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Degradation-Suppressed Cocoonase for Investigating the Propeptide-Mediated Activation Mechanism. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228063. [PMID: 36432163 PMCID: PMC9693254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocoonase is folded in the form of a zymogen precursor protein (prococoonase) with the assistance of the propeptide region. To investigate the role of the propeptide sequence on the disulfide-coupled folding of cocoonase and prococoonase, the amino acid residues at the degradation sites during the refolding and auto-processing reactions were determined by mass spectrometric analyses and were mutated to suppress the numerous degradation reactions that occur during the reactions. In addition, the Lys8 residue at the propeptide region was also mutated to estimate whether the entire sequence is absolutely required for the activation of cocoonase. Finally, a degradation-suppressed [K8D,K63G,K131G,K133A]-proCCN protein was prepared and was found to refold readily without significant degradation. The results of an enzyme assay using casein or Bz-Arg-OEt suggested that the mutations had no significant effect on either the enzyme activity or the protein conformation. Thus, we, herein, provide the non-degradative cocoonase protein to investigate the propeptide-mediated protein folding of the molecule. We also examined the catalytic residues using the degradation-suppressed cocoonase. The point mutations at the putative catalytic residues in cocoonase resulted in the loss of catalytic activity without any secondary structural changes, indicating that the mutated residues play a role in the catalytic activity of this enzyme.
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The propeptide sequence assists the correct folding required for the enzymatic activity of cocoonase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 624:35-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ózsvári B, Hegyi P, Sahin-Tóth M. The guinea pig pancreas secretes a single trypsinogen isoform, which is defective in autoactivation. Pancreas 2008; 37:182-8. [PMID: 18665081 PMCID: PMC2708092 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181663066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to purify and clone the trypsinogen isoforms from the guinea pig pancreas and characterize their activation properties. METHODS Trypsinogens from pancreatic homogenates were isolated by ecotin-affinity chromatography, followed by cation-exchange chromatography. Activation of trypsinogens was tested with enteropeptidase, cathepsin B, and trypsin. Complementary DNAs for pretrypsinogens were cloned from total RNA after reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS Purification of trypsinogens yielded a single peak with an N-terminal amino-acid sequence of LPIDD. Cloning of pretrypsinogen cDNAs revealed 2 distinct but nearly identical isoforms. At the amino acid level, the only difference between the 2 isoforms is an Ala/Ser change at position 15 within the signal peptide. Thus, both cDNA variants give rise to the same mature trypsinogen upon secretion. Guinea pig trypsinogen is readily activated by enteropeptidase and cathepsin B but exhibits essentially no autoactivation, under conditions where human cationic and anionic trypsinogens rapidly autoactivate. CONCLUSIONS The observations suggest that multiple trypsinogen isoforms and their ability to autoactivate are not required universally for normal digestive physiology in mammals. Furthermore, the inability of guinea pig trypsinogen to undergo autoactivation suggests that this species might be more resistant to pancreatitis than humans, where increased autoactivation of cationic trypsinogen mutants has been linked to hereditary pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Ózsvári
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Enhanced vigilin and anionic trypsinogen expression in experimental chronic pancreatitis. Open Med (Wars) 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-007-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe molecular principles that lead to chronic pancreatitis are incompletely understood. Trypsin(ogen) plays a key role in the development of pancreatitis. Since the production of trypsin(ogen) by acinary pancreatic cells is paralleled by the expression of vigilin we hypothesised that vigilin may be involved in the onset of pancreatitis. Vigilin is a ubiquitous protein and has apparently high affinity to RNA.In the present study experimental pancreatitis was induced in male rats by a single intravenous application of dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC). Sections of rat pancreas were immunostained with an affinity-purified polyclonal antiserum against vigilin or trypsin(ogen). The changes in vigilin and trypsin(ogen) protein expression were determined by immunoblotting and subsequent sequence analysis of the amino acids.Induction of pancreatitis by DBTC caused alterations in the distribution and the amount of both vigilin and trypsin(ogen) as shown by immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis.Furthermore we could demonstrate that anionic trypsinogen expression is up-regulated in DBTC-induced chronic pancreatitis. The obtained results suggest that vigilin as well as trypsin(ogen) are involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and that the long-time DBTC-induced pancreatitis is a useful model for study of chronic pancreatitis.
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Witt H, Sahin-Tóth M, Landt O, Chen JM, Kähne T, Drenth JP, Kukor Z, Szepessy E, Halangk W, Dahm S, Rohde K, Schulz HU, Le Maréchal C, Akar N, Ammann RW, Truninger K, Bargetzi M, Bhatia E, Castellani C, Cavestro GM, Cerny M, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, Eiberg H, Jansen JBMJ, Koudova M, Rausova E, Macek M, Malats N, Real FX, Menzel HJ, Moral P, Galavotti R, Pignatti PF, Rickards O, Spicak J, Zarnescu NO, Böck W, Gress TM, Friess H, Ockenga J, Schmidt H, Pfützer R, Löhr M, Simon P, Weiss FU, Lerch MM, Teich N, Keim V, Berg T, Wiedenmann B, Luck W, Groneberg DA, Becker M, Keil T, Kage A, Bernardova J, Braun M, Güldner C, Halangk J, Rosendahl J, Witt U, Treiber M, Nickel R, Férec C. A degradation-sensitive anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2) variant protects against chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet 2006; 38:668-73. [PMID: 16699518 PMCID: PMC2746914 DOI: 10.1038/ng1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a common inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Mutations in the genes encoding cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (SPINK1) are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Because increased proteolytic activity owing to mutated PRSS1 enhances the risk for chronic pancreatitis, mutations in the gene encoding anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2) may also predispose to disease. Here we analyzed PRSS2 in individuals with chronic pancreatitis and controls and found, to our surprise, that a variant of codon 191 (G191R) is overrepresented in control subjects: G191R was present in 220/6,459 (3.4%) controls but in only 32/2,466 (1.3%) affected individuals (odds ratio 0.37; P = 1.1 x 10(-8)). Upon activation by enterokinase or trypsin, purified recombinant G191R protein showed a complete loss of trypsin activity owing to the introduction of a new tryptic cleavage site that renders the enzyme hypersensitive to autocatalytic proteolysis. In conclusion, the G191R variant of PRSS2 mitigates intrapancreatic trypsin activity and thereby protects against chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Witt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Hospital, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Ulitina NN, Khablyuk VV, Proskuryakov MT. Purification and properties of serine proteinases from European catfish Silurus glanis L. pancreas. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10438-005-0023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Silva FP, De-Simone SG. S1 subsite in snake venom thrombin-like enzymes: can S1 subsite lipophilicity be used to sort binding affinities of trypsin-like enzymes to small-molecule inhibitors? Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2571-87. [PMID: 15110839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-like enzymes isolated from snake venoms comprise a group of serine proteinases responsible for many important coagulation disorders in the envenomed victims. Besides, these proteinases have great biotechnological interest as antithrombotic agents and as diagnostic tools. However, in spite of the recent overflow of snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) on protein sequence databases, there is a lack of three-dimensional (3D) structural information on this family. Without such 3D structures available many aspects of the biological function and biochemical properties of these enzymes still remain obscure. Therefore, we have gone through a series of computational techniques, which enabled us to identify the set of residues involved in molecular recognition of inhibitors bound to the S1 subsite of snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) and ultimately conclude that nonpolar (van der Waals) intermolecular interactions and ligand's hydrophobicity are the most important factors affecting binding affinities to the S1 subsite of a SVTLE isolated from the venom of Lachesis muta muta (Lmm-TLE). Consequently, we have proposed that S1 subsite lipophilicity may be used to sort binding affinities of trypsin-like enzymes to small molecules by showing that the inhibitory potency of several S1-directed compounds follows subsite lipophilicity among Lmm-TLE and other three homologous proteases. Noteworthy, in the course of our analyses we determined that thrombin's S1 subsite should, in fact, be considered less lipophilic than that of trypsin if we account for the presence of the sodium-controlled water channel communicating with the S1 subsite in the coagulant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriano P Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Whitcomb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health Care System, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Kukor Z, Tóth M, Sahin-Tóth M. Human anionic trypsinogen: properties of autocatalytic activation and degradation and implications in pancreatic diseases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2047-58. [PMID: 12709065 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic secretions contain two major trypsinogen isoforms, cationic and anionic trypsinogen, normally at a ratio of 2 : 1. Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and chronic alcoholism lead to a characteristic reversal of the isoform ratio, and anionic trypsinogen becomes the predominant zymogen secreted. To understand the biochemical consequences of these alterations, we recombinantly expressed and purified both human trypsinogens and documented characteristics of autoactivation, autocatalytic degradation and Ca2+-dependence. Even though the two trypsinogens are approximately 90% identical in their primary structure, we found that human anionic trypsinogen and trypsin exhibited a significantly increased (10-20-fold) propensity for autocatalytic degradation, relative to cationic trypsinogen and trypsin. Furthermore, in contrast to the characteristic stimulation of the cationic proenzyme, acidic pH inhibited autoactivation of anionic trypsinogen. In mixtures of cationic and anionic trypsinogen, an increase in the proportion of the anionic proenzyme had no significant effect on the levels of trypsin generated by autoactivation or by enterokinase at pH 8.0 in 1 mm Ca2+- conditions that were characteristic of the pancreatic juice. In contrast, rates of trypsinogen activation were markedly reduced with increasing ratios of anionic trypsinogen under conditions that were typical of potential sites of pathological intra-acinar trypsinogen activation. Thus, at low Ca2+ concentrations at pH 8.0, selective degradation of anionic trypsinogen and trypsin caused diminished trypsin production; while at pH 5.0, inhibition of anionic trypsinogen activation resulted in lower trypsin yields. Taken together, the observations indicate that up-regulation of anionic trypsinogen in pancreatic diseases does not affect physiological trypsinogen activation, but significantly limits trypsin generation under potential pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kukor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, USA
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Rossi L, Pfützer RH, Parvin S, Ali L, Sattar S, Kahn AK, Gyr N, Whitcomb DC. SPINK1/PSTI mutations are associated with tropical pancreatitis in Bangladesh. A preliminary report. Pancreatology 2002; 1:242-5. [PMID: 12120202 DOI: 10.1159/000055818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Tropical pancreatitis (TP) refers to a severe type of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis that develops in children in tropical regions of Africa and southern Asia. Phenotypically TP is subdivided into fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) and tropical calcific pancreatitis without diabetes mellitus (TCP). Recently an association was identified between idiopathic pancreatitis in the USA and Europe and mutations in the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene (previously termed pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, PSTI). Our aim was to determine if either form of TP has a genetic basis. METHODS We studied 8 well-characterized patients from Bangladesh with FCPD, 4 with TCP and 4 controls without pancreatic disease. The entire SPINK1 gene was sequenced in these patients. RESULTS We detected two disease-associated SPINK1 mutations (N34S/IVS1 - 37T > C and IVS3 + 2T > C) in 6 of 8 patients from Bangladesh with FCPD but not in 4 patients with TCP (p < 0.03) or 4 controls (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SPINK1 mutations are associated with FCPD in Bangladesh. Since SPINK1 mutations in Europeans and North Americans are associated with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis that is phenotypically different from FCPD, we further conclude that mutated SPINK1 markedly increases the risk of developing a variety of pancreatic diseases possibly through a chronic elevation of active trypsin within the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rossi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
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Whitcomb DC. Hereditary pancreatitis: a model for understanding the genetic basis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2002; 1:565-70. [PMID: 12120237 DOI: 10.1159/000055864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progress in understanding pancreatic diseases has been limited by a number of factors. Primary problems include the absence of good animal models, and difficulty in understanding the origin of pancreatic disease since the disease is usually manifest by the progressive destruction of the gland itself. Beginning in 1995, our laboratory, with the support of the Midwest Multicenter Pancreatic Study Group, began investigating the genetic basis of hereditary pancreatitis. Utilization of information becoming available through the human genome project allowed us to map and identify the hereditary pancreatitis gene as cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1). Molecular modeling, and subsequent experimental evidence, has solved key elements of the mysteries surrounding the origin of acute pancreatitis and the progression of acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis. The availability of new genetic information and genomic tools should produce a revolution in our understanding of pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Whitcomb
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.
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Schneider A, Whitcomb DC. Hereditary pancreatitis: a model for inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 16:347-63. [PMID: 12079262 DOI: 10.1053/bega.2002.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic pancreatitis remain among the most recalcitrant of all diseases to investigation and intervention. In the majority of patients, excessive alcohol consumption is associated with development of the disease. Therefore, several theories have been proposed seeking to explain the relationship between alcohol and the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis. However, recent investigations in hereditary pancreatitis provided important insights into chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis and offer an important model for understanding pancreatic inflammation. This article highlights several advances gained from investigating hereditary pancreatitis kindreds, and reviews the TIGAR-O risk/aetiology classification system. Finally, the major independent theories on development of chronic pancreatitis are reviewed with respect to the SAPE hypothesis of chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15101, USA
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Waritani T, Okuno Y, Ashida Y, Tsuchiya R, Kobayashi K, Yamada T. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against canine trypsin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 80:333-8. [PMID: 11457485 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine cationic trypsin was purified by salting-out, gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Purity was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight was ca. 28kDa by SDS-PAGE. Thirty hybridomas were obtained which produced mAb to canine cationic trypsin by the cell fusion technique. Twenty-two of these recognized cationic trypsin only, while eight hybridomas recognized both cationic and anionic trypsin. Several of the anti-canine cationic trypsin mAb were purified by salting-out and DEAE ion-change chromatography using ascites fluid of immunized BALB/c mice. The mAb proved to have very high specificity to canine cationic trypsin as shown by immunoblotting and it may be possible to use them to develop clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Waritani
- Animal Health Products and Chemicals Division, Animal Health Products and Chemicals Research Section, Fuji Chemical Industries Ltd., 530 Chokeiji, Takaoka-shi, Toyama 933-8511, Japan
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Szilágyi L, Kénesi E, Katona G, Kaslik G, Juhász G, Gráf L. Comparative in vitro studies on native and recombinant human cationic trypsins. Cathepsin B is a possible pathological activator of trypsinogen in pancreatitis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:24574-80. [PMID: 11312265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011374200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary pancreatitis, an autosomal dominant disease is believed to be caused by mutation in the human trypsinogen gene. The role of mutations has been investigated by in vitro studies using recombinant rat and human trypsinogen (TG). In this study we compare the enzymatic properties and inhibition by human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (hPSTI) of the native, postsynthetically modified and recombinant cationic trypsin, and found these values practically identical. We also determined the autolytic stability of recombinant wild type (Hu1Asn21) and pancreatitis-associated (Hu1Ile21) trypsin. Both forms were equally stable. Similarly, we found no difference in the rate of activation of the two zymogens by human cationic and anionic trypsin. Mesotrypsin did not activate either form. The rate of autocatalytic activation of Hu1Asn21 TG and Hu1Ile21 TG was also identical at pH 8 both in the presence and absence of Ca2+. At pH 5 Hu1Ile21 TG autoactivated about twice as fast as Hu1Asn21 TG. The presence of physiological amount of hPSTI completely prevented autoactivation of both zymogens at pH 8 and at pH 5 as well. Cathepsin B readily activated both zymogens although Hu1Ile21 TG was activated about 2.5-3 times as fast as Hu1Asn21 TG. The presence of hPSTI did not prevent the activation of zymogens by cathepsin B. Our results underlie the central role of cathepsin B in the development of different forms of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Szilágyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Puskin u 3, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary.
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Abstract
The utilization of recent advances in molecular and genomic technologies and progress in pancreatic imaging techniques provided remarkable insight into genetic, environmental, immunologic, and pathobiological factors leading to chronic pancreatitis. Translation of these advances into clinical practice demands a reassessment of current approaches to diagnosis, classification, and staging. We conclude that an adequate pancreatic biopsy must be the gold standard against which all diagnostic approaches are judged. Although computed tomography remains the initial test of choice for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, the roles of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging are considered. Once chronic pancreatitis is diagnosed, proper classification becomes important. Major predisposing risk factors to chronic pancreatitis may be categorized as either (1) toxic-metabolic, (2) idiopathic, (3) genetic, (4) autoimmune, (5) recurrent and severe acute pancreatitis, or (6) obstructive (TIGAR-O system). After classification, staging of pancreatic function, injury, and fibrosis becomes the next major concern. Further research is needed to determine the clinical and natural history of chronic pancreatitis developing in the context of various risk factors. New methods are needed for early diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, and new therapies are needed to determine whether interventions will delay or prevent the progression of the irreversible damage characterizing end-stage chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Etemad
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ulrich CD, Kopras E, Wu Y, Ward S. Hereditary pancreatitis: epidemiology, molecules, mutations, and models. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2000; 136:260-74. [PMID: 11039846 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2000.109405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Ulrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Chen JM, Ferec C. Genes, cloned cDNAs, and proteins of human trypsinogens and pancreatitis-associated cationic trypsinogen mutations. Pancreas 2000; 21:57-62. [PMID: 10881933 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200007000-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, trypsinogens/trypsins have been one of the most extensively studied enzyme models of protein structure and function. They have received renewed attention after the identification of mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene as being associated with hereditary pancreatitis. A survey of the literature revealed five cloned cDNAs, but only three protein products of human trypsinogens, and their nomenclature has been confusing. The availability of the complete genomic sequencing of the human trypsinogen gene family made it possible to provide a systematic review of the genes, cDNAs, and protein products of human trypsinogens and to clarify some controversial issues. Further, the confusing coexistence of two systems for naming the cationic trypsinogen mutations is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chen
- Centre de Biogenetique, University Hospital, EFS-Bretagne, Brest, France
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Abstract
Advances in molecular genetics have provided the powerful tools necessary to identify the key molecules and mechanisms that underly the disease process. Continued work in this area promises to reveal new insights as new disease genes are discovered. This article focuses on the insights into the cause of acute and chronic pancreatitis gained by investigation of the HP genes, the diagnosis of the known mutations, the fascinating observation of nonpenetrance, and a look at future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Whitcomb
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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21
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Whitcomb DC. The spectrum of complications of hereditary pancreatitis. Is this a model for future gene therapy? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1999; 28:525-41. [PMID: 10503134 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary pancreatitis is an unusual form of acute and chronic pancreatitis that is usually associated with two specific mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene. The extensive information available on the biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology of cationic trypsinogen and its gene provides the groundwork for development of a variety of therapeutic strategies, including gene therapy. Several features of this disease, however, make gene therapy unlikely in the near future. Further research using new models, including transgenic animals, is required before breakthroughs in therapy can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Whitcomb
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Borgström A, Andrén-Sandberg A. Elevated serum levels of immunoreactive anionic trypsin (but not cationic trypsin) signals pancreatic disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1995; 18:221-5. [PMID: 8708393 DOI: 10.1007/bf02784945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic juice from most studied species contains two major forms of trypsin, one with anionic electrophoretic mobility and one with cationic mobility. They are referred to as anionic and cationic trypsin(ogen). The purpose of this study was to measure immunoreactive anionic trypsin (irAT) and immunoreactive cationic trypsin (irCT) in sera from patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 39) and chronic pancreatitis (n = 32) using two specific ELISA methods. Sera from 72 healthy persons were used as controls. Patients with pancreatic cancer showed significantly elevated serum levels of irAT median level 39 vs 20.5 micrograms/L in the control group (p < 0.001). No differences in irCT levels were found. The ratio between irAT and irCT in serum was significantly increased (p < 0.001). Patients with chronic pancreatitis showed a wide range of both irAT and irCT levels, but no significant differences compared to the control group. The ratio between irAT and irCT was, however, significantly increased also in this group of patients. The results suggest a nonparallel secretion of anionic and cationic trypsinogen in pancreatic disease. This is a pattern that has been observed in experimental forms of chronic "hyperCCKemia."
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borgström
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Malmö, Sweden
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23
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Sakal E, Applebaum SW, Birk Y. Purification and characterization of trypsins from the digestive tract of Locusta migratoria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1989; 34:498-505. [PMID: 2635697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two trypsin-like enzymes were isolated from the digestive tract of the African migratory locust Locusta migratoria migratorioides. Primary purification was carried out on a DEAE-cellulose column, from which the two trypsins emerged in the anionic fraction. Further purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on a p-aminobenzamidine (PABA)-Sepharose column, which also separated the two trypsins (TLEAff.1. and TLEAff.2.), or by HPLC on an anion exchange column. The purity and homogeneity of the trypsins were demonstrated by electrophoresis of cellulose acetate strips and in polyacrylamide gels, with and without SDS. The molecular weights of TLEAff.1 and TLEAff.2, as determined by SDS-PAGE, were 17,000 and 24,000 respectively. The amino acid compositions of the locust trypsins were similar to those of trypsins from the digestive systems of other insects, which are characterized by the lack or low content of half cystines. The isoelectric points were 3.2 for TLEAff.1 and 3.5 fold for TLEAff.2. Since most of the locust trypsin comprised TLEAff.2, the latter served as the main object of this study. TLEAff.2 was unstable at low pH, differing in this respect from mammalian trypsins. The optimum activity was at pH 8.5-9.0. The Km and kcat, values were similar to those for bovine trypsin. Activation by substrate, a phenomenon in bovine trypsin, was also observed for TLEAff.2. The locust trypsin was full inhibited by the proteinaceous trypsin inhibitors Bowman-Birk (BBI) and Kunitz from soybeans, CI from chickpeas, chicken ovomucoid (COM), and turkey ovomucoid (TOM). It was inactivated by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), indicating the involvement of serine and histidine in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sakal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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24
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Kimland M, Russick C, Marks WH, Borgström A. Immunoreactive anionic and cationic trypsin in human serum. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 184:31-46. [PMID: 2598466 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(89)90254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the purification of anionic and cationic trypsinogen and trypsin from human pancreatic juice applying affinity chromatography on aprotinin coupled Sepharose is described together with the N-terminal amino acid sequences for both trypsinogens. In addition, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) methods for the determination of anionic and cationic trypsin-like immunoreactivity (irAT and irCT) are described. Normal serum levels are 21.3 +/- 7.4 micrograms/l and 27.8 +/- 9.0 microgram/l for irAT and irCT respectively and the accuracy of these assays is 6-10%. In our population, the normal ratio between irCT and irAT in serum is 1.36 +/- 0.42. In normal serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity consists solely of trypsinogen. In acute pancreatitis there is an increase over normal of both irAT and irCT with a proportionally greater increase in irAT than irCT. Similar changes are also found in uremic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kimland
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT
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25
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Borulf S, Lindberg T. Protease inhibitors in duodenal juice from children with malabsorption. Clin Chim Acta 1981; 112:253-5. [PMID: 6165504 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(81)90385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Colomb E, Figarella C. Comparative studies on the mechanism of activation of the two human trypsinogens. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 571:343-51. [PMID: 508771 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activation of human trypsinogens 1 and 2 by porcine enterokinase at pH 5.6 shows that the two human zymogens are equivalent substrates for this enzyme and that both proteins are activated faster than the cationic bovine trypsinogen. At pH 8.0 and in the presence of 20 mM calcium the two human trypsinogens are activated by either human trypsin at the same rate but the affinity of both trypsins is higher for trypsinogen 1 than for trypsinogen 2. Two Ca2+ binding sites are identified in the two human zymogens and their pK(Ca2+) values determined. For trypsinogen 1 the values are respectively of 2.8 and 3.3 for the primary and secondary Ca2+ binding sites, and for trypsinogen 2 of 3.4 and 2.7. These values are markedly different from those obtained for bovine cationic trypsinogen, especially in the case of trypsinogen 1. These results point out a different degree of saturation of the calcium binding sites of the 2 human zymogens that must exist in physiological conditions, suggesting different biological activities of the two trypsinogens.
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27
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Colomb E, Figarella C, Guy O. The two human trypsinogens. Evidence of complex formation with basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor-proteolytic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 570:397-405. [PMID: 40607 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of complexes between human trypsinogens and the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor is demonstrated by using affinity chromatography on Sepharose coupled to basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. This interaction indicates the pre-existence of the active site in human trypsinogens. This active site induces the proteolytic activity of the two zymogens which activate spontaneously at pH 5.6 and pH 8.0 before and after affinity chromatography. The effect of affinity-chromatography on trypsinogen spontaneous activation is not the same on trypsinogens 1 and 2. A striking difference appears between the activation of the two trypsinogens. In all cases, trypsinogen 1 autoactivates more rapidly than trypsinogen 2, except at pH 5.6 in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+, which inhibits the autoactivation of trypsinogen 1. The effect of inherent proteolytic activity of human trypsinogens is discussed in relation to pathological conditions of enterokinase deficiency and acute pancreatitis.
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28
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Borulf S, Lindberg T, Benediktsson B, Månsson M. Immunochemical determination of two trypsins in human duodenal juice. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 94:51-62. [PMID: 455719 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(79)90185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An application of electroimmunoassay to the separate determination of anionic and cationic trypsin in human duodenal juice is presented. The proportions of anionic to cationic immunoactive trypsin in duodenal juice from a group of children averaged 20 : 80. The ratio of immunoactive to esterolytically (BAPNA) active trypsin averaged 1.6 : 1, indicating the presence of inactive forms of trypsin in duodenal juice.
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29
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Grant DA, Hermon-Taylor J. Hydrolysis of artificial substrates by enterokinase and trypsin and the development of a sensitive specific assay for enterokinase in serum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 567:207-15. [PMID: 454624 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activities of highly purified human enterokinase (enteropeptidase, EC 3.4.21.9) and bovine trypsin were tested against three synthetic substrates alpha-N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester HCl, alpha-N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide HCl and alpha-N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide HCl. There was no detectable hydrolysis of these substrates by enterokinase whereas the kinetic parameters obtained for trypsin were in close agreement with those previously described by other workers. The values for Km and kcat were dependent on the Ca2+ concentration. Hydrolysis of glycine-tetra-L-aspartyl-L-lysyl-2-naphthylamide (Gly(Asp)4-Lys-Nap) by these protease was also studied. Enterokinase-catalysed hydrolysis obeyed simple steady-state kinetics and values for Km of 0.525 mM and 0.28 mM and for kcat of 21.5 s-1 and 28.3 s-1 were obtained in 0.1 mM and 10 mM Ca2+, respectively. Trypsin-catalysed hydrolysis was complex and the response to Ca2+ was sigmoidal partly due to the lability of trypsin at low Ca2+ concentrations. A sensitive specific assay for enterokinase was developed and applied to the measurement of the enzyme in serum; interference by nonspecific arylamidases was eliminated by the addition of Zn2+.
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