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Gupta KC, Roy P. Alternate capping mechanisms for transcription of spring viremia of carp virus: evidence for independent mRNA initiation. J Virol 2010; 33:292-303. [PMID: 16789187 PMCID: PMC288546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.33.1.292-303.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alternate mechanisms of mRNA capping for spring viremia of carp virus have been observed. Under normal reaction conditions, a ppG residue of the capping GTP is transferred to a pA moiety of the 5' termini of mRNA transcripts. However, in reaction conditions where GppNHp is used instead of GTP, an alternate capping mechanism occurs whereby a pG residue of the capping GTP is transferred to a ppA moiety of the transcripts. The first mechanism is identical to that described previously for vesicular stomatitis virus (G. Abraham, D. P. Rhodes, and A. K. Banerjee, Nature [London] 255:37-40, 1975; A. K. Banerjee, S. A. Moyer, and D. P. Rhodes, Virology 61:547-558, 1974), and thus appears to be a conserved function during the evolution of rhabdoviruses. The alternate mechanism of capping indicates not only that capping can take place by two procedures, but also that the substrate termini have di- or triphosphate 5' ends, indicating that they are probably independently initiated. An analog of ATP, AppNHp, has been found to completely inhibit the initiation of transcription by spring viremia of carp virus, suggesting that a cleavage between the beta and gamma phosphates of ATP is essential for the initiation of transcription. However, in the presence of GppNHp, uncapped (ppAp and pppAp), capped (GpppAp), and capped methylated (m7GpppAmpAp and GpppAmpAp) transcripts are detected. Size analyses of oligodeoxythymidylic acid-cellulose-bound transcripts resolved by formamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that full-size mRNA transcripts are synthesized as well as larger RNA species. The presence of GppNHp and S-adenosylhomocysteine in reaction mixtures did not have any effect on the type of unmethylated transcription products. Our results favor a transcription model postulated previously (D. H. L. Bishop, in H. Fraenkel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner, ed., Comprehensive Virology, vol. 10, Plenum Press, New York, 1977; D. H. L. Bishop and A. Flamand, in D. C. Burke and W. C. Russell, ed., Control Processes in Virus Multiplication, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1975; D. H. L. Bishop and M. S. Smith, in D. Nayak, ed., The Molecular Biology of Animal Viruses, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1977; P. Roy and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 11:487-501, 1973) in which mRNA synthesis is initiated independently; they do not support a model for transcripts being synthesized by plus-strand cleavage (A. K. Banerjee, G. Abraham, and R. J. Colonno, J. Gen. Virol. 34:1-8, 1977; A. K. Banerjee, R. J. Colonno, D. Testa, and M. T. Franze-Fernandez, in B. M. J. Mahy and R. D. Barry, ed., Negative Strand Viruses and the Host Cells, Academic Press, London, 1978).
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Gupta
- Departments of Microbiology and Public Health, University of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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McAuslan BR. Enzymes specified by DNA-containing animal viruses. In: strategy of the viral genome. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:25-44. [PMID: 4337203 DOI: 10.1002/9780470719824.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Beckes JD, Haller AA, Perrault J. Differential effect of ATP concentration on synthesis of vesicular stomatitis virus leader RNAs and mRNAs. J Virol 1987; 61:3470-8. [PMID: 2444717 PMCID: PMC255944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.11.3470-3478.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of the beta-gamma bond of ATP is required for wild-type (wt) vesicular stomatitis virus transcription in vitro. Recent findings have established that a domain-specific phosphorylation of the virus NS protein is necessary for activity. We report here that RNA synthesis catalyzed by purified standard wt virions responded cooperatively to various ATP concentrations, with half-maximal activity at approximately 500 microM. In contrast, mutant polR1 standard virions and wt defective interfering particles both showed conventional Michaelis-Menten kinetic profiles with Km values of approximately 143 and approximately 133 microM, respectively. The former synthesize readthrough products of the leader-N gene junction in addition to plus-strand leader RNA and mRNAs, whereas the latter synthesize only minus-strand leader RNA. The cooperative response of wt virus products, however, was specific to mRNAs; the small fraction of the total products corresponding to plus-strand leader approximated Michaelis-Menten behavior. Since the unique phenotype of the polR mutants correlates with the synthesis of replicationlike products in vitro, the affected ATP-requiring function most likely regulates both transcription and replication. We suggest that this mutated function involves phosphorylation of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Beckes
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, California 92182
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Georgopoulos DE, Leibowitz MJ. Nucleotide phosphotransferase, nucleotide kinase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities of killer virions of yeast. Yeast 1987; 3:117-29. [PMID: 2849257 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular killer virions of yeast co-purify with an RNA polymerase activity which catalyzes the synthesis of full-length transcripts of the two viral genomic double-stranded RNA segments. This polymerase utilizes ribonucleoside diphosphates or triphosphates as substrates. The virions have other associated nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme activities, including nucleoside diphosphate kinase, adenosine monophosphate kinase, and nucleoside triphosphate phosphotransferase, an activity which catalyzes the exchange of gamma-phosphate from any ribonucleoside triphosphate with any ribonucleoside or deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. The purified virions also contain an inorganic pyrophosphatase activity. These enzymes may allow the virus to utilize nucleotide pools distinct from those utilized in host cell transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Georgopoulos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854
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Koonin EV, Agol VI. Encephalomyocarditis virus replication complexes preferentially utilizing nucleoside diphosphates as substrates for viral RNA synthesis. Nucleotide kinases specifically associated with the complex channel RNA precursor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 144:249-54. [PMID: 6092069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Replication complexes (RC) of the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus were shown previously to contain components that exhibit marked preference for nucleoside diphosphates over nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) as substrates for viral RNA synthesis [Koonin and Agol (1983), Virology 129, 309-318]. These NDP-preferring components have now been found to posses the following properties. When RC preparations were fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the fractions containing NDP-preferring components exhibited a considerably higher nucleotide kinase activity as compared to either the fractions containing NTP-preferring components or corresponding fractions from mock-infected cells. When NDP-preferring RC were incubated with ADP and three other NTP, very low concentrations of endogenously generated ATP ensured a greater rate of RNA synthesis than did much higher concentrations of exogenous ATP. When an equimolar mixture of differently labelled UDP and UTP was used as a substrate for NDP-preferring RC, the label from UDP predominated in the newly synthesized RNA, even though the UDP-derived UTP constituted a minor portion of the total UTP pool. When labelled UDP was diluted with unlabelled uridine nucleotides, unlabelled UTP proved to be far less efficient than unlabelled UDP in diminishing the specific radioactivity of UMP incorporated into RNA by NDP-preferring RC. These data are interpreted in the sense that the NTP generated by the built-in nucleotide kinase system are not freed into the external milieu but rather form a separate pool preferentially used for synthesis of viral RNA by NDP-preferring RC. It is suggested that this functional compartmentation of NTP may be significant for the replication of viral RNA in vivo.
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Harmon SA, Marnell LL, Summers DF. The major ribonucleoprotein-associated protein kinase of vesicular stomatitis virus is a host cell protein. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Koonin EV, Agol VI. Encephalomyocarditis virus replication complexes that prefer nucleoside diphosphates as substrates for viral RNA synthesis. Virology 1983; 129:309-18. [PMID: 6312677 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Replication complexes (RC) containing endogenous viral RNA templates and the viral RNA polymerase were isolated from encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-infected Krebs II cells by two different procedures one of which included removal of the bulk of the associated proteins by treatment with 2 M LiCl. Replacement of one or all the four nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) substrates by corresponding nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) did not eliminate the ability of the RC to synthesize viral RNA products. Moreover, the complexes were shown to accept as substrates even nucleoside monophosphates (NMPs), provided at least one NTP was present in the system. These results suggested that nucleotide kinases, NMP kinase and NDP kinase, were associated with the RC, and this suggestion was confirmed directly. The RC could be resolved, by sucrose gradient centrifugation, into distinct components that exhibited marked preference for either NDPs or NTPs as substrates for RNA synthesis. It is suggested that, in the NDP-preferring components, the NTP molecules generated by the built-in nucleotide kinase system are channeled directly to the vicinity of the replication fork.
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Harmon SA, Summers DF. Characterization of monospecific antisera against all five vesicular stomatitis virus-specific proteins: anti-L and anti-NS inhibit transcription in vitro. Virology 1982; 120:194-204. [PMID: 6285598 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
An attempt is made to survey ATPases with respect to features common to all or some of them and features peculiar to each individual enzyme of the group. Clues are presented for a tentative classification of ATPases and a simple system is suggested for the designation of interaction of ATPases with ions which is often used as the main feature of identification of individual ATPases.
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Gupta KC, Roy P. Synthesis of capped and uncapped methylated oligonucleotides by the virion transcriptase of spring viremia of carp virus, a rhabdovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:4758-62. [PMID: 6946423 PMCID: PMC320242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Capped and uncapped methylated oligonucleotides, five and six nucleotides in length, were synthesized in vitro in spring viremia of carp virus transcription reaction mixtures containing ATP + CTP, ATP + CTP + GTP, or ATP + CTP + UTP, but not in any other combinations of two or three ribonucleoside triphosphates. The oligonucleotides that have been characterized are consistent with the structures: m7GpppAmpNpCpNpN, GpppAmpNpCpNpN, pppAmpNpCpNpN, and ppAmpNpCpNpN--i.e., similar to those of the termini of transcripts made in complete reaction mixtures. Because both capped and uncapped methylated oligonucleotides were synthesized, it can be concluded that methylation of the penultimate nucleotide can precede capping and methylation of the capping nucleotide. Our results also indicate that capping and methylation are processes that can take place prior to mRNA chain completion.
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Schneider RP, Beaudreau GS. Characterization of the adenosine triphosphatase of avian myeloblastosis virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 196:475-83. [PMID: 225998 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Deutsch V, Banerjee AK. Effect of temperature on the enzymatic activities present in purified virions of vesicular stomatitis virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 88:1360-7. [PMID: 224868 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Combard A, Printz Ane C. Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus transcriptase complex by the virion envelope M protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 88:117-23. [PMID: 222279 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tannenbaum J, Goorha R, Granoff A. The inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus protein synthesis by frog virus 3. Virology 1979; 95:227-31. [PMID: 220794 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Reichmann ME, Schnitzlein WM. Defective interfering particles of rhabdoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1979; 86:123-68. [PMID: 387344 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67341-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tannenbaum J, Goorha R, Granoff A. Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus replication by frog virus 3. Selective action on secondary transcription. Virology 1978; 89:560-9. [PMID: 213882 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Johnson LD, Lazzarini RA. The 5' terminal nucleotide of RNA from vesicular stomatitis virus defective interfering particles. Virology 1977; 77:863-6. [PMID: 193268 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Emerson SU. Vesicular stomatitis virus: structure and function of virion components. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1976; 73:1-34. [PMID: 178479 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66306-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hovi T, Keski-Oja J, Vaheri A. Growth control in chick embryo fibroblasts; no evidence for a specific role for cyclic purine nucleotides. Cell 1974; 2:235-40. [PMID: 4370059 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(74)90016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chang SH, Hefti E, Obijeski JF, Bishop DH. RNA transcription by the virion polymerases of five rhabdoviruses. J Virol 1974; 13:652-61. [PMID: 4362867 PMCID: PMC355351 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.3.652-661.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of a virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in five serologically distinct rhabdovirus isolates (vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV] Indiana, VSV New Jersey, Cocal, Chandipura, and Piry viruses) has been demonstrated. The enzyme for each virus has been shown to be a transcriptase capable of synthesizing in vitro RNA which is complementary to the viral genome. By sequence analyses it has been shown that, for each rhabdovirus, transcription is multiply initiated with specific 5' nucleotide sequences. The results indicate that, for all five viruses, the initiation of transcription involves similar sequences (e.g., pppApCpGp..., pppGpCp..., and possibly one or two other sequences), suggesting relatedness and some genome conservation among these viruses.
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Abstract
The structural protein, NS, of purified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a phosphoprotein. In infected cells phosphorylated NS is found both free in the cytoplasm and as part of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex containing both the 42S RNA and the structural proteins L, N, and NS, indicating that phosphorylation occurs as an early event in viral maturation. VSV contains an endogenous protein kinase activity, probably of host region, which catalyzes the in vitro phosphorylation of the viral proteins NS, M, and L, but not of N or G. The phosphorylated sites on NS appear to be different in the in vivo and in vitro reactions, and are differentially sensitive to alkaline phosphatase. After removal of the membrane components of purified VSV with a dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase separation, the kinase activity remains tightly associated with the viral RNP. However, viral RNP isolated from infected cells shows only a small amount of kinase activity. The protein kinase enzyme appears to be a cellular contaminant of purified VSV because an activity from the uninfected cell extract can phosphorylate in vitro the dissociated viral proteins NS and M. The virion-associated activity may be derived either from the cytoplasm or the plasma membrane of the host cell since both of these cellular components contain protein kinase activity similar to that found in purified VSV.
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RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase—Properties and Functions in Oncogenic RNA Viruses and Cells1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cohen MH. Relationship of virulent and attenuated RNA oncogenic virus antigens to surface antigens of the virus-transformed cell: implications for the reverse transcriptase system, the provirus, protovirus and oncogene theories of neoplasia, and the immunoprophylaxis of RNA virus-induced tumors. J Surg Oncol 1974; 6:423-40. [PMID: 4427461 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Protein kinases of similar but not identical activity were found associated with vesicular stomatitis (VS) virions grown in mouse L cells, primary chicken embryo (CE) cells, and BHK-21 cells, as well as being present in VS virions grown in HeLa and Aedes albopictus cells. The virion kinase preferentially phosphorylated the nucleocapsid NS protein in vitro and to a lesser extent the envelope M protein. Other virion proteins were phosphorylated in vitro only after drastic detergent treatment. Partial evidence that the virion kinase is of cellular origin was obtained by finding reduced enzyme activity in virions released from cells pretreated with actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Selective detergent and detergent-salt fractionation of VS virions revealed that the kinase activity was present in the envelope but not the spikes. The virion kinase activity in a Triton-salt-solubilized envelope fraction could be separated from M and G proteins and partially purified by phosphocellulose column chromatography. Virions released from L, CE, and BHK-21 cells infected in the presence of [(32)P]orthophosphate were labeled almost exclusively in the NS protein. Both soluble and nucleocapsid-associated NS phosphoprotein were present in cytoplasmic extracts of VS viral-infected L cells. The origin and function of the NS phosphoprotein remain to be elucidated.
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Kacian DL, Spiegelman S. Purification and detection of reverse transcriptase in viruses and cells. Methods Enzymol 1974; 29:150-73. [PMID: 4137145 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(74)29018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Huppert J, Delain E, Fossar N, May E. Endonucleolytic DNase in oncorna viruses: role of mycoplasma. Virology 1974; 57:217-26. [PMID: 4362023 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Roy P, Bishop DH. Initiation and direction of RNA transcription by vesicular stomatitis virus virion transcriptase. J Virol 1973; 11:487-501. [PMID: 4349490 PMCID: PMC355129 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.4.487-501.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of RNA transcription by the virion-bound RNA transcriptase of vesicular stomatitis virus has been examined. Multiple initiation sequences have been observed, two of which have been characterized (pppApCpGp... and pppGpCp...) suggestive of a transcription process which can start at different sites along the template RNA. By the use of sequential labeling techniques and exonucleases, it has been determined that there is a 5' to 3' direction of product RNA synthesis.
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Grandgenett DP, Gerard GF, Green M. Ribonuclease H: a ubiquitous activity in virions of ribonucleic acid tumor viruses. J Virol 1972; 10:1136-42. [PMID: 4118867 PMCID: PMC356594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.6.1136-1142.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten ribonucleic acid (RNA) tumor viruses grown in five different host cell species and three non-oncogenic viruses from three different virus groups have been examined for ribonuclease H content. Three different substrates were used to assay ribonuclease H: calf thymus [(3)H]RNA-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybrid prepared with denatured calf thymus DNA and Escherichia coli DNA-directed RNA polymerase, (3)H-polydenylic acid [(3)H-poly(A)] complexed to polydeoxythymidylic acid [poly(dT)], and (3)H-polyuridylic acid [(3)H-poly(U)] complexed to polydeoxyadenylic acid [poly(dA)]. All ten RNA tumor viruses contained ribonuclease H activity which degraded the RNA of both the calf thymus hybrid and poly(A)-poly(dT), whereas only the ribonuclease H in the Moloney strain of murine sarcoma-leukemia virus and in RD-feline leukemia virus hydrolyzed the RNA strand of poly(U)-poly(dA). No appreciable ribonuclease H activity was detected in influenza, Sendai, or vesicular stomatitis virus. The ribonuclease H and RNA-directed DNA polymerase activities in Moloney murine sarcoma-leukemia virus were inseparable by phosphocellulose chromatography or glycerol gradient centrifugation, but appeared to be partially separated by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography.
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Hatanaka M, Twiddy E, Gilden RV. Protein kinase associated with RNA tumor viruses and other budding RNA viruses. Virology 1972; 47:536-8. [PMID: 4333745 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
In addition to the previously described deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase, DNA ligase, DNA exonuclease, and DNA endonuclease activities, purified virions of Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (SRV) have nucleotides and nucleotide kinase, phosphatase, hexokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities. The SRV virions have no glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. All enzyme activities, but glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase, were increased by disruption of the virions. The DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, and hexokinase activities had a higher specific activity in purified virion cores. It is suggested that during assembly virions of SRV may pick up cytoplasmic components which bind to virion proteins. The role of these components in viral replication is not known at present.
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Kacian DL, Watson KF, Burny A, Spiegelman S. Purification of the DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 246:365-83. [PMID: 4334983 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bishop DH, Obijeski JF, Simpson RW. Transcription of the influenza ribonucleic acid genome by a virion polymerase. I. Optimal conditions for in vitro activity of the ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase. J Virol 1971; 8:66-73. [PMID: 4328417 PMCID: PMC356215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.1.66-73.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro reaction conditions have been determined for the maximal synthesis of product ribonucleic acid by the influenza (WSN) virion ribonucleic acid polymerase. The reaction requires the presence of all four triphosphates, Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) ions, monovalent cations, nonionic detergent, and ribonucleoside triphosphates at concentrations above certain threshold values. The optimum pH for the reaction is around 8.0 to 8.2 and the kinetics of product synthesis are linear through at least 6 hr when incubated at 31 to 33 C.
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Bishop DH, Roy P. Properties of the product synthesized by vesicular stomatitis virus particles. J Mol Biol 1971; 58:799-814. [PMID: 4326403 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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