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Inês C, Parra-Lobato MC, Paredes MA, Labrador J, Gallardo M, Saucedo-García M, Gavilanes-Ruiz M, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Sphingolipid Distribution, Content and Gene Expression during Olive-Fruit Development and Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:28. [PMID: 29434611 PMCID: PMC5790798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant sphingolipids are involved in the building of the matrix of cell membranes and in signaling pathways of physiological processes and environmental responses. However, information regarding their role in fruit development and ripening, a plant-specific process, is unknown. The present study seeks to determine whether and, if so, how sphingolipids are involved in fleshy-fruit development and ripening in an oil-crop species such as olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual). Here, in the plasma-membranes of live protoplasts, we used fluorescence to examine various specific lipophilic stains in sphingolipid-enriched regions and investigated the composition of the sphingolipid long-chain bases (LCBs) as well as the expression patterns of sphingolipid-related genes, OeSPT, OeSPHK, OeACER, and OeGlcCerase, during olive-fruit development and ripening. The results demonstrate increased sphingolipid content and vesicle trafficking in olive-fruit protoplasts at the onset of ripening. Moreover, the concentration of LCB [t18:1(8Z), t18:1 (8E), t18:0, d18:2 (4E/8Z), d18:2 (4E/8E), d18:1(4E), and 1,4-anhydro-t18:1(8E)] increases during fruit development to reach a maximum at the onset of ripening, although these molecular species decreased during fruit ripening. On the other hand, OeSPT, OeSPHK, and OeGlcCerase were expressed differentially during fruit development and ripening, whereas OeACER gene expression was detected only at the fully ripe stage. The results provide novel data about sphingolipid distribution, content, and biosynthesis/turnover gene transcripts during fleshy-fruit ripening, indicating that all are highly regulated in a developmental manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Inês
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A. Paredes
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Mariana Saucedo-García
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Mexico
| | - Marina Gavilanes-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kojima H, Inoue T, Sugita M, Itonori S, Ito M. Biochemical studies on sphingolipid of Artemia franciscana (I) isolation and characterization of sphingomyelin. Lipids 2010; 45:635-43. [PMID: 20571930 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin was isolated from cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana using QAE-Sephadex A25, Florisil and Iatrobeads column chromatographies. The chemical structure was identified using thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The ceramide moiety of sphingomyelin consisted of stearic, arachidic, and behenic acids as fatty acids, and hexadeca-4- and heptadeca-4-sphingenines as sphingoids. By comparative analysis, the ceramide component of Artemia sphingomyelin appears unique in invertebrates and vertebrates. Biological functions of sphingomyelin have largely been investigated using mammalian-derived sphingomyelin. In mammals, a wide variety of molecular species of sphingomyelins have been reported, especially derived from nerve tissue, while the lower animal Artemia contains this unusual sphingomyelin perhaps because of having a much simpler nervous system. The purified unusual sphingomyelin derived from Artemia franciscana might be a very useful tool in elucidating the functions and mechanisms of action of this mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Kojima
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Byrdwell WC, Perry RH. Liquid chromatography with dual parallel mass spectrometry and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for analysis of sphingomyelin and dihydrosphingomyelin. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1146:164-85. [PMID: 17303148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS), in parallel, was used for simultaneous detection of bovine milk sphingolipids (BMS). APCI-MS mass spectra exhibited mostly ceramide-like fragment ions, [Cer-H(2)O+H](+) and [Cer-2H(2)O+H](+), which were used to identify individual molecular species of BMS according to fatty acyl chain length:degree of unsaturation and long-chain base (LCB). ESI-MS was used to confirm the molecular weights of BMS species. Both sphingomyelin (SM) and dihydrosphingomyelin (DSM) molecular species were identified, with DSM species constituting 20% of BMS. Approximately 56 to 58% of DSM species contained a d16:0 LCB, while 34 to 37% contained a d18:0 LCB. Approximately 26 to 30% of SM species contained a d16:1 LCB, while 57 to 60% contained a d18:1 LCB. BMS species contained both odd and even carbon chain lengths. The most abundant DSM species contained a d16:0 LCB with a 22:0, 23:0 or 24:0 fatty acyl chain, while the most abundant SM species contained a d18:1 LCB with a 16:0 or 23:0 fatty acyl chain. (31)P NMR spectroscopy was used to conclusively confirm that DSM is a dietary component in BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wm Craig Byrdwell
- Food Composition Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service-BHNRC, Beltsville, MD 20904, USA.
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Byrdwell WC, Perry RH. Liquid chromatography with dual parallel mass spectrometry and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for analysis of sphingomyelin and dihydrosphingomyelin. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:149-71. [PMID: 16938303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS), in parallel, was used for detection of bovine brain and chicken egg sphingolipids (SLs). APCI-MS mass spectra exhibited mostly ceramide-like fragment ions, [Cer-H(2)O+H](+) and [Cer-2H(2)O+H](+), whereas ESI-MS produced mostly intact protonated molecules, [M+H](+). APCI-MS/MS and MS(3) were used to differentiate between isobaric SLs. APCI-MS/MS mass spectra exhibited long-chain base related fragments, [LCB](+) and [LCB-H(2)O](+), that allowed the sphinganine backbone to be differentiated from the sphingenine backbone. Fragments formed from the fatty amide chain, [FA(long)](+) and [FA(short)](+), allowed an overall fatty acid composition to be determined. The presence of both dihydrosphingomyelin (DSM) and sphingomyelin (SM) sphingolipid classes was confirmed using (31)P NMR spectroscopy.
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He X, Chen F, McGovern MM, Schuchman EH. A fluorescence-based, high-throughput sphingomyelin assay for the analysis of Niemann-Pick disease and other disorders of sphingomyelin metabolism. Anal Biochem 2002; 306:115-23. [PMID: 12069422 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2002.5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin is an important lipid component of cell membranes and lipoproteins that can be hydrolyzed by sphingomyelinases into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. The Type A and B forms of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) are lipid storage disorders due to the deficient activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase and the resultant accumulation of sphingomyelin in cells, tissues, and fluids. In this paper we report a new, enzymatic method to quantify the levels of sphingomyelin in plasma, urine, or tissues from NPD patients and mice. In this assay, bacterial sphingomyelinase is first used to hydrolyze sphingomyelin to phosphorylcholine and ceramide. Alkaline phosphatase then generates choline from the phosphorylcholine, and the newly formed choline is then used to generate hydrogen peroxide in a reaction catalyzed by choline oxidase. Finally, with peroxidase as a catalyst, hydrogen peroxide reacts with the Amplex Red reagent to generate a highly fluorescent product, resorufin. These enzymatic reactions are carried out simultaneously in a single 100-microl reaction mixture for 20 min. Use of a 96-well microtiter plate permits automated and sensitive quantification using a plate reader and fluorescence detector. This procedure allowed quantification of sphingomyelin over a broad range from 0.02 to 10 nmol, similar in sensitivity to a recently described radioactive method using diacylglycerol kinase and 50 times more sensitive than a colorimetric, aminoantipyrine/phenol-based assay. To validate this new assay method, we quantified sphingomyelin in plasma, urine, and tissues from normal individuals and from NPD mice and patients. The sphingomyelin content in adult homozygous or heterozygous NPD mouse plasma and urine was significantly elevated compared to that of normal mice. Moreover, the accumulated sphingomyelin in the tissues of NPD mice was 4 to 15 times higher than that in normal mice depending on the tissue analyzed. The sphingomyelin levels in plasma from several Type B NPD patients also was significantly elevated compared to normal individuals of the same age. Based on these results, we propose that this new, fluorescence-based procedure can provide simple, fast, sensitive, and reproducible sphingomyelin quantification in tissues and fluids from normal individuals and NPD patients. It could also be a useful tool for the study of other sphingomyelin-related diseases and in a variety of research settings where sphingomyelin quantification is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxuan He
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Vieu C, Tercé F, Chevy F, Rolland C, Barbaras R, Chap H, Wolf C, Perret B, Collet X. Coupled assay of sphingomyelin and ceramide molecular species by gas liquid chromatography. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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He X, Chen F, Gatt S, Schuchman EH. An enzymatic assay for quantifying sphingomyelin in tissues and plasma from humans and mice with Niemann-Pick disease. Anal Biochem 2001; 293:204-11. [PMID: 11399033 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin is an important lipid component of cell membranes and lipoproteins which can be hydrolyzed by sphingomyelinases into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. The type A and B forms of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) are lipid storage disorders due to the deficient activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase, and the resultant accumulation of sphingomyelin in cells and tissues. In this paper we report a new, enzyme-based method to quantify the levels of sphingomyelin in tissues and plasma of normal individuals and NPD patients. The method utilizes sphingomyelinase from Bacillus cereus to completely hydrolyze the sphingomyelin into ceramide. Quantification of the sphingomyelin-derived ceramide is accomplished using Escherichia coli diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase and [gamma-(32)P]ATP. The resulting [(32)P]ceramide is quantified using a phosphor-imager system following TLC separation. This procedure allowed quantification of sphingomyelin over a broad range from 10 pmol to 1 nmol. To validate this assay we quantified sphingomyelin in plasma and tissues obtained from normal and NPD mice and humans. The sphingomyelin content in adult homozygous (-/-) or heterozygous (+/-) NPD mouse plasma was significantly elevated compared to that of normal mice (up to twofold). Moreover, the accumulated sphingomyelin in the tissues of NPD mice was 4 to 40 times higher than that in normal mice depending on the tissue analyzed. The sphingomyelin levels in plasma from several type B NPD patients also were significantly elevated compared to normal individuals of the same age. Based on these results we propose that this new, enzyme-based procedure can provide sensitive and reproducible sphingomyelin quantification in tissues and fluids from normal individuals and NPD patients. It could be a useful tool for the diagnosis of NPD and the evaluation of NPD treatment protocols, as well as for the study of ceramide-mediated apoptosis since the method provides the simultaneous determination of sphingomyelin and ceramide in the same lipid extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schulze
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Germany
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Vesper H, Schmelz EM, Nikolova-Karakashian MN, Dillehay DL, Lynch DV, Merrill AH. Sphingolipids in food and the emerging importance of sphingolipids to nutrition. J Nutr 1999; 129:1239-50. [PMID: 10395583 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.7.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms as well as some prokaryotes and viruses contain sphingolipids, which are defined by a common structural feature, i.e. , a "sphingoid base" backbone such as D-erythro-1,3-dihydroxy, 2-aminooctadec-4-ene (sphingosine). The sphingolipids of mammalian tissues, lipoproteins, and milk include ceramides, sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, gangliosides and sulfatides; plants, fungi and yeast have mainly cerebrosides and phosphoinositides. The total amounts of sphingolipids in food vary considerably, from a few micromoles per kilogram (fruits) to several millimoles per kilogram in rich sources such as dairy products, eggs and soybeans. With the use of the limited data available, per capita sphingolipid consumption in the United States can be estimated to be on the order of 150-180 mmol (approximately 115-140 g) per year, or 0.3-0.4 g/d. There is no known nutritional requirement for sphingolipids; nonetheless, they are hydrolyzed throughout the gastrointestinal tract to the same categories of metabolites (ceramides and sphingoid bases) that are used by cells to regulate growth, differentiation, apoptosis and other cellular functions. Studies with experimental animals have shown that feeding sphingolipids inhibits colon carcinogenesis, reduces serum LDL cholesterol and elevates HDL, suggesting that sphingolipids represent a "functional" constituent of food. Sphingolipid metabolism can also be modified by constituents of the diet, such as cholesterol, fatty acids and mycotoxins (fumonisins), with consequences for cell regulation and disease. Additional associations among diet, sphingolipids and health are certain to emerge as more is learned about these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vesper
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, and Division of Animal Resources, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322-3050, USA
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Olsson NU, Kaufmann P, Dzeletović S. Preparation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of long-chain base residues of natural sphingomyelin. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 698:1-8. [PMID: 9367187 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A procedure for the preparation of long-chain base residues of egg yolk, bovine milk and bovine brain sphingomyelin was developed. The bases were converted to N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives before being submitted to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The chromatographic profile of the milk sample was complex with thirteen peaks, whereas the profiles of brain and egg yolk long-chain bases were simple and remarkably similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- N U Olsson
- Scotia LipidTeknik AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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Valeur A, Olsson NU, Kaufmann P, Wada S, Kroon CG, Westerdahl G, Odham G. Quantification and comparison of some natural sphingomyelins by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography/discharge-assisted thermospray mass spectrometry. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 23:313-9. [PMID: 8038224 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200230603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelins obtained from bovine brain, chicken egg yolk and bovine milk fat were analysed. Separation was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing a binary solvent gradient consisting of n-butanol-water-1-propanol-isooctane. Detection was accomplished by light scattering and on-line discharge-assisted thermospray (plasmaspray) ionization mass spectrometry. The positive ion mass spectra exhibit prominent ions related to the amine base structure and fragments which can be utilized for identification of molecular species. The abundance of the fragments containing the fatty acid reflects relatively well the fatty acid composition of natural sphingomyelin mixtures. Bovine brain sphingomyelin has, for example, two distinctive major molecular species composed of C24:1 and C18:0 acids as indicated by the m/z 630.6 and m/z 548.5 ions, respectively. While egg yolk exhibits ions of m/z 520.6 which indicate the presence of C16:0, bovine milk sphingomyelin has several prominent ions of m/z 632.5, 618.6 and 604.7, reflecting the proportions of C24:0, C23:0 and C22:0, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valeur
- Division of Chemical Ecology, Lund University, Sweden
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13
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Ann Q, Adams J. Collision-induced decomposition of sphingomyelins for structural elucidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200220504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hanada K, Nishijima M, Kiso M, Hasegawa A, Fujita S, Ogawa T, Akamatsu Y. Sphingolipids are essential for the growth of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Restoration of the growth of a mutant defective in sphingoid base biosynthesis by exogenous sphingolipids. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kotaro T, Masao I, Masahiko M, Yoshitaka N. Selective changes in gangliosides of human milk during lactation: a molecular indicator for the period of lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Araki S, Satake M, Ando S, Hayashi A, Fujii N. Characterization of a diphosphonopentaosylceramide containing 3-O-methylgalactose from the skin of Aplysia kurodai (sea hare). J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Harvey DJ, Tiffany JM. Comparison of derivatives for the characterization of branched long-chain alcohols and 1,2-diols by mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kawai G, Ikeda Y. Chemistry and functional moiety of a fruiting-inducing cerebroside in Schizophyllum commune. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Cerebroside, sulfatide, monoglycosyl glyceride, and ester cerebroside were isolated from frog brain and sciatic nerve, and their distribution and chemical constituents were determined. The long-chain base compositions of cerebroside, sulfatide, and ester cerebroside were unique in the presence of branched-base components (5-15% of the total bases) and in the abundance of saturated dihydroxy base components (15-45% of the total). The amount of branched long-chain bases was greater in sciatic nerve than in brain. The hexose composition of the glycolipids consisted entirely of galactose except for brain cerebroside, in which a small amount of glucose was detected. Monogalactosyl glyceride consisted of the diacyl and alkylacyl forms, in a molar ratio of 81:19 for brain and 62:38 for sciatic nerve. The fatty acid composition of glycosphingolipids was characterized by the predominance of hydroxy and nonhydroxy 24:1 acids, and the concentration of 24:0 was extremely low. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 80% of the total. Major fatty acids of monogalactosyl glyceride were palmitic, oleic, stearic, and palmitoleic acids; the highest concentration was that of palmitic acid. Ester cerebroside was separated into three subfractions mainly on the basis of the proportion of hydroxy and nonhydroxy components in the amide-linked fatty acids.
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Abstract
Silicic acid column chromatography was used to separate the polar lipids of goats' milk into glycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin fractions. Each fraction was purified by column chromatography and its fatty acid profile determined by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The glycerophospholipids each contained 18:1 as the predominant fatty acid (approximately 45%). The sphingolipids contained a high percentage of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C22 to C24 greater than 45%); the glycolipid fraction also contained ca. 2% 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The data represent a comprehensive cross-sectional study of the major polar lipids found in goats' milks.
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Allan D, Thomas P, Limbrick AR. Microvesiculation and sphingomyelinase activation in chicken erythrocytes treated with ionophore A23187 and Ca2+. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 693:53-67. [PMID: 6295484 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of chicken erythrocytes with ionophore A23187 and Ca2+ leads to the disappearance of the marginal band of microtubules and to a release of the constraints which normally maintain the nucleus in a central position in the cells. The consequent close apposition of the nucleus to the plasma membrane may allow nuclear-plasma membrane fusion to occur and subsequently results in the release of microvesicles from the hybrid surface membrane. The remnant cells are spherical, and have nuclei which appear to be partly exocytosed. Concomitant with these morphological changes, there is a breakdown of 20-30% of the total cell sphingomyelin by an endogenous sphingomyelinase which does not require Ca2+ and which releases phosphorylcholine only into the cell interior. It is suggested that the pool of sphingomyelin which is broken down as a consequence of Ca2+ entry into the cells is present in the nuclear membrane and that it becomes available to the plasma membrane sphingomyelinase as a result of the close apposition of nucleus and plasma membrane induced by Ca2+.
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Bernard EA, Guaragna R, Amaral BB, Perry ML, Pereira IR, Ielpi L, Couso RO. Formation of lipid-linked sugars in mycelial and yeast-like forms of Mucor rouxii. Mol Cell Biochem 1982; 45:41-8. [PMID: 7110124 DOI: 10.1007/bf01283162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall fragments from both yeast-like and mycelial forms of the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii were used as enzymatic preparations to study the synthesis and role of prenyl-phospho-sugars in these systems. In the presence of GDP [14C] mannose two main products were formed. One of them was characterized as dolichol-monophosphate beta-mannose on the following basis: solubility in organic solvents, behaviour upon paper chromatography, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, mild acid hydrolysis, alkali treatment, catalytic reduction and phenol degradation. The other product was identified as a glycoprotein containing a single mannose unit linked to a serine or threonine residue. It was degraded with pronase and by mild NaOH-NaBH4 treatment all the radioactivity was released as free mannitol. When UDP [14C] glucose was employed as sugar donor two butanol soluble components were isolated. One of them (25%) was characterized as dolichol-monophosphate-beta-glucose on the basis of the same criteria as described above. The other one (75%) was neutral and was not studied in detail. Mycelial enzymes were about 40 times more active in the synthesis of the dolichol derivatives. In addition, large amounts of glycogen were detected. The role that both dolichol derivatives might play in glycoprotein biosynthesis is discussed.
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Bouhours JF, Bouhours D. Ceramide structure of sphingomyelin from human milk fat globule membrane. Lipids 1981; 16:726-31. [PMID: 7300591 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin was purified from human milk fat globule membrane and submitted to phospholipase C to yield ceramide. The structure of this ceramide was investigated by gas liquid chromatographic analyses of its components, fatty acids and sphingoid bases. The structure of the native ceramide was confirmed by direct-inlet mass spectrometry. It was shown to contain a major base C18-sphingosine associated with a high proportion (60%) of C20, C22, C24 and C24:1 nonhydroxylated fatty acids. As these very long-chain fatty acids might be of nutritive importance, the concentration of sphingomyelin in human mild and its distribution in cream and skim milk were established.
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Do UH, Ramachandran S. Mild alkali-stable phospholipids in chicken egg yolks: characterization of 1-alkenyl and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. J Lipid Res 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Tirri LJ, Ayengar NK, Lipton LC, Chatterjie N, Brockerhoff H. Studies on the hydrogen belts of membranes: III. Glycerol permeability of dihydrosphingomyelin-cholesterol membranes. Lipids 1978; 13:267-9. [PMID: 661510 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The permeability of an N-oleoyldihydrosphingomyelin bilayer against glycerol was similar to that of a bilayer of phosphatidylcholine with identical effective hydrophobic chain length. Cholesterol at 1:1 molar ratio reduced the permeability, and also reduced the energy of activation of glycerol penetration, an effect not found for diesterphosphatidylcholine with cholesterol. The higher level of the ground state of the entropy of activation for permeability can be interpreted in terms of a hydrogen belt model which postulates lipid-lipid hydrogen bonding in membranes and explains the effect found as a disturbance of the hydrogen belt structure. Dihydrosphingomyelin can be considered to function as an "extender" in the hydrogen belt network.
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Christie WW. The composition, structure and function of lipids in the tissues of ruminant animals. Prog Lipid Res 1978; 17:111-205. [PMID: 390540 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(78)90007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Long-chain bases were liberated from a crude mixture of sphingolipids from whole tissue of the fresh-water bivalve C. sandai, and conversion of the bases into N-acetyl-0-trimethylsily derivatives was accomplished. The derivatized bases were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. A portion of the sphingolipids was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation from whch saturated long-chain bases (sphinganines) were obtained. The saturated bases were oxidized with lead tetra-acetate and the aldehydes produced were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The aldehydes were further oxidized to acids with silver oxide, the resulting fatty acids methylated and also analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. By these analyses, altogether five long-chain bases were identified, consisting of hexadeca-4-sphingenine (15%), heptadeca-4-sphingenine (2%), iso-octadeca-4-sphingenine (13%), octadeca-4-sphingenine (39%) and anteiso-noadeca-4-sphingenine (31%). So far no branches have been found in shellfish spingolipid long-chain bases.
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Abstract
Total lipid of four egg grown influenza viruses (A2-Asia, A2-England, A2-Taiwan and fowl plague virus) were extracted with chloroform-methanol. After mild alkali treatment of the extracts, glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin were separated by a silicic acid column, and finally purified by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acid, sphingosine and carbohydrate components of individual lipid classes were then analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Nearly identical results were obtained with all viruses investigated. Approximately 20% of the total lipid was monohexosylceramide, distributed equally between glucosyl- and galactosyl- analogues. Lactosylceramide and oligohexosylceramides were found in much smaller concentrations (approx. 2%). About 15% of the total lipid was attributed to sphingomyelin. A large proportion of fatty acids (around 25% in sphingomyelin and 60% in glycolipids) belonged to the long chain (C19-C26) normal- and 2-hydroxy series. C18-sphingosine was found to be the only base present in all lipid classes investigated.
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Breimer M. Distribution of molecular species of sphingomyelins in different parts of bovine digestive tract. J Lipid Res 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Patton S, Jensen RG. Lipid metabolism and membrane functions of the mammary gland. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1975; 14:163-277. [PMID: 1091947 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(75)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Soula G, Champanet C, Fourcade A. [Tissue sphingomyelins in the chick: in vivo analysis and metabolism]. Biochimie 1974; 56:131-43. [PMID: 4367852 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Keenan TW. Composition and synthesis of gangliosides in mammary gland and milk of the bovine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 337:255-70. [PMID: 4373058 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(74)90207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Karlsson KA, Samuelsson BE. The structure of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate from the sea anemone, Metridium senile. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 337:204-13. [PMID: 4154778 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(74)90202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Keenan TW. Membranes of mammary gland. IX. Concentration of glycosphingolipid galactosyl and sialytransferases in Golgi apparatus from bovine mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 1974; 57:187-92. [PMID: 4853158 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(74)84858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Karlsson KA, Samuelsson BE, Steen GO. Detailed structure of sphingomyelins and ceramides from different regions of bovine kidney with special reference to long-chain bases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 316:336-62. [PMID: 4356061 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Morrison WR. Long-chain bases in the sphingolipids of bovine milk and kidney, rumen bacteria, rumen protozoa, hay and concentrate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 316:98-107. [PMID: 4737329 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Karlsson KA, Samuelsson B, Steen G. Improved identification of monomethyl paraffin chain branching (close to the methyl end) of long-chain compounds by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(73)90049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Ong DE, Brady RN. In Vivo Studies on the Introduction of the 4-t-Double Bond of the Sphingenine Moiety of Rat Brain Ceramides. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kemp P, Dawson RM, Klein RA. A new bacterial sphingophospholipid containing 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol. Biochem J 1972; 130:221-7. [PMID: 4655427 PMCID: PMC1174319 DOI: 10.1042/bj1300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. A new sphingophospholipid has been isolated from the bacterial fraction of sheep rumen contents. 2. This new lipid has been characterized as a ceramide phosphate moiety esterified to 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol through the primary alcohol group. 3. Mass spectrometry has shown the intact lipid to contain a vicinal hydroxyl amino grouping, and oxidation with periodate converts it quantitatively into a new phospholipid which is probably ceramide phosphorylglycolaldehyde. 4. The sphingophospholipid contains a mixture of saturated long-chain bases mainly with branched-chain alkyl groups, which are typical of a microbial origin. 5. A Gram-negative bacterium isolated from rumen contents contains about 30% of the new lipid in its phospholipids when grown in pure culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R. Morrison
- Department of Food Science, University of Strathclyde, C1, Glasgow, UK
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Enzymatic conversion of labeled ketodihydrosphingosine to ketosphingosine in rat liver particulates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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