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Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials: Alternative for Encapsulation Process Enhancement. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in the development of nanometric materials with specific characteristics has grown; however, there are few scientific contributions that associate encapsulation methodologies and matrices with the particle objective (metabolic directions, type of administration, biological impact, and biocompatibility). This review focuses on describing the benefits and disadvantages of different techniques for designing custom particles and alternatives for the biofunctionalization nanomaterials regarding the biological impact of a nanomaterial with potential use in foods known as nutraceuticals. The study of optical properties, physicochemical factors, and characteristics such as rheological can predict its stability in the application matrix; however, not only should the characterization of a nanocomposite with applications in food be considered, but also the biological impact that it may present.
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Tolba RH, Fet N, Yonezawa K, Taura K, Nakajima A, Hata K, Okamura Y, Uchinami H, Klinge U, Minor T, Yamaoka Y, Yamamoto Y. Role of preferential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by meloxicam in ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat liver. Eur Surg Res 2014; 53:11-24. [PMID: 24854565 DOI: 10.1159/000362411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the major clinical problems in liver and transplant surgery. Livers subjected to warm ischemia in vivo often show a severe dysfunction and the release of numerous inflammatory cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is the inducible isoform of an intracellular enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of COX-2 inhibition and the role of Kupffer cells in IRI of the liver. METHODS Male Wistar rats [250- 280 g body weight (BW)] were anesthetized and subjected to 30-min warm ischemia of the liver (Pringle's maneuver) and 60-min reperfusion after median laparotomy. The I/R group received no additional treatment. In the COX-2 inhibitor (COX-2I) group, the animals received 1 mg/kg BW meloxicam prior to operation. Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) (10 mg/kg BW) was given 24 h prior to operation in the GdCl3 and GdCl3 + COX-2I groups for the selective depletion of Kupffer cells. The GdCl3 + COX-2I group received both GdCl3 and meloxicam treatment prior to operation. Blood and liver samples were obtained at the end of the experiments for further investigations. RESULTS After 30 min of warm ischemia in vivo, severe hepatocellular damage was observed in the I/R group. These impairments could be significantly prevented by the selective COX-2 inhibition and the depletion of Kupffer cells. Alanine aminotransferase was significantly reduced upon meloxicam and GdCl3 treatment compared to the I/R group: I/R, 3,240 ± 1,262 U/l versus COX-2I, 973 ± 649 U/l, p < 0.001; I/R versus GdCl3, 1,611 ± 600 U/l, p < 0.05, and I/R versus GdCl3 + COX-2I, 1,511 ± 575 U/l, p < 0.01. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were significantly reduced in the COX-2I treatment group compared to I/R (3.5 ± 1.5 vs. 16.3 ± 11.7 pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.05). Similarly, the amount of TxB2, a marker for COX-2 metabolism, was significantly reduced in the meloxicam treatment groups compared to the I/R group: I/R, 22,500 ± 5,210 pg/ml versus COX-2I, 1,822 ± 938 pg/ml, p < 0.001, and I/R versus GdCl3 + COX-2I, 1,530 ± 907 pg/ml, p < 0.001. All values are given as mean ± SD (n = 6). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the inhibition of COX-2 suppressed the initiation of an inflammatory cascade by attenuating the release of TNF-α, which is an initiator of the inflammatory reaction in hepatic IRI. Therefore, we conclude that preferential inhibition of COX-2 is a possible therapeutic approach against warm IRI of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H Tolba
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Stoffels B, Yonezawa K, Yamamoto Y, Schäfer N, Overhaus M, Klinge U, Kalff JC, Minor T, Tolba RH. Meloxicam, a COX-2 inhibitor, ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion injury in non-heart-beating donor livers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 47:109-17. [PMID: 21757922 DOI: 10.1159/000329414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Chronic organ donor shortage has led to the consideration to expand the donor pool with livers from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD), although a higher risk of graft dys- or nonfunction is associated with these livers. We examined the effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition on hepatic warm ischemia (WI) reperfusion (I/R) injury of NHBD. METHODS Male Wistar rats were used as donors and meloxicam (5 mg/kg body weight) was administered into the preservation solution. Livers were excised after 60 min of WI in situ, flushed and preserved for 24 h at 4°C. Reperfusion was carried out in vitro at a constant flow for 45 min. During reperfusion (5, 15, 30 and 45 min), enzyme release of alanine aminotransferase and glutamate lactate dehydrogenase were measured as well as portal venous pressure, bile production and oxygen consumption. The production of malondialdehyde was quantified and TUNEL staining was performed. Quantitative PCR analyzed COX-2 mRNA. COX-2 immunohistochemistry and TxB(2) detection completed the measurements. RESULTS Meloxicam treatment led to better functional recovery concerning liver enzyme release, vascular resistance and metabolic activity over time in all animals. Oxidative stress and apoptosis were considerably reduced. CONCLUSION Cold storage using meloxicam resulted in significantly better integrity and function of livers retrieved from NHBD. Selective COX-2 inhibition is a new therapeutic approach achieving improved preservation of grafts from NHBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stoffels
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
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Riehl TE, He L, Zheng L, Greco S, Tollefsen DM, Stenson WF. COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype in mice is associated with shortened time to carotid artery occlusion through increased PAI-1. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:350-60. [PMID: 21138526 PMCID: PMC3687774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We found a high incidence of thrombotic deaths in COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) mice and sought to define the mechanism of these events. The cyclooxygenase products thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin are important in the regulation of coagulation but their role in fibrinolysis is largely unexplored. PAI-1 blocks fibrinolysis by inhibiting plasminogen activator. AIM Our objective was to explain the mechanism of increased thrombosis associated with the COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype. METHODS Carotid artery occlusion times were measured after photochemical injury. PAI-1 levels were measured in the plasma by ELISA. PAI-1 levels in the aorta were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Urinary metabolites of Thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype is associated with a decreased time to occlusion in the carotid artery thrombosis model (30 ± 5 minutes vs 60 ± minutes in wild type, p<.001). The COX-1(-/-)COX-2(+/+), COX-1(+/-)COX-2(+/-) and COX-1(+/-)COX-2(+/+) all had occlusion times similar to wild type. COX-1(+/+)COX-2(-/-) had a prolonged occlusion time. COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) had increased PAI-1 levels in the plasma and aorta and with a prolonged euglobulin lysis time (37.4 ± 10.2 hours vs 15.6 ± 9.8 hours in wild type, p<.004). The decreased time to occlusion in the COX-1(+/-)COX2(-/-) mice was normalized by an inhibitory antibody to PAI-1 whereas the antibody had no effect on the time to occlusion in wild type mice. CONCLUSION The COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype is associated with a shortened time to occlusion in the carotid thrombosis model and the shortened time to occlusion is mediated through increased PAI-1 levels resulting in decreased fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Riehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Srivastava T, McCarthy ET, Sharma R, Cudmore PA, Sharma M, Johnson ML, Bonewald LF. Prostaglandin E(2) is crucial in the response of podocytes to fluid flow shear stress. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 4:79-90. [PMID: 20531983 PMCID: PMC2876242 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes play a key role in maintaining and modulating the filtration barrier of the glomerulus. Because of their location, podocytes are exposed to mechanical strain in the form of fluid flow shear stress (FFSS). Several human diseases are characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The response of podocytes to FFSS at physiological or pathological levels is not known. We exposed cultured podocytes to FFSS, and studied changes in actin cytoskeleton, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 (COX-1, COX-2). FFSS caused a reduction in transversal F-actin stress filaments and the appearance of cortical actin network in the early recovery period. Cells exhibited a pattern similar to control state by 24 h following FFSS without significant loss of podocytes or apoptosis. FFSS caused increased levels of PGE(2) as early as 30 min after onset of shear stress, levels that increased over time. PGE(2) production by podocytes at post-2 h and post-24 h was also significantly increased compared to control cells (p < 0.039 and 0.012, respectively). Intracellular PGE(2) synthesis and expression of COX-2 was increased at post-2 h following FFSS. The expression of COX-1 mRNA was unchanged. We conclude that podocytes are sensitive and responsive to FFSS, exhibiting morphological and physiological changes. We believe that PGE(2) plays an important role in mechanoperception in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Ellen T. McCarthy
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Ram Sharma
- Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Room F1-130, Building 15, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64128 USA
| | - Patricia A. Cudmore
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Kidney Disease Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Mark L. Johnson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri at Kansas City—School of Dentistry, Kansas, MO USA
| | - Lynda F. Bonewald
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri at Kansas City—School of Dentistry, Kansas, MO USA
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Di Francesco L, Totani L, Dovizio M, Piccoli A, Di Francesco A, Salvatore T, Pandolfi A, Evangelista V, Dercho RA, Seta F, Patrignani P. Induction of Prostacyclin by Steady Laminar Shear Stress Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Biosynthesis via Heme Oxygenase-1 in Human Endothelial Cells. Circ Res 2009; 104:506-13. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.191114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is among the endothelial genes upregulated by uniform laminar shear stress (LSS), characteristically associated with atherosclerotic lesion-protected areas. We have addressed whether the induction of COX-2–dependent prostanoids in endothelial cells by LSS plays a role in restraining endothelial tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α generation, a proatherogenic cytokine, through the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO)-1, an antioxidant enzyme. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to steady LSS of 10 dyn/cm
2
for 6 hours, COX-2 protein was significantly induced, whereas COX-1 and the downstream synthases were not significantly modulated. This was associated with significant (
P
<0.05) increase of 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG)F
1α
(the hydrolysis product of prostacyclin), PGE
2
, and PGD
2
. In contrast, TNF-α released in the medium in 6 hours (3633±882 pg) or detected in cells lysates (1091±270 pg) was significantly (
P
<0.05) reduced versus static condition (9100±2158 and 2208±300 pg, respectively). Coincident induction of HO-1 was detected. The finding that LSS-dependent reduction of TNF-α generation and HO-1 induction were abrogated by the selective inhibitor of COX-2 NS-398, the nonselective COX inhibitor aspirin, or the specific prostacyclin receptor (IP) antagonist RO3244794 illuminates the central role played by LSS-induced COX-2–dependent prostacyclin in restraining endothelial inflammation. Carbacyclin, an agonist of IP, induced HO-1. Similarly to inhibition of prostacyclin biosynthesis or activity, the novel imidazole-based HO-1 inhibitor QC15 reversed TNF-α reduction by LSS. These findings suggest that inhibition of COX-2–dependent prostacyclin might contribute to acceleration of atherogenesis in patients taking traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and NSAIDs selective for COX-2 through downregulation of HO-1, which halts TNF-α generation in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Di Francesco
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Licia Totani
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melania Dovizio
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio Piccoli
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Di Francesco
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania Salvatore
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virgilio Evangelista
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan A. Dercho
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesca Seta
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paola Patrignani
- From the Department of Medicine and Aging (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., P.P.), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy; CeSI (L.D.F., M.D., A.D.F., T.S., A. Pandolfi, P.P.), Chieti, Italy; Mario Negri Sud (L.T., A. Piccoli, V.E.), Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy; and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.A.D.) and Physiology and Biochemistry (F.S.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald GA. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:4-15. [PMID: 16395396 PMCID: PMC1323269 DOI: 10.1172/jci27291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors selective for prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) (known colloquially as COX-2) were designed to minimize gastrointestinal complications of traditional NSAIDs--adverse effects attributed to suppression of COX-1-derived PGE2 and prostacyclin (PGI2). Evidence from 2 randomized controlled-outcome trials (RCTs) of 2 structurally distinct selective inhibitors of COX-2 supports this hypothesis. However, 5 RCTs of 3 structurally distinct inhibitors also indicate that such compounds elevate the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. The clinical information is biologically plausible, as it is compatible with evidence that inhibition of COX-2-derived PGI2 removes a protective constraint on thrombogenesis, hypertension, and atherogenesis in vivo. However, the concept of simply tipping a "balance" between COX-2-derived PGI2 and COX-1-derived platelet thromboxane is misplaced. Among the questions that remain to be addressed are the following: (a) whether this hazard extends to all or some of the traditional NSAIDs; (b) whether adjuvant therapies, such as low-dose aspirin, will mitigate the hazard and if so, at what cost; (c) whether COX-2 inhibitors result in cardiovascular risk transformation during chronic dosing; and (d) how we might identify individuals most likely to benefit or suffer from such drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Grosser
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Applebaum H, Kieran MW, Cripe TP, Coffin CM, Collins MH, Kaipainen A, Laforme A, Shamberger RC. The rationale for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors: a Children's Oncology Group study. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:999-1003; discussion 1003. [PMID: 15991185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are neoplasms that are highly vascularized, have an intermediate prognosis, and are associated with infiltration, obstruction, local recurrence, and rare metastasis. Resection of large IMTs can lead to substantial morbidity and even mortality. Anecdotal experience suggests that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may eradicate large IMTs or shrink them to a more readily resectable size and configuration. To support the hypothesis that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are antiangiogenic for IMTs by interfering with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling via cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibition, IMT specimens were immunohistochemically examined for expression of COX-2 enzyme and VEGF. METHODS The diagnosis of IMT was confirmed in all 18 cases comprising the study. Intensity of COX-2 and VEGF staining was graded, and staining uniformity was examined. ALK-1 protein expression, found in up to two thirds of IMTs, was also determined. RESULTS COX-2 and VEGF expression were identified in all tissue examined, with staining intensity varying independently. ALK-1 protein expression was identified in 33% of specimens. Its presence was not related to the intensity of COX-2 or VEGF staining. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the mediators of angiogenesis, VEGF and COX-2, are present and may play an important role in the growth of IMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Applebaum
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Smith LH, Petrie MS, Morrow JD, Oates JA, Vaughan DE. The sterol response element binding protein regulates cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:862-71. [PMID: 15716578 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500021-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that cholesterol deprivation increases endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostacyclin [prostaglandin I2 (PGI2)] production in vitro. Cholesterol directly regulates gene transcription through the sterol response element binding protein (SREBP). In this work, we demonstrate that SREBP directly regulates COX-2 expression. Cholesterol reduces human COX-2 promoter-luciferase reporter construct activity in transiently transfected endothelial cells. Conversely, cotransfection with a constitutively active mutant SREBP increases COX-2 promoter activity. SREBP-1a and -2 specifically bind a putative sterol response element (SRE) sequence in the COX-2 promoter. This sequence competes for SREBP binding to a low density lipoprotein receptor consensus sequence in an electromobility-shift assay. These data indicate that endothelial COX-2 is regulated by cholesterol via the SREBP pathway. The present study identifies COX-2 as the first vascular gene without a clear role in lipid metabolism transactivated by SREBP, and suggests that enhanced production of PGI2 through this pathway may be an additional benefit of cholesterol-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layton Harris Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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10
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Pozzi A, Yan X, Macias-Perez I, Wei S, Hata AN, Breyer RM, Morrow JD, Capdevila JH. Colon carcinoma cell growth is associated with prostaglandin E2/EP4 receptor-evoked ERK activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29797-804. [PMID: 15123663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313989200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) and its prostanoid metabolites have been implicated in the control of cell survival; however, their role as mitogens remains undefined. To better understand the role of prostanoids on cell growth, we used mouse colon adenocarcinoma (CT26) cells to investigate the role of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in cell proliferation. CT26 cells express both COX1 and COX2 and metabolize arachidonic acid to PGE(2.) Treatment with indomethacin, or COX-selective inhibitors, prevents PGE(2) biosynthesis and CT26 cell proliferation. The anti-proliferative effects of COX inhibition are rescued specifically by treatment with PGE(2) or the EP4 receptor-selective agonist PGE(1)-OH via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, thus providing a functional link between PGE(2)-induced cell proliferation and EP4-mediated ERK signaling. Indomethacin or COX2 inhibitors, but not COX1 inhibitors, reduced the size and number of CT26-derived tumors in vivo. These inhibitory effects are paralleled by marked declines in the levels of tumor PGE(2), suggesting that their anti-tumor effects are directly associated with the inhibition of COX2 enzymatic activity. The described anti-tumor effects of indomethacin are evident whether it is administered at the time of, or 7 days after, tumor cell injection, suggesting that it has tumor preventive and therapeutic actions. Furthermore, the observation that indomethacin increases the survival rates of tumor-bearing mice, even after withdrawal of the drug, indicates that its effects are long lasting and that it may be potentially useful for the prevention and the clinical management of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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11
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Yeo SJ, Yoon JG, Yi AK. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by CpG DNA: tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-associated factor 6, a diverging point in the Toll-like receptor 9-signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40590-600. [PMID: 12902324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune stimulatory unmethylated CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA (CpG DNA) induce expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2). The present study demonstrates that CpG DNA can up-regulate cox-2 expression by post-transcriptional mechanisms in RAW264.7 cells. To determine the CpG DNA-mediated signaling pathway that post-transcriptionally regulates cox-2 expression, a cox-2 translational reporter (COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase) was generated by inserting sequences within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of cox-2 to the 3' end of the luciferase gene under control of the SV40 promoter. CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity was completely inhibited by an endosomal acidification inhibitor chloroquine, a Toll-like receptor 9 antagonist inhibitory CpG DNA, or overexpression of a dominant negative (DN) form of MyD88. However, overexpression of DN-IRAK-1 or DN-TRAF6 resulted in substantial, but not complete, inhibition of the CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity. Activation of all three MAPKs (ERK, p38, and JNK) was required for optimal COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity induced by CpG DNA. Overexpression of DN-TRAF6 suppressed CpG DNA-mediated activation of p38 and JNK, but not ERK, explaining the partial inhibitory effects of DN-TRAF6 on CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity. Co-expression of DN-TRAF6 and N17Ras completely inhibited CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity, indicating the involvement of Ras in CpG DNA-mediated ERK and COX2-3'-UTR regulation. Collectively, our results suggest that MyD88 and MAPKs play a key regulatory role in CpG DNA-mediated cox-2 expression at the post-transcriptional level and that TRAF6 is a diverging point in the Toll-like receptor 9-signaling pathway for CpG DNA-mediated MAPK activation.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- CpG Islands
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Genes, Reporter
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proteins/physiology
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Children's Foundation Research Center at Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, USA
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12
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Nam KW, Je KH, Lee JH, Han HJ, Lee HJ, Kang SK, Mar W. Inhibition of COX-2 activity and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) production by water-soluble sub-fractionated parts from bee (Apis mellifera) venom. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:383-8. [PMID: 12785734 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bee venom is used as a traditional medicine for treatment of arthritis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous partitions from bee venom (Apis mellifera) was studied using cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) production, in vitro. COX-2 is involved in the production of prostaglandins that mediate pain and support the inflammatory process. The aqueous partition of bee venom showed strong dose-dependent inhibitory effects on COX-2 activity (IC50 = 13.1 microg/mL), but did not inhibit COX-1 activity. The aqueous partition was subfractionated into three parts by molecular weight differences, namely, B-F1 (above 20 KDa), B-F2 (between 10 KDa and 20 KDa) and B-F3 (below 10 KDa). B-F2 and B-F3 strongly inhibited COX-2 activity and COX-2 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, without revealing cytotoxic effects. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, are potent pro-inflammatory cytokines and are early indicators of the inflammatory process. We also investigated the effects of three subfractions on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production using ELISA method. All three subfractions, B-F1, B-F2 and B-F3, inhibited TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production. These results suggest the pharmacological activities of bee venom on anti-inflammatory process include the inhibition of COX-2 expression and the blocking of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Woo Nam
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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13
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Litherland SA, She JX, Schatz D, Fuller K, Hutson AD, Peng RH, Li Y, Grebe KM, Whittaker DS, Bahjat K, Hopkins D, Fang Q, Spies PD, North K, Wasserfall C, Cook R, Dennis MA, Crockett S, Sleasman J, Kocher J, Muir A, Silverstein J, Atkinson M, Clare-Salzler MJ. Aberrant monocyte prostaglandin synthase 2 (PGS2) expression in type 1 diabetes before and after disease onset. Pediatr Diabetes 2003; 4:10-8. [PMID: 14655518 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5448.2003.00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS We examined monocyte prostaglandin synthase 2 (PGS2/COX2) expression in individuals at risk for or with type 1 diabetes including: (i) 58 established type 1 and 2 diabetic patients; (ii) 34 autoantibody positive (AA+) children and adults; (iii) 164 infants and young children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) susceptibility human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles; and (iv) 37 healthy control individuals, over a 5-yr period. RESULTS Established type 1 diabetic patients (1 month to 30+ yr post-disease onset) had significantly higher PGS2 expression than healthy controls; by contrast, insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients had significantly lower PGS2 expression than healthy controls. Longitudinal studies of AA+ subjects at risk for type 1 diabetes indicated that 73% (11/15) of individuals who developed this disease during the study period expressed high levels of PGS2 prior to or after onset. We also found high level PGS2 expression in genetically at-risk infants and young children that correlated with having a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes, but not with age, gender, or HLA genotype. In this population, high level PGS2 expression coincided with or preceded autoantibody detection in 30% (3/10) of subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that high level monocyte PGS2 expression, although subject to fluctuation, is present in at-risk subjects at an early age and is maintained during progression to and after type 1 diabetes onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Litherland
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100275, JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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14
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Lemieux LI, Rahal SS, Kennedy CRJ. PGE2 reduces arachidonic acid release in murine podocytes: evidence for an autocrine feedback loop. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284:C302-9. [PMID: 12388100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00024.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased glomerular prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production is associated with the progression of diseases such as membranous nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, and anti-Thy1 nephritis. We investigated the signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and actions of PGE(2) in glomerular podocytes. To study its actions, we assessed the ability of PGE(2) to regulate the production of its own precursor, arachidonic acid (AA), in a mouse podocyte cell line. PGE(2) dose-dependently reduced phorbol ester (PMA)-mediated AA release. Inhibition of PMA-stimulated AA release by PGE(2) was found to be cAMP/PKA-dependent, because PGE(2) significantly increased levels of this second messenger, whereas the inhibitory actions of PGE(2) were reversed by PKA inhibition and reproduced by the cAMP-elevating agents forskolin and IBMX. PGE(2) synthesis in this podocyte cell line increased fourfold at 60 min in response to PMA, coinciding with upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1 levels. However, PGE(2) synthesis was significantly reduced by COX-1-selective inhibition, yet to a lesser extent by COX-2-selective inhibition. Our findings suggest that PMA-stimulated PGE(2) synthesis in mouse podocytes requires both basal COX-1 activity and induced COX-2 expression, and that PGE(2) reduces PMA-stimulated AA release in a cAMP/PKA-dependent manner. Such an autocrine regulatory loop might have important consequences for podocyte and glomerular function in the context of renal diseases involving PGE(2) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne I Lemieux
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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15
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Schlosser W, Schlosser S, Ramadani M, Gansauge F, Gansauge S, Beger HG. Cyclooxygenase-2 is overexpressed in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2002; 25:26-30. [PMID: 12131767 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200207000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclooxygenase enzymes catalyze a critical step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which are important mediators of acute and chronic inflammation. The constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) appears to regulate many normal physiologic functions in several cell types, whereas the inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme mediates the inflammatory response. AIMS AND METHODOLOGY We investigated the expression of COX-2 in tissues of 35 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 6 patients with pancreatic cancer, and 5 control patients by immunohistochemical analysis and correlations to clinicopathologic features. RESULTS We found an overexpression of COX-2 in the atrophic acinar cells (80% of patients), hyperplastic ductal cells (86% of patients), and islets cells (97% of patients) but not in normal pancreatic tissues. The COX-2 overexpression in the tissue of patients with chronic pancreatitis was significantly correlated with the frequency of acute attacks of pancreatitis. Tissue from patients who had more than five acute attacks of pancreatitis (n = 10) exhibited COX-2 immunoreactivity of a significantly higher score in atrophic acinar cells (p = 0.004). No correlation could be found with other examined clinical features such as duration of the disease, diabetes, alcohol consumption, smoking, or pain. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that COX-2 may be involved in inflammatory responses in chronic pancreatitis and in the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease.
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16
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Colombo PC, Ashton AW, Celaj S, Talreja A, Banchs JE, Dubois NB, Marinaccio M, Malla S, Lachmann J, Ware JA, Le Jemtel TH. Biopsy coupled to quantitative immunofluorescence: a new method to study the human vascular endothelium. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 92:1331-8. [PMID: 11842075 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00680.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited availability of endothelial tissue is a major constraint when investigating the cellular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in patients with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. We propose a novel approach that combines collection of 200-1,000 endothelial cells from a superficial forearm vein or the radial artery, with reliable measurements of protein expression by quantitative immunofluorescence analysis. This method was validated against immunoblot analysis in cultured endothelial cells. Levels of vascular endothelial cell activation, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide synthase expression were measured and compared in five patients with severe chronic heart failure and in four healthy age-matched subjects. In summary, vascular endothelial biopsy coupled with measurement of protein expression by quantitative immunofluorescence analysis provides a novel approach to the study of the vascular endothelium in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo C Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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17
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Kikuchi T, Itoh F, Toyota M, Suzuki H, Yamamoto H, Fujita M, Hosokawa M, Imai K. Aberrant methylation and histone deacetylation of cyclooxygenase 2 in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2002; 97:272-7. [PMID: 11774276 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 plays a critical role in the development of gastrointestinal cancers in both human and animal models. About 80% of the gastric cancer showed a high level of expression of cyclooxygenase 2, but a subset of cases do not express without unknown reason. Aberrant methylation of CpG island of COX-2 was examined by using a series of gastric cancer cell lines and primary gastric cancers. Two out of 8 cell lines (25%) and 11 out of 93 (12%) primary cancers showed aberrant methylation of the 5' region of COX-2. Methylation of COX-2 was closely associated with loss of expression and treatment of methylation inhibitor, 5-deoxy-2'-azacytidine restored the expression of COX-2. A combined treatment of 5-deoxy-2'-azacytidine and a histone deacetylese inhibitor, trichostatin A, restored re-expression of the gene synergistically and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that histone of methylated COX-2 promoter is deacetylated, indicating the role of cytosine methylation and histone deacetylation in the silencing of the gene. These results indicate that a subset of gastric cancer with COX-2 methylation evolves through the pathway that is independent of COX-2 expression and that COX-2 inhibitor may not be useful to induce apoptosis in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kikuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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18
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Nuttinck F, Reinaud P, Tricoire H, Vigneron C, Peynot N, Mialot JP, Mermillod P, Charpigny G. Cyclooxygenase-2 is expressed by cumulus cells during oocyte maturation in cattle. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 61:93-101. [PMID: 11774380 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins could be involved in various aspects of final differentiation of ovarian follicles. Prostaglandins are generated by the cyclooxygenase (cox) pathway. Until now, the expression pattern of isoforms cox-1 and cox-2 of cyclooxygenase in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) was unknown. Using immunodetection procedure, we demonstrated in the present study that cox-2 was expressed by cumulus cells during in vivo and in vitro maturation. Time course induction of cox-2 expression was investigated during in vitro maturation using Western blot analysis. Specific signal of cox-2 was markedly evidenced from 6 hr of culture and increased to reach a maximal level at 24 hr of culture. In vitro, cox-2 expression in COCs was associated with increased concentrations of PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha) in the maturation medium. In addition, the effects of culture conditions on cox-2 expression was considered using RT-PCR and Western-blot analysis. We demonstrated that the addition of 10 ng/ml of EGF to TCM199 clearly increased the expression level of cox-2 mRNA and protein. Higher levels of in vitro cox-2 expression was associated with greater rates of cumulus expansion and oocytes at metaphase II at 24 hr of culture. In conclusion, our present results suggest that cox-2 expression in cumulus cells may be involved in differentiation of COCs that occurs during oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nuttinck
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Biologie de la Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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19
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Schwarz NT, Kalff JC, Türler A, Engel BM, Watkins SC, Billiar TR, Bauer AJ. Prostanoid production via COX-2 as a causative mechanism of rodent postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:1354-71. [PMID: 11729115 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.29605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This study demonstrates a significant role for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostanoid production as mechanisms for surgically induced postoperative ileus. METHODS Rats, COX-2+/+, and COX-2-/- mice underwent simple intestinal manipulation. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to detect and localize COX-2 expression. Prostaglandin levels were measured from serum, peritoneal lavage fluid, and muscularis culture media. Jejunal circular muscle contractions were measured in an organ bath, and gastrointestinal transit was measured in vivo. RESULTS The data show that intestinal manipulation induces COX-2 messenger RNA and protein within resident muscularis macrophages, a discrete subpopulation of myenteric neurons and recruited monocytes. The manipulation-induced increase in COX-2 expression resulted in significantly elevated prostaglandin levels within the circulation and peritoneal cavity. The source of these prostanoids could be directly attributed to their release from the inflamed muscularis externa. As a consequence of the molecular up-regulation of COX-2, we observed a decrease in in vitro jejunal circular muscle contractility and gastrointestinal transit, both of which could be alleviated pharmacologically with selective COX-2 inhibition. These studies were corroborated with the use of COX-2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Prostaglandins, through the induction of COX-2, are major participants in rodent postoperative ileus induced by intestinal manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Schwarz
- Department of Medicine/Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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20
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Eligini S, Habib A, Lebret M, Créminon C, Lévy-Toledano S, Maclouf J. Induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in human endothelial cells by SIN-1 in the absence of prostaglandin production. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:1163-71. [PMID: 11487528 PMCID: PMC1572869 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates cyclo-oxygenase (COX) activity in various cell systems and reports conflict in regard to its stimulatory versus inhibitory role. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine), a donor of NO, resulted in a rapid and dose-dependent increase in the expression of COX-2 as analysed by Western and Northern blotting. Incubation of HUVEC with SIN-1 and interleukine (IL)-1alpha resulted in increased induction of COX-2 compared with IL-1alpha alone and corresponded to an additive effect. The COX-2 induction was dependent on a de novo synthesis since cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, blocked the enzyme expression. The increase in COX-2 expression was not accompanied by a corresponding change in prostaglandin (PG) production. However, the COX activity was partially recovered when immunoprecipitated COX-2 was incubated with arachidonic acid and haematin. Peroxynitrite, a highly reactive nitrogen molecule derived from the interaction of NO and superoxide anion, significantly increased COX-2 expression. Under these conditions and within the limit of detection of the antibody, selective antibody for nitrotyrosine failed to detect nitrated COX-2 in immunoprecipitated COX-2 when cells where incubated with SIN-1 or SIN-1+IL-1alpha. Ro 31-8220, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase (PK) C, blocked the induction of COX-2. Also, SB203580, the selective inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase, strongly blocked the induction of COX-2 by SIN-1 in the presence or absence of IL-1alpha, whereas the MEK-1 inhibitor, PD 98059, affected it to a lesser extent. These data demonstrate that SIN-1 induces COX-2 in HUVEC in the absence of PG formation and suggest a complex regulation of COX-2 expression and PG formation by NO in endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Molsidomine/analogs & derivatives
- Molsidomine/pharmacology
- Nitrates/pharmacology
- Precipitin Tests
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/biosynthesis
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Eligini
- U 348 INSERM, I.F.R.6 Circulation-Paris 7, Hôpital Lariboisère 75475 Paris cedex 10. France
| | - Aïda Habib
- U 348 INSERM, I.F.R.6 Circulation-Paris 7, Hôpital Lariboisère 75475 Paris cedex 10. France
- Author for correspondence: .
| | - Marilyne Lebret
- U 348 INSERM, I.F.R.6 Circulation-Paris 7, Hôpital Lariboisère 75475 Paris cedex 10. France
| | - Christophe Créminon
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie. Département de Recherche Médicale, 91191 Gif sur Yvette
| | - Sylviane Lévy-Toledano
- U 348 INSERM, I.F.R.6 Circulation-Paris 7, Hôpital Lariboisère 75475 Paris cedex 10. France
| | - Jacques Maclouf
- U 348 INSERM, I.F.R.6 Circulation-Paris 7, Hôpital Lariboisère 75475 Paris cedex 10. France
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Praticò D, Tillmann C, Zhang ZB, Li H, FitzGerald GA. Acceleration of atherogenesis by COX-1-dependent prostanoid formation in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3358-63. [PMID: 11248083 PMCID: PMC30658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061607398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX) product, prostacyclin (PGI(2)), inhibits platelet activation and vascular smooth-muscle cell migration and proliferation. Biochemically selective inhibition of COX-2 reduces PGI(2) biosynthesis substantially in humans. Because deletion of the PGI(2) receptor accelerates atherogenesis in the fat-fed low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mouse, we wished to determine whether selective inhibition of COX-2 would accelerate atherogenesis in this model. To address this hypothesis, we used dosing with nimesulide, which inhibited COX-2 ex vivo, depressed urinary 2,3 dinor 6-keto PGF(1alpha) by approximately 60% but had no effect on thromboxane formation by platelets, which only express COX-1. By contrast, the isoform nonspecific inhibitor, indomethacin, suppressed platelet function and thromboxane formation ex vivo and in vivo, coincident with effects on PGI(2) biosynthesis indistinguishable from nimesulide. Indomethacin reduced the extent of atherosclerosis by 55 +/- 4%, whereas nimesulide failed to increase the rate of atherogenesis. Despite their divergent effects on atherogenesis, both drugs depressed two indices of systemic inflammation, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 to a similar but incomplete degree. Neither drug altered serum lipids and the marked increase in vascular expression of COX-2 during atherogenesis. Accelerated progression of atherosclerosis is unlikely during chronic intake of specific COX-2 inhibitors. Furthermore, evidence that COX-1-derived prostanoids contribute to atherogenesis suggests that controlled evaluation of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or aspirin on plaque progression in humans is timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Praticò
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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22
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Hernández GL, Volpert OV, Íñiguez MA, Lorenzo E, Martínez-Martínez S, Grau R, Fresno M, Redondo JM. Selective inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis by cyclosporin A: roles of the nuclear factor of activated T cells and cyclooxygenase 2. J Exp Med 2001; 193:607-20. [PMID: 11238591 PMCID: PMC2193389 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.5.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the activity of transcription factors of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family, interfering with the induction of cytokines and other inducible genes required for the immune response. Here we show that CsA inhibits migration of primary endothelial cells and angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); this effect appears to be mediated through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2, the transcription of which is activated by VEGF in primary endothelial cells. Consistent with this, we show that the induction of Cox-2 gene expression by VEGF requires NFAT activation. Most important, the CsA-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo was comparable to the Cox-2 inhibitor NS-398, and reversed by prostaglandin E(2). Furthermore, the in vivo corneal angiogenesis induced by VEGF, but not by basic fibroblast growth factor, was selectively inhibited in mice treated with CsA systemically. These findings involve NFAT in the regulation of Cox-2 in endothelial cells, point to a role for this transcription factor in angiogenesis, and may provide a novel mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of CsA in angiogenesis-related diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L. Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa, ” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga V. Volpert
- Department of Urology, Robert H. Lurie C. Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Miguel A. Íñiguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa, ” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Lorenzo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa, ” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa, ” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Grau
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa, ” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa, ” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa, ” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Jang BC, Sanchez T, Schaefers HJ, Trifan OC, Liu CH, Creminon C, Huang CK, Hla T. Serum withdrawal-induced post-transcriptional stabilization of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in MDA-MB-231 mammary carcinoma cells requires the activity of the p38 stress-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39507-15. [PMID: 10993880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003224200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene is observed in several neoplastic diseases. However, molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of expression of COX-2 are not well understood. In this report, we describe a unique post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of COX-2 mRNA stabilization in MDA-MB-231 cells, a highly metastatic cell line derived from a human mammary tumor. High levels of COX-2 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity were induced by serum withdrawal, which were potently inhibited by the addition of serum or >100-kDa serum factor. Nuclear run-on analysis and actinomycin D chase experiments indicate that regulation is primarily at the level of post-transcriptional mRNA stability. Interestingly, SB203580, an inhibitor of the p38 stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), and overexpression of the dominant-negative p38alpha construct potently inhibited the serum withdrawal-induced COX-2 mRNA levels. Indeed, the half-life of COX-2 mRNA decreased from 9 to 4.5 h after SB203580 treatment, suggesting that signal transduction by the p38 SAPK pathway is required for COX-2 mRNA stability.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes, Dominant
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Jang
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3501, USA
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24
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Heymes C, Habib A, Yang D, Mathieu E, Marotte F, Samuel J, Boulanger CM. Cyclo-oxygenase-1 and -2 contribution to endothelial dysfunction in ageing. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:804-10. [PMID: 11030731 PMCID: PMC1572389 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were designed to investigate the role of cyclo-oxygenase isoforms in endothelial dysfunction in ageing. Aortic rings with endothelium of aged and young (24 vs 4 month-old) Wistar rats, were mounted in organ chambers for the recording of changes in isometric tension. In young rats, acetylcholine (ACh) caused a complete relaxation which was not affected by indomethacin (0.3 microM), NS-398 (a preferential COX-2 inhibitor; 1 microM), SQ-29548 (a thromboxane-receptor antagonist; 1 microM), nor valeryl-salicylate (VAS, a preferential inhibitor of COX-1; 3 mM). In aged rats, ACh caused a biphasic response characterized by a first phase of relaxation (0.01 - 1 microM ACh), followed by a contraction (3 - 100 microM ACh). Indomethacin, NS-398 and SQ-29548, but not VAS, augmented the first phase. Indomethacin, VAS, NS-398 and SQ-29548 decreased the contractions to high ACh concentrations. Then, the sensitivity to thromboxane receptor activation was investigated with U-46619. The results show comparable EC(50) values in young and aged rats. In aged rats, the ACh-stimulated release of prostacyclin, prostaglandin F(2alpha) and thromboxane A(2) was decreased by either indomethacin, NS-398, VAS or endothelium removal. However, in young animals, the ACh-stimulated release of prostacyclin and prostaglandin F(2alpha) were smaller than in older animals and remained unaffected by NS-398. Aortic endothelial cells from aged - but not young - rats express COX-2 isoform, while COX-1 labelling was observed in endothelial cells from both young and aged rats. These data demonstrate the active contribution of COX-1 and -2 in endothelial dysfunction associated with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Heymes
- INSERM U-127, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR Circulation and University Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Aida Habib
- INSERM U-348, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR Circulation and University Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Di Yang
- INSERM U-541, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR Circulation and University Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Eric Mathieu
- INSERM U-541, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR Circulation and University Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Françoise Marotte
- INSERM U-127, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR Circulation and University Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - JaneLyse Samuel
- INSERM U-127, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR Circulation and University Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- INSERM U-541, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR Circulation and University Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75475 Paris cedex 10, France
- Author for correspondence:
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25
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Alcaraz MJ, Habib A, Lebret M, Créminon C, Lévy-Toledano S, Maclouf J. Enhanced expression of haem oxygenase-1 by nitric oxide and antiinflammatory drugs in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:57-64. [PMID: 10780998 PMCID: PMC1572037 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can exert protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation. Fibroblasts participate in inflammatory responses where they produce high levels of prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO). However, little is known of the presence of HO-1 in these cells and the possible interactions among these pathways. Incubation of cells with NO donors, spermine nonoate (SPNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), induced a dose- and time-dependent expression of HO-1 protein. 2. NO donors increased basal PGE(2) release although they reduced PGE(2) accumulated in the medium and cyclo-oxygenase (COX) activity when cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). COX-2 protein was weakly induced by SPNO in basal conditions and in the presence of LPS a synergy for HO-1 and COX-2 protein expression was observed. 3. Our results indicate that reactive oxygen species participate in the inductive effect of NO donors or LPS on HO-1 expression, whereas endogenous NO production may play a role in the mechanism of the synergy exhibited by SPNO and LPS on HO-1 and COX-2 expression. In this system, zinc protoporphyrin IX did not affect nitrite levels but reduced COX activity. 4. The selective COX-2 inhibitors SC58125 and NS398 as well as the non-selective COX inhibitor, indomethacin, strongly reduced PGE(2) synthesis and showed a synergy with NO donors in HO-1 and COX-2 induction. Addition of PGE(2) had no effect, suggesting a mechanism independent of PGs formation. 5. In inflammatory conditions a number of factors could cooperate to induce HO-1 and COX-2, with a positive regulation by COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Alcaraz
- Unité 348 INSERM, Institut Féderatif de Recherche Lariboisière-Circulation, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
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26
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McAdam BF, Mardini IA, Habib A, Burke A, Lawson JA, Kapoor S, FitzGerald GA. Effect of regulated expression of human cyclooxygenase isoforms on eicosanoid and isoeicosanoid production in inflammation. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1473-82. [PMID: 10811855 PMCID: PMC315469 DOI: 10.1172/jci9523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2000] [Accepted: 04/06/2000] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes in prostaglandin formation and oxidant stress in inflammation, we administered to volunteer subjects placebo or bolus injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which caused a dose-dependent increase in temperature, heart rate, and plasma cortisol. LPS caused also dose-dependent elevations in urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor 6-keto PGF(1alpha) (PGI-M) and 11-dehydro thromboxane B(2) (Tx-M). Platelet COX-1 inhibition by chronic administration of low-dose aspirin before LPS did not alter the symptomatic and febrile responses to LPS, but the increment in urinary PGI-M and Tx-M were both partially depressed. Pretreatment with ibuprofen, a nonspecific COX inhibitor, attenuated the febrile and systemic response to LPS and inhibited prostanoid biosynthesis. Both celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and ibuprofen attenuated the pyrexial, but not the chronotropic, response to LPS. Experimental endotoxemia caused differential expression of the COX isozymes in monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes ex vivo. LPS also increased urinary iPF(2alpha)-III, iPF(2alpha)-VI, and 8,12-iso-iPF(2alpha)-VI, isoprostane (iP) indices of lipid peroxidation, and none of the drugs blunted this response. These studies indicate that (a) although COX-2 predominates, both COX isozymes are induced and contribute to the prostaglandin response to LPS in humans; (b) COX activation contributes undetectably to lipid peroxidation induced by LPS; and (c) COX-2, but not COX-1, contributes to the constitutional response to LPS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F McAdam
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Abstract
Prostaglandins play important roles in inflammation and the maintenance of normal physiological function of several organ systems. Prostaglandin production requires the conversion of arachidonic acid to the intermediate prostaglandin H2 catalysed by the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzyme. There are two isoforms of the COX enzyme, COX-1 and COX-2. These isoforms vary in their distribution and expression but are similar in size, substrate specificity and kinetics. Normal physiological functions are mediated by 'constitutive' COX-1, while the inflammatory response is mediated by 'inducible' COX-2. Current nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit both enzymes to varying degrees and can cause adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, respiratory system and platelets. Newer, selective COX-2 inhibitors offer real hope for safer anti-inflammatory drugs although their long-term safety and efficacy need to be studied as questions remain unanswered about possible physiological functions of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Kam
- Senior Staff Anasthetist, Department of Anasthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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28
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Potential utility of COX-2 inhibitors in chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:1623-1638. [PMID: 11139815 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.10.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Increased prostaglandin (PG) production is associated with many inflammatory pathophysiological conditions; it is derived from arachidonic acid by either of two enzymes: cyclooxygenase-1 or -2 (COX-1 or COX-2). In addition to its role in inflammation, recent work suggests COX-2 derived prostaglandins may play a pivotal part in the maintenance of tumour viability, growth and metastasis. In this review, we summarise the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) epidemiological evidence, studies demonstrating overexpression of COX-2 in multiple human tumours and the pharmacological evidence in animal models which also support this hypothesis. We also discuss the potential functional roles of COX-2 activity during tumourigenesis, and speculate on the mechanism by which COX-2 inhibitors may exert their anticancer effects.
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29
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Koshiba T, Hosotani R, Miyamoto Y, Wada M, Lee JU, Fujimoto K, Tsuji S, Nakajima S, Doi R, Imamura M. Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in pancreatic tumors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1999; 26:69-76. [PMID: 10597402 DOI: 10.1007/bf02781733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable amount of evidence collected from several experimental systems and clinical studies with nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indicates that Cox-2 may play a major role in colorectal tumorigenesis, but little information about Cox-2 expression in pancreatic tumors is available. In this study, we investigated Cox-2 expression by means of both immunohistochemical analysis and immunoblot analysis in pancreatic tumors. METHODS Fifty invasive ductal adenocarcinomas and 26 intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors (IPMTs) were used for immunohistochemical analysis, and five pancreatic cancer tissues and five pancreatic cancer cell lines for immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Cox-2 was expressed in 72% of the invasive ductal adenocarcinomas, 31% of intraductal papillary-mucinous adenocarcinomas, and none of intraductal papillary-mucinous adenomas. The expression rate of Cox-2 in intraductal papillary-mucinous adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than that in intraductal papillary-mucinous adenomas, and that in invasive ductal adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than that in intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinomas. However, there was no significant correlation between Cox-2 expression and the prognosis and clinicopathological factors. Immunoblot analysis identified Cox-2 in all of pancreatic cancer tissues and 60% of cell lines. CONCLUSION The biological role of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in carcinoma cells should be investigated with reference to the cancer progression of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koshiba
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Kyoto University, Japan.
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30
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Sinicrope FA, Lemoine M, Xi L, Lynch PM, Cleary KR, Shen Y, Frazier ML. Reduced expression of cyclooxygenase 2 proteins in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers relative to sporadic cancers. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:350-8. [PMID: 10419916 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1999.0029900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Evidence suggests that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and that this effect is mediated through COX inhibition. We analyzed and compared expression of the inducible COX-2 isoform in colorectal neoplasms from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and sporadic CRC. Given that COX-2 is induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and that TGF-beta type II receptor (RII) mutations are found in HNPCCs, we determined the relationship between RII status and COX-2 expression. METHODS COX-2 protein expression was determined in colorectal epithelia using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Patients with HNPCC had known mutations in hMLH1 or hMSH2 genes and/or met the Amsterdam criteria. In CRCs from HNPCC cases, mutations were sought in the coding region of the RII gene using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS COX-2 was detected in adenomas from 2 of 3 HNPCC, 6 of 7 FAP, and 5 of 8 sporadic cases. In CRCs, COX-2 staining was found in 16 of 24 (67%) HNPCC vs. 24 of 26 (92%) sporadic cases (P = 0.035) and in 2 of 2 FAP cases. Staining intensity was reduced in HNPCCs compared with sporadic CRCs (P = 0.035). Staining localized to the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells; normal epithelial cells were negative for COX-2. Overexpression of COX-2 in CRCs relative to normal mucosa was confirmed by Western blotting. TGF-beta RII mutations were detected in 12 of 14 HNPCCs examined, including 3 of 4 COX-2-negative and 9 of 10 COX-2-positive cancers. CONCLUSIONS The frequency and intensity of COX-2 expression was significantly reduced in HNPCCs relative to sporadic CRCs, and was not a consequence of RII mutations. Given that many HNPCCs express COX-2, inhibition of this enzyme may be an important strategy to prevent CRC in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Sinicrope
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Digestive Diseases, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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31
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Litherland SA, Xie XT, Hutson AD, Wasserfall C, Whittaker DS, She JX, Hofig A, Dennis MA, Fuller K, Cook R, Schatz D, Moldawer LL, Clare-Salzler MJ. Aberrant prostaglandin synthase 2 expression defines an antigen-presenting cell defect for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:515-23. [PMID: 10449443 PMCID: PMC408519 DOI: 10.1172/jci4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/1998] [Accepted: 07/13/1999] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid molecules that profoundly affect cellular processes including inflammation and immune response. Pathways contributing to PG output are highly regulated in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and monocytes, which produce large quantities of these molecules upon activation. In this report, we demonstrate aberrant constitutive expression of the normally inducible cyclooxygenase PG synthase 2 (PGS(2)/ COX-2) in nonactivated monocytes of humans with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and those with islet autoantibodies at increased risk of developing this disease. Constitutive PGS(2) appears to characterize a high risk for diabetes as it correlates with and predicts a low first-phase insulin response in autoantibody-positive subjects. Abnormal PGS(2) expression in at-risk subjects affected immune response in vitro, as the presence of a specific PGS(2) inhibitor, NS398, significantly increased IL-2 receptor alpha-chain (CD25) expression on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T cells. The effect of PGS(2) on CD25 expression was most profound in subjects expressing both DR04 and DQbeta0302 high-risk alleles, suggesting that this cyclooxygenase interacts with diabetes-associated MHC class II antigens to limit T-cell activation. These results indicate that constitutive PGS(2) expression in monocytes defines an antigen-presenting cell defect affecting immune response, and that this expression is a novel cell-associated risk marker for IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Litherland
- Department of Immunology, Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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32
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Poyet P, Doualla-Bell F, Lévesque D, Ritchot N, Guay JM, Marceau F, Gaudreault RC. Down-regulation of interleukin-1beta production and PGE2 accumulation by an indomethacin-phenylalanine derivative in human monocytes. Life Sci 1998; 62:2241-7. [PMID: 9627083 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was initiated to investigate the mechanism of action of a new indomethacin derivative, indomethacin-phenylalanine (indo-Phe) in human monocytes. We determined the effect of indo-Phe on the induction by LPS of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) production in human monocytes. Indomethacin and indo-Phe inhibited the PGE2 synthesis in treated and untreated IL-1beta or LPS-treated monocytes. Furthermore, in IL-1beta and LPS-treated monocytes, prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 (PGHS-1) protein expression was down-regulated with indomethacin or its indo-Phe analog whereas the level of the inducible protein (PGHS-2) was up-regulated. We analyzed the effect of indomethacin and indo-Phe on the expression of IL-1beta protein in LPS-treated monocytes and found that indo-Phe blocked the LPS-induction of IL-1beta synthesis while indomethacin did not. These differential effects of indomethacin and indo-Phe suggest that two independent ways are involved in the stimulation of monocytes by LPS: the PGHS-2 protein induction and the IL-1beta secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Poyet
- Unité de Biotechnologie, Institut des Biomatériaux, CHUQ, Québec, Canada.
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Hawi SR, Rochanakij S, Adar F, Campbell WB, Nithipatikom K. Detection of membrane-bound enzymes in cells using immunoassay and Raman microspectroscopy. Anal Biochem 1998; 259:212-7. [PMID: 9618199 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The method of surface-enhanced Raman microspectroscopy was developed for direct detection of membrane-bound enzymes in cells. Cells were cultured, fixed, and incubated with specific primary antibodies and their corresponding labeled secondary antibodies, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was detected directly in the wells of a multiwell plate. First, specific primary antibodies were separately bound to enzymes in cells. Then, the peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies were added to bind these primary antibodies. Peroxidase substrates, o-phenylenediamine and hydrogen peroxide, were added and reacted for 15 min at room temperature to form azoaniline, a compound with strong Raman scattering. Then, Raman scattering of this enzymatic product was enhanced by silver colloids. Samples were excited with a He/Ne laser at 632.8 nm and SERS was detected by a CCD camera. The SERS spectrum of this product showed an intense peak at 1370 cm-1 and its intensity was used for assessment of cellular enzymes. The observed amount of enzyme was normalized to protein content in each well. The method was successfully used to detect prostaglandin H synthase-1 and -2 (PGHS-1 and -2) in normal human hepatocytes and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The detection limit of these PGHS enzymes by this method was about 0.1 pg per well. An immunohistochemical staining was also used to detect the expression of both PGHS isozymes in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Hawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Berg J, Christoph T, Bodenteich A, Towart R. Heterogeneous distribution of COX-2 over-expression in human colon carcinoma cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 433:327-30. [PMID: 9561163 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1810-9_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, Nycomed Austria GmbH, Linz, Austria
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35
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Kato T, Ishiguro N, Iwata H, Kojima T, Ito T, Naruse K. Up-regulation of COX2 expression by uni-axial cyclic stretch in human lung fibroblast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:615-9. [PMID: 9535714 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of uni-axial cyclic mechanical stretch on the expression of cyclooxygenases (COX) was investigated in a human lung fibroblast cell line (TIG-1). In response to uni-axial cyclic stretch, the level of COX2 mRNA significantly increased and peaked at 3 h (9.09 +/- 3.82-fold, mean +/- standard error, n = 6, compared with that at 1 h). The level of the expression of COX2 protein peaked at 6 h, whereas the level of COX1 protein was not significantly changed. The involvement of stretch-activated (SA) channel was investigated in the stretch-induced COX2 production. The application of Gd3-, a blocker for SA channel, or the removal of extracellular Ca2+ inhibited the production of COX2 mRNA without any effect on the production of COX1 or GAPDH mRNA. These data strongly suggest that COX2 expression is up-regulated by uni-axial cyclic stretch via the activation of SA channel in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kato
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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36
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Demoly P, Crampette L, Lebel B, Campbell AM, Mondain M, Bousquet J. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase 1 and 2 proteins in upper respiratory mucosa. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28:278-83. [PMID: 9543076 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclo-oxygenases 1 (Cox-1) and 2 (Cox-2) catalyse the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin endoperoxides, leading to the formation of prostaglandin and thromboxane mediators of inflammation. The involvement of these enzymes in inflammatory disorders such as sinusitis and nasal polyps is unknown although this may be relevant to their pathophysiology. METHODS We studied Cox-1 and Cox-2 immunoreactivities in nasal polyp, maxillary sinus, and turbinate biopsies obtained from eight patients with chronic allergic rhinitis and sinusitis and/or nasal polyps, 15 patients with chronic non-allergic rhinitis and sinusitis and/or nasal polyps and five control subjects (patients requiring nose surgery not related to sinusitis or nasal polyps). RESULTS Both Cox- and Cox-2 were mainly expressed in the epithelium (basal, ciliated) and were found in 16/28 and 25/28 subjects for Cox-1 and Cox-2 respectively. We did not find any differences between the patient populations. There were no correlations between any of the clinical parameters studied nor the pathological patterns and the presence and characteristics of the Cox immunoreactivities. CONCLUSION Both cyclo-oxygenase enzymes are expressed in normal human upper respiratory epithelium and are not upregulated in chronic sinusitis nor in nasal polyposis, possibly suggesting that Cox products do not have an important role as mediators of the chronic upper airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Demoly
- Maladies Respiratoires - INSERM U454, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
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Rosenstock M, Danon A, Rimon G. Prostaglandin H synthase: protein synthesis-independent regulation in bovine aortic endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:C1749-55. [PMID: 9374663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.5.c1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine whether prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) can be regulated by pathways independent of de novo synthesis of PGHS. Incubation of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) for as short as 5 min with NaF (40 mM) resulted in a 60% increase in PGHS activity. PGHS activity induced by NaF was unaffected by either 10 microM cycloheximide or 1 microM actinomycin D. Aspirin (25 microM) completely inhibited resting PGHS activity, and NaF did not induce further stimulation. NS-398 (500 nM), a specific PGHS-2 inhibitor, was ineffective. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induced a significant increase in PGHS activity within 30 min and was insensitive to cycloheximide. The levels of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 proteins, as measured by Western blots, were not affected by NaF or bFGF. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein attenuated PGHS activity that was induced by NaF and bFGF, whereas the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, augmented these responses. The G protein activators 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) inhibited both resting and NaF-induced PGHS activities. These results suggest-that, in BAEC, PGHS-1 activity can be regulated by tyrosine kinase and/or G proteins, independently of de novo protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenstock
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Corob Center for Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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38
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Karim S, Berrou E, Lévy-Toledano S, Bryckaert M, MacLouf J. Regulatory role of prostaglandin E2 in induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 by a thromboxane A2 analogue (U46619) and basic fibroblast growth factor in porcine aortic smooth-muscle cells. Biochem J 1997; 326 ( Pt 2):593-9. [PMID: 9291137 PMCID: PMC1218710 DOI: 10.1042/bj3260593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
U46619, a thromboxane A2 analogue, and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) both induced the expression of the inducible cyclo-oxygenase (Cox)-2 in porcine aortic smooth-muscle cells. This induction was dose-dependent (submaximal at 300 nM for U46619 and 1 ng/ml for FGF-2) and time-dependent, with similar intensity and maximal expression at 2 h. Under these conditions, both inducers stimulated rapid activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK2) at 5-10 min, a transient and lower intensity being induced by U46619 whereas that induced by FGF-2 was sustained (>1 h). PD98059, an inhibitor of the ERK pathway, inhibited the expression of Cox-2. In contrast, activation of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK1) was sustained with U46619 but poorly induced by FGF-2. Cox-2 expression induced by U46619 or FGF-2 was similarly reduced by prostaglandin (PGE2), forskolin or dibutyryl-cAMP, suggesting a regulatory effect of adenylate cyclase on Cox-2 expression. However, activation of ERK2 by FGF-2 was not affected by PGE2 whereas that of JNK1 by U46619 was inhibited, suggesting that inhibition of COX-2 expression by cAMP may be downstream of ERK2. The effects of PGE2 and forskolin on Cox-2 and phosphorylation of JNK1 were reversed with the protein kinase A inhibitor H89. In addition, endogenous PGE2 down-regulated the expression of Cox-2 by the two inducers, as stimulation of the cells in the presence of different Cox inhibitors increased the expression of the protein. Overall, these results suggest that exogenous and endogenous PGE2 exert negative inhibitory effects on Cox-2 expression mediated by stimulation of protein kinase A.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/drug effects
- Swine
- Thromboxane A2/analogs & derivatives
- Thromboxane A2/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karim
- U 348 INSERM, I.F.R. Circulation-Lariboisière, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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Kaufmann WE, Andreasson KI, Isakson PC, Worley PF. Cyclooxygenases and the central nervous system. PROSTAGLANDINS 1997; 54:601-24. [PMID: 9373877 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(97)00128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) were first described in the brain by Samuelsson over 30 years ago (Samuelsson, 1964). Since then a large number of studies have shown that PGs are formed in regions of the brain and spinal cord in response to a variety of stimuli. The recent identification of two forms of cyclooxygenase (COX; Kujubu et al., 1991; Xie et al., 1991; Smith and DeWitt, 1996), both of which are expressed in the brain, along with superior tools for mapping COX distribution, has spurred a resurgence of interest in the role of PGs in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review we will describe new data in this area, focusing on the distribution and potential role of the COX isoforms in brain function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Kaufmann
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Berg J, Christoph T, Widerna M, Bodenteich A. Isoenzyme-specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors: a whole cell assay system using the human erythroleukemic cell line HEL and the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1997; 37:179-86. [PMID: 9279772 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(97)00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
NSAIDs inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid into Prostaglandin G2 and Prostaglandin H2 which is catalyzed by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Two genetically distinct isoforms have been discovered, COX-1 and COX-2. While COX-1 is thought to account for homeostatic amounts of eicosanoids, COX-2 is induced during inflammation leading to pathologic amounts of eicosanoids. Since NSAIDs inhibit both COX isoforms, antiinflammatory drug research has refocused to discovering COX-2 inhibitors that do not inhibit COX-1. For this purpose, we have developed a whole cell assay system using the human erythroleukemic cell line HEL as a source for COX-1 and the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 as a source for COX-2. Mono Mac 6 cells express high amounts of COX-2 upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the absence of any detectable COX-1 protein. On the other hand, we find HEL cells to naturally express COX-1 protein, but not COX-2. Testing of a panel of NSAIDs as well as some COX-2 specific inhibitors showed that this assay system is suitable for identifying compounds that selectively inhibit either COX-1 or COX-2. This test system offers the advantage of assessing COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors within the human species, within a similar test set-up, and circumvents the need for tedious purification of either platelets or peripheral blood monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, Topcro Pharma Research GmbH, Linz, Austria
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Henrion D, Dechaux E, Dowell FJ, Maclour J, Samuel JL, Lévy BI, Michel JB. Alteration of flow-induced dilatation in mesenteric resistance arteries of L-NAME treated rats and its partial association with induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 121:83-90. [PMID: 9146891 PMCID: PMC1564658 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. We investigated the response to pressure (myogenic tone) and flow of rat mesenteric resistance arteries cannulated in an arteriograph which allowed the measurement of intraluminal diameter for controlled pressures and flows. Rats were treated for 3 weeks with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg kg-1 day-1) or L-NAME plus the angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) quinapril (10 mg kg-1 day-1). 2. Mean blood pressure increased significantly in chronic L-NAME-treated rats (155 +/- 4 mmHg, n = 8, vs control 121 +/- 6 mmHg, n = 10; P < 0.05). L-NAME-treated rats excreted significantly more dinor-6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (dinor-6-keto PGF1 alpha), the stable urinary metabolite of prostacyclin, than control rats. The ACEI prevented the rise in blood pressure and the rise in urinary dinor-6-keto PGF1 alpha due to L-NAME. 3. Isolated mesenteric resistance arteries, developed myogenic tone in response to stepwise increases in pressure (42 +/- 6 to 847 +/- 10 mN mm-1, from 25 to 150 mmHg, n = 9). Myogenic tone was not significantly affected by the chronic treatment with L-NAME or L-NAME + ACEI. 4. Flow (100 microliters min-1) significantly attenuated myogenic tone by 50 +/- 6% at 150 mmHg (n = 10). Flow-induced dilatation was significantly attenuated by chronic L-NAME to 22 +/- 6% at 150 mmHg (n = 10, p = 0.0001) and was not affected in the L-NAME + ACEI group. 5. Acute in vitro NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 10 microM) significantly decreased flow-induced dilation in control but not in L-NAME or L-NAME + ACEI rats. Both acute indomethacin (10 microM) and acute NS 398 (cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, 1 microM) did not change significantly flow-induced dilatation in controls but they both decreased flow-induced dilatation in the L-NAME and L-NAME + ACEI groups. Acute Hoe 140 (bradykinin receptor inhibitor, 1 microM) induced a significant contraction of the isolated mesenteric arteries which was the same in the 3 groups. 6. Immunofluorescence analysis of COX-2 showed that the enzyme was expressed in resistance mesenteric arteries in L-NAME and L-NAME + ACEI groups but not in control. COX-1 expression was identical in all 3 groups. 7. We conclude that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis is associated with a decreased flow-induced dilatation in resistance mesenteric arteries which was compensated by an overproduction of vasodilator prostaglandins resulting in part from COX-2 expression. The decrease in flow-induced dilatation was prevented by the ACEI, quinapril.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Henrion
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 141, Université Paris VII Hôpital Lariboisière, France
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42
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Endotoxin induces the expression of prostaglandin H synthase-2 and eicosanoid formation in cells of the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6. Inflammopharmacology 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02731871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang HS, Cao HJ, Winn VD, Rezanka LJ, Frobert Y, Evans CH, Sciaky D, Young DA, Smith TJ. Leukoregulin Induction of Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide H Synthase-2 in Human Orbital Fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.37.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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44
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Karim S, Habib A, Lévy-Toledano S, Maclouf J. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 of endothelial cells utilize exogenous or endogenous arachidonic acid for transcellular production of thromboxane. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:12042-8. [PMID: 8662657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.20.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of prostaglandin (PG) H2 in the supernatant of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated by thrombin restores the capacity of aspirin-treated platelets to generate thromboxane (TX) B2. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) by interleukin (IL)-1alpha or a phorbol ester increases this formation. HUVEC treated with aspirin lost their capacity to generate PGs but recovery occurred after 3- or 6-h induction of Cox-2 with phorbol ester or IL-1alpha. Enzyme activity of the newly synthesized Cox-2 in aspirin-treated cells, evaluated after immunoprecipitation, was similar to untreated cells but after 18 h of cell stimulation only 50-60% recovery of Cox-1 was observed. The use of SC58125, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, confirmed these findings in intact cells. Cyclooxygenase activity was related to the amount of Cox proteins present in the cells, but after induction of Cox-2, contribution of the latter to PG production was 6-8-fold that of Cox-1. Aspirin-treated or untreated cells were incubated in the absence or presence of SC58125 and stimulated by thrombin, the ionophore A23187, or exogenous arachidonic acid. The production of endogenous (6-keto-PGF1alpha, PGE2, PGF2alpha) versus transcellular (TXB2) metabolites was independent of the inducer, the source of arachidonic acid and the Cox isozyme. However, in acetylsalicylic acid-treated cells, after 6-h stimulation with IL-1alpha, newly synthesized Cox-2 produced less TXB2 than 6-keto-PGF1alpha compared to untreated cells. At later times (>18 h), there was no metabolic difference between the cells. These studies suggest that in HUVEC, Cox compartmentalization occurring after short-term activation may selectively affect transcellular metabolism, but not constitutive production, of PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karim
- U348 INSERM, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Biologie de la Circulation-Lariboisière, Hôpital Laribosière, Paris, France
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45
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Pairet M, Engelhardt G. Distinct isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) of cyclooxygenase: possible physiological and therapeutic implications. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1996; 10:1-17. [PMID: 8900495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1996.tb00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) requires a refinement of the theory that inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity explains both therapeutic and side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Indeed, new pharmacological results suggest that COX-2 inhibition provides the therapeutic (ie, anti-inflammatory) activity of NSAIDs, whereas inhibition of constitutive COX-1 is responsible for their gastric and renal side effects as well as for their antithrombotic activity. However, a role of COX-1 in inflammation cannot be excluded. Furthermore, the functional relevance of COX-2 expression and induction in various tissues warrants further investigation. These studies should help in predicting potential adverse effects as well as new indications for selective COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pairet
- Department of Biological Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Research Laboratories, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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46
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Blanco A, Habib A, Levy-Toledano S, Maclouf J. Involvement of tyrosine kinases in the induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in human endothelial cells. Biochem J 1995; 312 ( Pt 2):419-23. [PMID: 8526850 PMCID: PMC1136278 DOI: 10.1042/bj3120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In addition to a constitutive cyclo-oxygenase (Cox-1), human endothelial cells also possess an inducible cyclo-oxygenase (Cox-2) which plays an important role in the regulation of the synthesis of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2). Cox-2 is regulated and expressed in large quantities upon activation of the cells by inducers such as phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), or interleukin-1 alpha. We have investigated the involvement of protein tyrosine kinases in Cox-2 expression by human endothelial cells upon activation by these inducers. PMA or interleukin-1 alpha provoke an increase in the phosphorylation of substrates of 110 and 120 kDa and additional phosphorylations for a broad band of multiple substrates in the 70 kDa range. This stimulation was accompanied by the induction of Cox-2 protein, detectable after stimulation for 1 h, which is consistent with an increase in activity reflected by prostacyclin synthesis; no variation in the expression of Cox-1 could be observed. Three distinct inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, genistein, herbimycin or AG-213, reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of cell substrates, consistently with their pharmacological effects. Under these conditions, there was selective reduction of Cox-2 expression without modification of Cox-1. Regulation of Cox-2 induction is also dependent on the activation of PKC since Ro 31-8220 or PKC depletion by PMA prevented its induction. Our results suggest that within the time-frame of our experiments these effects on kinases are specific for Cox-2 rather than Cox-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blanco
- U 348 INSERM, Hôpital Lariboisière, I.F.R. Biologie de la Circulation-Lariboisière, Paris, France
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