% of the chloroplast PC. Our results demonstrate that lipids synthesized at the chloroplast surface as well as in the inner envelope membrane are transported to the thylakoid and that lipid sorting is involved in the process. Furthermore, the results also indicate that more than one pathway exists for galactolipid transfer from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M X Andersson
- Göteborg University, Department of Plant Physiology, P.O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions the state of the cyt bf complex is characterized by rapid reoxidation kinetics of cyt b-563 following flash-illumination. It is known that these kinetics are dramatically slowed down under oxidizing conditions. Here we show that this slow-down of cyt b-563 oxidation is the consequence of a relatively slow (half-time of several minutes) transformation of the cyt bf complex into a distinctly different state (termed state-s). Reversal to the normal state requires strong reductive treatment or light-induced electron transport. The results are in line with a recent model of functional cyt bf dimers [Cramer et al., Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47 (1996), 477-5081, if it is assumed that state-s reflects the monomeric state of the bf complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heimann
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl Botanik I, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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13
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McCormac DJ, Marwood CA, Bruce D, Greenberg BM. Assembly of Photosystem I and II during the Early Phases of Light-Induced Development of Chloroplasts from Proplastids in Spirodela oligorrhiza. Photochem Photobiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb09640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Delphin E, Duval JC, Kirilovsky D. Comparison of state 1-state 2 transitions in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in the red alga Rhodella violacea: effect of kinase and phosphatase inhibitors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Gans P, Wollman FA. The effect of cyanide on state transitions in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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State transitions, light-harvesting antenna phosphorylation and light-harvesting antenna migration in vivo in the higher plant Spirodela oligorrhiza. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Hsu LH, Tzeng CM, Pan RL. Functional size of the thylakoid phosphatases determined by radiation inactivation. FEBS Lett 1993; 318:1-3. [PMID: 8436218 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81314-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiation inactivation technique was employed to determine the functional size of phosphatases from thylakoid membrane. The enzymatic activities of phosphatases decayed in a simple function with the increase of radiation dosage. D37 values of 18.8 +/- 2.4-14.1 +/- 1.5 Mrad were obtained, using phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, p-nitrophenol phosphate, and phospho-histone V-S, respectively, as substrates. The molecular masses of 48.2 +/- 6.3-61 +/- 5.7 kDa were yielded by target theory analysis. We thus speculate that the thylakoid alkaline phosphatase is probably a monomer while acid phosphatase is functionally a dimer in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Hsu
- Institute of Radiation Biology, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Characterization of light-activated reversible phosphorylation of a chlorophyll a/b antenna apoprotein in the photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorothrix hollandica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90128-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Allen JF. Protein phosphorylation in regulation of photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1098:275-335. [PMID: 1310622 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(09)91014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Allen
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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20
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Harrison MA, Allen JF. Light-dependent phosphorylation of Photosystem II polypeptides maintains electron transport at high light intensity: separation from effects of phosphorylation of LHC-II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Foyer C, Furbank R, Harbinson J, Horton P. The mechanisms contributing to photosynthetic control of electron transport by carbon assimilation in leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 25:83-100. [PMID: 24420275 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/1989] [Accepted: 03/07/1990] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
'Photosynthetic control' describes the processes that serve to modify chloroplast membrane reactions in order to co-ordinate the synthesis of ATP and NADPH with the rate at which these metabolites can be used in carbon metabolism. At low irradiance, optimisation of the use of excitation energy is required, while at high irradiance photosynthetic control serves to dissipate excess excitation energy when the potential rate of ATP and NADPH synthesis exceed demand. The balance between ΔpH, ATP synthesis and redox state adjusts supply to demand such that the [ATP]/[ADP] and [NADPH]/[NADP(+)] ratios are remarkably constant in steady-state conditions and modulation of electron transport occurs without extreme fluctuations in these pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Foyer
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme, I.N.R.A., Route de St-Cyr, 78000, Versailles, France
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22
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van der Staay GW, Matthijs HC, Mur LR. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of membrane proteins from the prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica in fixed redox states. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Ireland CR, Telfer A, Covello PS, Baker NR, Barber J. Studies on the limitations to photosynthesis in leaves of the atrazine-resistant mutant ofSenecio vulgaris L. PLANTA 1988; 173:459-467. [PMID: 24226682 DOI: 10.1007/bf00958958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1987] [Accepted: 08/27/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In leaves of an atrazine-resistant mutant ofSenecio vulgaris the quantum efficiency of CO2 assimilation was reduced by 21% compared to the atrazine-susceptible wild type, and at a light level twice that required to saturate photosynthesis in the wild type the CO2 fixation rate in the mutant was decreased by 15%. In leaves at steady-state photosynthesis there was a measurable increase in the reduction state of the photosystem II (PSII) primary quinone acceptor,Q A. Although this would lead to a decreased rate of PSII electron transport and may thus explain the decrease in quantum efficiency, this cannot account for the fall in the maximum rate of CO2 fixation. The atrazine-resistant mutant showed an appreciably longer photosynthetic induction time which indicates an effect on carbon metabolism; however, the response of CO2-fixation rate to intercellular CO2 concentration revealed no differences in carboxylation efficiency. There were also no differences in the ability to perform a State 1-State 2 transition between the atrazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes and no difference in the profiles of phosphorylated thylakoid polypeptides. It is concluded that the alteration of the redox equilibrium between PSII quinone electron acceptors in the atrazine-resistant biotype limits appreciably the photosynthetic efficiency in non-saturating light. Additionally, there is a further, as yet unidentified, limitation which decreases photosynthesis in the resistant mutant under light-saturating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Ireland
- Department of Biology, University of Essex, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, Essex, UK
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24
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Allen JF, Melis A. The rate of P-700 photooxidation under continuous illumination is independent of State 1-State 2 transitions in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Packham NK, Hodges M, Etienne AL, Briantais JM. Changes in the flash-induced oxygen yield pattern by thylakoid membrane phosphorylation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 15:221-232. [PMID: 24430924 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/1987] [Accepted: 10/16/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of thylakoid membrane proteins results in a partial inhibition (approximately 15-20%) of the light-saturated rate of oxygen evolution. The site of inhibition is thought to be located on the acceptor side of photosystem 2 (PS2) between the primary, QA, and secondary, QB, plastoquinone acceptors (Hodges et al. 1985, 1987). In this paper we report that thylakoid membrane phosphorylation increases the damping of the quaternary oscillation in the flash oxygen yield and increases the extent of the fast component in the deactivation of the S2 oxidation state. These results support the proposal that thylakoid membrane protein phosphorylation decreases the equilibrium constant for the exchange of an electron between QA and QB. An analysis of the oxygen release patterns using the recurrence matrix model of Lavorel (1976) indicates that thylakoid membrane phosphorylation increases the probability that PS2 miss a S-state transition by 20%. This is equivalent, however, to an insignificant inhibition (approximately 2.4%) of the light-saturated oxygen evolution rate. If a double miss in the S-state transitions is included when the PS2 centres are in S2 the fit between the experimental and theoretical oxygen yield sequences is better, and sufficient to account for the 15-20% inhibition in the steady-state oxygen yield. A double miss in the S-state transition is a consequence of an increased population of PS2 centres retaining QA (-): not only will these PS2 centres fail to catalyse photochemical charge transfer until QA (-) is reoxidized, but the re-oxidation reaction will also result in the deactivation of S2 to S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Packham
- Laboratorie de photosynthese, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Telfer A, Marder JB, Barber J. Photosystem II reaction centers isolated from phosphorylated pea thylakoids carry phosphate on the D1 and D2 polypeptide subunits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Phosphorylation of the 9 kDa Photosystem II-associated protein and the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Williams WP, Allen JF. State 1/State 2 changes in higher plants and algae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1987; 13:19-45. [PMID: 24435719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/1986] [Accepted: 01/21/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current ideas regarding the molecular basis of State 1/State 2 transitions in higher plants and green algae are mainly centered around the view that excitation energy distribution is controlled by phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC-II). The evidence supporting this view is examined and the relationship of the transitions occurring in these systems to the corresponding transitions seen in red and blue-green algae is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College London (KQC), Kensington Campus, Campden Hill, W8 7AH, London
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Canaani O. Photoacoustic detection of oxygen evolution and State 1–State 2 transitions in cyanobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Millner P, Marder J, Gounaris K, Barber J. Localization and identification of phosphoproteins within the Photosystem II core of higher-plant thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Modification of the interaction between Photosystem II and the light-harvesting chlorophyll ab-protein complex by protein phosphorylation in developing wheat thylakoids exhibiting different degrees of lateral heterogeneity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Horton P, Lee P. Observation of enhancement and state transitions in isolated intact chloroplasts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:297-302. [PMID: 24435376 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of photosynthesis by supplemental photosystem 1-enriched (707nm) light has been investigated in intact spinach chloroplasts by the simultaneous measurement of the rate of oxygen evolution, yield of chlorophyll fluorescence and quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence. Chloroplasts reducing CO2 showed a 75% increase in the rate of O2 evolution after the addition of 707nm light, whereas if nitrite was used as substrate, an enhancement of only 20% was observed. Reduction of glycerate-3-phosphate was associated with a 40% enhancement by 707nm light. There appears to be a correlation between the degree of enhancement and the requirement for ATP in addition to reducing power. Prolonged illumination in 707nm light resulted in an elevation of enhancement whereas illumination with 650nm light caused a loss of enhancement, demonstrating the operation of state transitions in intact isolated chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Horton
- Dept. of Biochemistry, The University, S10 2TN, Sheffield, U.K
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Barber J. Regulation of energy transfer by cations and protein phosphorylation in relation to thylakoid membrane organisation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:243-253. [PMID: 24435371 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A brief review is given of the state of knowledge which indicates that the State I-State II transition in higher plants and green algae is due to the reversible phosphorylation of the chlorophyll a/b light harvesting complex. The importance of membrane reorganisational changes in this process is discussed in terms of changes in electrostatic parameters as emphasised by the interplay of the effect of phosphorylation and the background levels of cations surrounding the membrane. It is argued that recognition of this interplay is vital when using the bipartite or tripartite models of Butler to obtain quantitative information of energy transfer between the various pigment complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barber
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2BB, London, UK
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Morgan CL, Austin RB. Analysis of fluorescence transients of DCMU-treated leaves of Triticum species to provide estimates of the densities of photosystem II reaction centres. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 7:203-219. [PMID: 24443118 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/1984] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence of the chlorophyll associated with photosystem II was studied in seedling and flag leaves of Triticum species. Seedling leaves of the diploid species T. urartu had higher values of t (the normalised area over the fluorescence induction curve of DCMU treated leaves) than those of the other species studied which included hexaploid T. aestivum. However this difference was not evident when leaves were grown in a low light intensity (40 µmol quanta of photosynthetically active radiation m(-2) s(-1)). The smaller total number of chlorophyll molecules per photosystem II reaction centre (chl/RCII) in T. urartu (177) as compared with the other species (mean 234) was deduced from the observed differences in t. As a consequence of its lower chl/RCII, despite slightly lower chlorophyll content (mg m(-2)), T. urartu had a greater density of reaction centres than the other species (2880 cf 2230 nmol m(-2) of leaf). Consistent with the lower chl/RCII of T. urartu, it had a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio than the other genotypes. Seedling leaves of T. urartu had higher light saturated rates of photosynthesis than those of the other species, when grown at high light, a difference associated with reaction centre density.In flag leaves, when the complications due to variable development and senescence patterns were eliminated, t of the diploid species including T. urartu was lower than that of T. aestivum. The lower apparent chl/RCII of T. urartu arose partly because the molar extinction coefficient of the chlorophyll in the leaves of T. urartu was greater than in T. aestivum. However, the density of PS II reaction centres was slightly lower for the diploid species studied because their chlorophyll contents were lower than the hexaploids.The validity of the method for estimating chl/RCII from fluorescence transients is discussed. The possibility is considered that the difference in apparent chl/RCII of flag and seedling leaves of R. urartu as compared to the other five genotypes is a consequence of its different adaptive response to the spectral quality of the light.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Morgan
- Plant Breeding Institute, Trumpington, Cambridge, U.K
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Quantitative analysis of State 1–State 2 transitions in intact leaves using modulated fluorimetry — evidence for changes in the absorption cross-section of the two photosystems during state transitions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Correlations between fluorescence and phosphorylation changes in thylakoid membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in vivo: A kinetic analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Farchaus J, Dilley R, Cramer W. Selective inhibition of the spinach thylakoid LHC II protein kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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An investigation into the ATP requirement for phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins and for the ATP-induced decrease in the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence in chloroplasts at different stages of development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Horton P, Lee P. Phosphorylation of chloroplast thylakoids decreases the maximum capacity of photosystem-II electron transfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Excitation-energy distribution in green algae. The existence of two independent light-driven control mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Canaani O, Malkin S. Distribution of light excitation in an intact leaf between the two photosystems of photosynthesis. Changes in absorption cross-sections following state 1-state 2 transitions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Telfer A, Hodges M, Millner PA, Barber J. The cation-dependence of the degree of protein phosphorylation-induced unstacking of pea thylakoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Telfer A, Bottin H, Barber J, Mathis P. The effect of magnesium and phosphorylation of light-harvesting chlorophyll ab-protein on the yield of P-700-photooxidation in pea chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Haworth P, Karukstis KK, Sauer K. Picosecond fluorescence kinetics in spinach chloroplasts at room temperature. Effects of phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Larsson UK, Jergil B, Andersson B. Changes in the lateral distribution of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex induced by its phosphorylation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 136:25-9. [PMID: 6352263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of protein phosphorylation on the distribution of chlorophyll-protein complexes between appressed and non-appressed thylakoid regions of spinach chloroplasts has been investigated. Stroma lamellae vesicles and inside-out vesicles, representative of non-appressed and appressed thylakoids, respectively, were isolated from thylakoid membranes before and after phosphorylation. The fractions were analyzed with respect to the yield of vesicles, incorporation of [32P]phosphate into the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex, chlorophyll composition, and the relative content of the main chlorophyll-protein complexes. The yield of inside-out vesicles from phosphorylated thylakoids was 20% lower than that from control thylakoids, indicating a partial destacking. The specific incorporation of [32P]phosphate into the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex was at least four times higher in stroma lamellae vesicles than in inside-out vesicles. The proportion of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex in stroma lamellae vesicles increased from 13% to 21% of their total chlorophyll after phosphorylation of the thylakoids. There was also a corresponding increase in the level of chlorophyll b. These observations strongly suggest that phosphorylated light-harvesting complexes migrate from appressed thylakoids rich in photosystem 2 to non-appressed thylakoids rich in photosystem 1. In contrast, there was no evidence for a lateral migration of the chlorophyll-a--protein complex of photosystem 2 after phosphorylation. Our results indicate that a lateral migration of phosphorylated light-harvesting complexes in combination with a lateral separation of photosystem 1 and 2 to the different thylakoid regions, is a basis for the regulation of excitation energy between the two photosystems.
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