1
|
Goswami A, Ruhina Rahman SN, Ponneganti S, Gangipangi V, Vavialala H, Radhakrishnanand P, Selvaraju S, Mutheneni SR, Bharti S, Shunmugaperumal T. Intratympanic injections of emulsion-like dispersions to augment cinnarizine amount in a healthy rabbit inner ear model. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024:1-25. [PMID: 39041668 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2373042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate eutectic liquid-based emulsion-like dispersions for intratympanic injections to augment cinnarizine permeability across round window membrane in a healthy rabbit inner ear model. Methods: Two-tier systematic optimization was used to get the injection formula. The drug concentrations in perilymph and plasma were analyzed via. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method after 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-min post intratympanic injection time points in rabbits. Results: A shear-thinning behavior, immediate drug release (∼98.80%, 10 min) and higher cell viability (>97.86%, 24 h) were observed in dispersions. The cinnarizine level of 8168.57 ± 1236.79 ng/ml was observed in perilymph at 30 min post intratympanic injection in rabbits. Conclusion: The emulsion-like dispersions can augment drug permeability through round window membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinab Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research- Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Syed Nazrin Ruhina Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research- Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Srikanth Ponneganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research- Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Vijayakumar Gangipangi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research- Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Hariprasad Vavialala
- Bioinformatics Group, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Pullapanthula Radhakrishnanand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research- Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Sudhagar Selvaraju
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research- Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Mutheneni
- Bioinformatics Group, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Shreekant Bharti
- Department of Pathology/Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Phulwarisarif, Patna, Bihar 801507, India
| | - Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research- Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hospital Production of Sterile 2% Propofol Nanoemulsion: Proof of Concept. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030905. [PMID: 36986768 PMCID: PMC10058537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of essential drug shortages, this article reports a proof of concept for the hospital preparation of a 2% propofol injectable nanoemulsion. Two processes for propofol were assessed: mixing propofol with the commercial Intralipid® 20% emulsion and a “de novo” process performed using separate raw materials (i.e., oil, water, and surfactant) and optimized for droplet size reduction with a high-pressure homogenizer. A propofol HPLC-UV stability-indicating method was developed for process validation and short-term stability. In addition, free propofol in the aqueous phase was quantified by dialysis. To envision routine production, sterility and endotoxin tests were validated. Only the “de novo” process using high-pressure homogenization gave satisfactory physical results similar to commercialized Diprivan® 2%. Both terminal heat sterilization processes (121 °C, 15 min and 0.22 µm filtration) were validated, but an additional pH adjustment was required prior to heat sterilization. The propofol nanoemulsion was monodisperse with a 160 nm mean droplet size, and no droplets were larger than 5µm. We confirmed that free propofol in the aqueous phase of the emulsion was similar to Diprivan 2%, and the chemical stability of propofol was validated. In conclusion, the proof of concept for the in-house 2% propofol nanoemulsion preparation was successfully demonstrated, opening the field for the possible production of the nanoemulsion in hospital pharmacies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Banstola B, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Analysis of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in intravenous lipid emulsions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
|
4
|
Sadu Singh BK, Narayanan SS, Khor BH, Sahathevan S, Abdul Gafor AH, Fiaccadori E, Sundram K, Karupaiah T. Composition and Functionality of Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Examining Evidence in Clinical Applications. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:506. [PMID: 32410990 PMCID: PMC7201073 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid emulsions (LEs), an integral component in parenteral nutrition (PN) feeding, have shifted from the primary aim of delivering non-protein calories and essential fatty acids to defined therapeutic outcomes such as reducing inflammation, and improving metabolic and clinical outcomes. Use of LEs in PN for surgical and critically ill patients is particularly well established, and there is enough literature assigning therapeutic and adverse effects to specific LEs. This narrative review contrarily puts into perspective the fatty acid compositional (FAC) nature of LE formulations, and discusses clinical applications and outcomes according to the biological function and structural functionality of fatty acids and co-factors such as phytosterols, α-tocopherol, emulsifiers and vitamin K. In addition to soybean oil-based LEs, this review covers clinical studies using the alternate LEs that incorporates physical mixtures combining medium- and long-chain triglycerides or structured triglycerides or the unusual olive oil or fish oil. The Jaded score was applied to assess the quality of these studies, and we report outcomes categorized as per immuno-inflammatory, nutritional, clinical, and cellular level FAC changes. It appears that the FAC nature of LEs is the primary determinant of desired clinical outcomes, and we conclude that one type of LE alone cannot be uniformly applied to patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birinder Kaur Sadu Singh
- Nutrition Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ban Hock Khor
- Dietetics Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharmela Sahathevan
- Dietetics Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor
- Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Enrico Fiaccadori
- Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Tilakavati Karupaiah
- Faculty of Health & Medical Science, School of BioSciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Y, Manna S, Petrochenko P, Koo B, Chen L, Xu X, Choi S, Kozak D, Zheng J. Coexistence of oil droplets and lipid vesicles in propofol drug products. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:118998. [PMID: 31935473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is intravenously administered oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by egg lecithin phospholipids indicated for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia or sedation. It is generally assumed to be structurally homogenous as characterized by commonly used dynamic light scattering technique and laser diffraction. However, the excessive amount of egg lecithin phospholipids added to the propofol formulation may, presumably, give rise to additional formation of lipid vesicles (i.e., vesicular structures consisting of a phospholipid bilayer). In this study, we investigate the use of high-resolution cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) in morphological characterization of four commercially available propofol drug products. The TEM result, for the first time, reveals that all propofol drug products contain lipid vesicles and oil droplet-lipid vesicle aggregated structures, in addition to oil droplets. Statistical analysis shows the size and ratio of the lipid vesicles varies across four different products. To evaluate the impact of such morphological differences on active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)'s distribution, we separate the lipid vesicle phase from other constituents via ultracentrifuge fractionation and determine the amount of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicate that a nearly negligible amount of API (i.e., NMT 0.25% of labeled content) is present in the lipid vesicles and is thus primarily distributed in the oil phase. As oil droplets are the primary drug carriers and their globule size are similar, the findings of various lipid vesicle composition and sizes among different propofol products do not affect their clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Soumyarwit Manna
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Peter Petrochenko
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Bonhye Koo
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Lynn Chen
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Darby Kozak
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Puri D, Khatik GL, Shunmugaperumal T. Studies on olive-and silicone-oils-based Janus macroemulsions containing ginger to manage primary dysmenorrheal pain. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:276-285. [PMID: 30948062 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ginger (GIN) powder-loaded oil-in-water (o/w) macroemulsions were prepared based on olive-and silicone-oils. The dispersed oil droplets with paired-beans structure were evident and thus the final emulsion can be termed as Janus macroemulsions. The objectives of the present study are (1) to identify the marker compound present in GIN powder via HPLC analysis, (2) to process the GIN powder via anti-solvent precipitation technique, (3) to see the solubility of GIN powder in various single oils or oil combination, (4) to optimize the GIN-loaded o/w macroemulsions using the central composite design (CCD) with respect to mean particle size of dispersed oil droplets and highest percentage drug entrapment efficiency values (DEE) and (5) to evaluate the pain reducing activity of optimized GIN-loaded macroemulsion via in vivo primary dysmenorrhea (PD) mice model. Both predicted and obtained values of percentage DEE (76.29 Vs.76.09) and mean particle size (245.99 Vs. 272.51 μm) were almost the same indicating the CCD statistical design applicability. The optimized Janus macroemulsion was stable at 4 °C for over a period of 90 days. Using the PD mice model, the counting of writhing reaction produced by the tested GIN-loaded macroemulsions at low and high doses did not reveal significant difference in comparison to the positive control (aspirin treated). Only the high dose of GIN-loaded macroemulsion was able to restore the uterine tissue's normal histomorphological structure after the H & E staining. Nevertheless, the paired beans structure should be tested for entrapping the plant-derived drugs having dissimilar physicochemical characteristics but similar therapeutic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Puri
- Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi, G.T.Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Gopal Lal Khatik
- Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi, G.T.Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal
- Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi, G.T.Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, C/O NETES Institute of Technology & Science, NH-37, Santipur, Parli Part, Mirza, Assam 781125, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo L, Chen Q, Wei N, Liu Y, He H, Zhang Y, Yin T, Gou J, Tang X. The modulation of drug-loading stability within lipid membranes via medium chain triglycerides incorporation. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:371-382. [PMID: 31170477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current research aimed to explore medium chain triglycerides (MCT) incorporation in liposomes to overcome stability challenges when drugs with high molecular weight and payload are loaded within lipid membranes. A model drug clarithromycin was loaded in lipid dispersions with various MCT/phospholipids ratios (RM/P = 0, 0.5, 1.75 and 7.5 w/w). TEM images demonstrated a liposome-to-emulsion structural transformation by MCT incorporation to cause increased particle size (104.3-167.7 nm) but decreased zeta potential (-63.6 to -44.4 mV) of lipid particles. MCT incorporation produced biphasic release in PBS and accelerated released in plasma. The tolerance of liposomes for thermal sterilization, high temperature test and freeze-thaw cycles were significantly improved by MCT incorporation. However, MCT incorporation produced adverse effects on colloidal stability in plasma and pharmacokinetics behavior in vivo to some extent. MCT stabilizing mechanism attributes to the modulation of drug loading area and stability improvement of lipid carriers. MCT incorporated liposomes achieved 2-3 fold cellular uptake level than traditional liposomes without significant cytotoxicity. These results indicated that MCT incorporation could be a promising strategy to apply in liposome production to achieve stable drug loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Yin
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The experimental use of lipid emulsion for local anesthetic toxicity was originally identified in 1998. It was then translated to clinical practice in 2006 and expanded to drugs other than local anesthetics in 2008. Our understanding of lipid resuscitation therapy has progressed considerably since the previous update from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the scientific evidence has coalesced around specific discrete mechanisms. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy provides a multimodal resuscitation benefit that includes both scavenging (eg, the lipid shuttle) and nonscavenging components. The intravascular lipid compartment scavenges drug from organs susceptible to toxicity and accelerates redistribution to organs where drug (eg, bupivacaine) is stored, detoxified, and later excreted. In addition, lipid exerts nonscavenging effects that include postconditioning (via activation of prosurvival kinases) along with cardiotonic and vasoconstrictive benefits. These effects protect tissue from ischemic damage and increase tissue perfusion during recovery from toxicity. Other mechanisms have diminished in favor based on lack of evidence; these include direct effects on channel currents (eg, calcium) and mass-effect overpowering a block in mitochondrial metabolism. In this narrative review, we discuss these proposed mechanisms and address questions left to answer in the field. Further work is needed, but the field has made considerable strides towards understanding the mechanisms.
Collapse
|
9
|
Molecular-trapping in Emulsion's Monolayer: A New Strategy for Production and Purification of Bioactive Saponins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14511. [PMID: 29109460 PMCID: PMC5674058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins from defatted root-extract of Securidaca longipedunculata were systematically entrapped in emulsion monolayer-barrier and finally recovered in pure form through demulsification. First, their molecules were dispersed in water to engineer a monomolecular film architecture, via self-assembly. Emulsifying with ethyl-ether resulted in swollen micelles and engendered phase-inversion and phase-separation, by disrupting the thermodynamic equilibrium. As positive outcome, a Winsor II system was obtained, having saponin-rich upper phase (ethyl-ether) and impurities bound lower phase (aqueous). Saponin particles underwent transition in insoluble ethyl-ether, precipitated and recovered as solids. The entire process was bioactivity-guided and validated using pooled fractions of securidaca saponins, purified by TLC (RP-C18, F254S). TEM and SEM revealed interesting morphologies and particle sizes between nanometer and micron. At the end, purity output of 90% and total recovery of 94% were achieved. Here we show that “molecular-trapping in emulsion’s monolayer” is an effective method for recovery, production and purification of saponins of plant origin.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mirković D, Ibrić S, Balanč B, Knez Ž, Bugarski B. Evaluation of the impact of critical quality attributes and critical process parameters on quality and stability of parenteral nutrition nanoemulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
11
|
Waitzberg DL, Torrinhas RS, Jacintho TM. New Parenteral Lipid Emulsions for Clinical Use. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 30:351-67. [PMID: 16804134 DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030004351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Routine use of parenteral lipid emulsions (LE) in clinical practice began in 1961, with the development of soybean oil (SO) - based LE. Although clinically safe, experimental reports indicated that SO-based LE could exert a negative influence on immunological functions. Those findings were related to its absolute and relative excess of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the low amount of omega-3 PUFA and also to its high PUFA content with an increased peroxidation risk. This motivated the development of new LE basically designed along the reduction of omega-6 PUFA and the omega-3 PUFA addition in order to obtain balanced levels of the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. The new LE for clinical use (available in Europe and South America) are differentiated by their content in polyunsaturated (omega-6 and omega-3), monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids (FA), as well as FA source of their origin, including soy, coconut, olive, and fish oil. This article presents the new LE nutrition and energy functions but also its biochemical, metabolic, and immunomodulating aspects, according to their FA content. LE at 20% when infused from 1.0 to 2.0 g/kg body weight/day rates, either alone or in association with amino acids and glucose, are safe and well tolerated in routine clinical practice. LE combining SO with medium-chain triglycerides and/or olive oil have less omega-6 PUFA and are better metabolized, with less inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects than in relation to pure SO-based LE. The omega-3 PUFA used alone or as component of a new and complex LE (soy, MCT, olive and fish oil) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Waitzberg
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Distúrbios Esfincterianos of University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Surgical Division, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harris HW, Gosnell JE, Kumwenda ZL. Review: The lipemia of sepsis: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as agents of innate immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519000060060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxin (LPS) elicits dramatic responses in the host including elevated plasma lipid levels due to the increased synthesis and secretion of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins by the liver, and the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase. This cytokine-induced hyperlipoproteinemia, clinically termed the `lipemia of sepsis', was customarily thought to represent the mobilization of lipid stores to fuel the host response to infection. However, since lipoproteins can also bind and neutralize LPS, we hypothesize that TG-rich lipoproteins (VLDL and chylomicrons) are also components of an innate, non-adaptive host immune response to infection. Herein we review data demonstrating the capacity of lipoproteins to bind LPS, protect against LPS-induced toxicity, and modulate the overall host response to this bacterial toxin. Lastly, we propose a pathway whereby lipoprotein-bound LPS may represent a novel, endogenous mechanism for regulating the hepatic acute phase response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hobart W. Harris
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA,
| | - Jessica E. Gosnell
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis-East Bay, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Zindaba L. Kumwenda
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley R. Salonen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara Bonnes
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shunmugaperumal T, Kaur V. In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of Azithromycin After Loaded in Chitosan- and Tween 20-Based Oil-in-Water Macroemulsion for Acne Management. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:700-9. [PMID: 26314246 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the current investigation are (1) to prepare and characterize (particle size, surface charge (potential zeta), surface morphology by transmission electron microscopy, drug content, and drug release) the azithromycin (AZM, 100 mg)-loaded oil-in-water (o/w) macroemulsion, (2) to assess the toxicity of macroemulsion with or without AZM using RBC lysis test in comparison with AZM in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4, (3) to compare the in vitro antimicrobial activity (in Escherichia coli using zone inhibition assay) of AZM-loaded macroemulsion with its aqueous solution, and (4) to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect (using egg albumin denaturation bioassay) of the AZM-loaded macroemulsion in comparison with diclofenac sodium in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4. The AZM-loaded macroemulsion possessed the dispersed oil droplets with a mean diameter value of 52.40 ± 1.55 μm. A reversal in the zeta potential value from negative (-2.16 ± 0.75 mV) to positive (+6.52 ± 0.96 mV) was noticed when AZM was added into the macroemulsion. At a 1:5 dilution ratio, 2.06 ± 0.03 mg of drug was released from macroemulsion followed by 1.01 ± 0.01 and 0.25 ± 0.08 mg, respectively, for 1:10 and 1:40 dilution ratios. Antimicrobial activity maintenance and significant reduction of RBC lysis property were noticed for AZM after loaded in the macroemulsion. However, an increment in the absorbance values for emulsion-treated samples in comparison to the control samples was noticed in the anti-inflammatory test. This speculates the potential of the AZM-loaded emulsion to manage inflammatory conditions produced at Acne vulgaris.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dawoud MZ, Nasr M. Comparison of drug release from liquid crystalline monoolein dispersions and solid lipid nanoparticles using a flow cytometric technique. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:163-9. [PMID: 27006901 PMCID: PMC4788703 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal lipid particles such as solid lipid nanoparticles and liquid crystalline nanoparticles have great opportunities as drug carriers especially for lipophilic drugs intended for intravenous administration. In order to evaluate drug release from these nanoparticles and determine their behavior after administration, emulsion droplets were used as a lipophilic compartment to which the transfer of a model drug was measured. The detection of the model drug transferred from monoolein cubic particles and trimyristin solid lipid nanoparticles into emulsion droplets was performed using a flow cytometric technique. A higher rate and amount of porphyrin transfer from the solid lipid nanoparticles compared to the monoolein cubic particles was observed. This difference might be attributed to the formation of a highly ordered particle which leads to the expulsion of drug to the surface of the crystalline particle. Furthermore, the sponge-like structure of the monoolein cubic particles decreases the rate and amount of drug transferred. In conclusion, the flow cytometric technique is a suitable technique to study drug transfer from these carriers to large lipophilic acceptors. Monoolein cubic particles with their unique structure can be used successfully as a drug carrier with slow drug release compared with trimyristin nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z. Dawoud
- Correspondence to: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura, University, Holy Makkah, KSA. Tel.: +20 966546116057.Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura, UniversityHoly MakkahKSA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mathiassen JH, Nejrup RG, Frøkiaer H, Nilsson Å, Ohlsson L, Hellgren LI. Emulsifying triglycerides with dairy phospholipids instead of soy lecithin modulates gut lipase activity. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanne Frøkiaer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Åke Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Science; Division of Medicine; Lund University Hospital; Sweden
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Science; Division of Medicine; Lund University Hospital; Sweden
| | - Lars I. Hellgren
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li W, Lin X, Yang Z, Zhang W, Ren T, Qu F, Wang Y, Zhang N, Tang X. A bufadienolide-loaded submicron emulsion for oral administration: Stability, antitumor efficacy and toxicity. Int J Pharm 2015; 479:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
18
|
Dawoud M, Hashem FM. Comparative study on the suitability of two techniques for measuring the transfer of lipophilic drug models from lipid nanoparticles to lipophilic acceptors. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1551-61. [PMID: 25128298 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their particle size in the submicrometer range, lipid nanoparticles are suitable for parenteral administration. In order to obtain information on their potential in vivo performance, a simple and effective in vitro assay to evaluate the drug release behavior of such particles is required. This study compares the use of different experimental setups for this purpose. Lipid nanoparticles from trimyristin which were loaded with fluorescent lipophilic drug models (a temoporfin and Nile red) were used as donor particles. The transfer of the two drug models to multilamellar vesicles (MLV) and emulsion droplets as lipophilic acceptor compartments was examined. The determination of the transferred substance was performed either after separation by centrifugation or by an in situ flow cytometric technique. The transfer of temoporfin was slow to the acceptor MLV and very rapid to the acceptor emulsion. With both acceptors, the transfer of temoporfin stopped at a concentration much lower than the theoretical equilibrium values. The transfer of the less lipophilic drug Nile red was very rapid to both acceptors with equilibrium concentrations close to the expected values. The transfer results of temoporfin especially to the acceptor MLV obtained with the two detection techniques were comparable while the centrifugation technique indicated an apparently higher Nile red transfer rate than the flow cytometric technique. Both techniques are equally suitable to study the transfer of temoporfin, while the flow cytometric technique is advantageous to measure the very rapid transfer of Nile red.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dawoud M. Investigations on the transfer of porphyrin from o/w emulsion droplets to liposomes with two different methods. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 41:156-62. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.850714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
20
|
Tamilvanan S, Baskar R. Effect of non-phospholipid-based cationic and phospholipid-based anionic nanosized emulsions on skin retention and anti-inflammatory activity of celecoxib. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 18:761-71. [PMID: 23668371 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.586038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Celecoxib (CXB, 0.2 g)-loaded anionic and cationic nanosized emulsions were prepared by a well-established combined emulsification method. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of non-phospholipid-based cationic and phospholipid-based anionic emulsions on skin retention and anti-inflammatory activity of CXB. METHODS Using Keshary-Chien diffusion cells with cellulose acetate membrane or excised rat skin, in vitro release and skin retention of CXB from solution and emulsions were studied. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method in Wistar rats. RESULTS The amount of drug released through artificial membrane has decreased from 122.00 ± 0.70 μg/cm(2) for the CXB solution to 55.80 ± 0.70 μg/cm(2) for anionic emulsion, and then further decreased to 24.79 ± 0.90 μg/cm(2) for cationic emulsion. The JSS value obtained with solution, anionic, and cationic emulsions were 6825.79 ± 920.86, 2513.15 ± 382.71, and 1925.67 ± 147.42, respectively. Cationic emulsion showed a significantly higher level (P ≤ 0.05) of drug accumulation in full-thickness rat skin than anionic emulsion, and a substantially lesser percentage inhibition of edema values compared with both solution and anionic emulsion. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Sustained drug release together with increased skin accumulation and simultaneously decreased skin permeation as observed with cationic emulsion should substantiate its suitability as a topical delivery vehicle for CXB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tamilvanan
- International Medical University SDN BHD, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Localization and reactivity of a hydrophobic solute in lecithin and caseinate stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles and nanoemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 394:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Mengersen F, Bunjes H. Chemical stability of phospholipid-stabilized supercooled smectic cholesteryl myristate nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:262-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review discusses important aspects of lipid nanoparticles such as colloidal lipid emulsions and, in particular, solid lipid nanoparticles as carrier systems for poorly water-soluble drugs, with a main focus on the parenteral and peroral use of these carriers. KEY FINDINGS A short historical background of the development of colloidal lipid emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles is provided and their similarities and differences are highlighted. With regard to drug incorporation, parameters such as the chemical nature of the particle matrix and the physicochemical nature of the drug, effects of drug partition and the role of the particle interface are discussed. Since, because of the crystalline nature of their lipid core, solid lipid nanoparticles display some additional important features compared to emulsions, their specificities are introduced in more detail. This mainly includes their solid state behaviour (crystallinity, polymorphism and thermal behaviour) and the consequences of their usually non-spherical particle shape. Since lipid nanoemulsions and -suspensions are also considered as potential means to alter the pharmacokinetics of incorporated drug substances, some underlying basic considerations, in particular concerning the drug-release behaviour of such lipid nanodispersions on dilution, are addressed as well. CONCLUSIONS Colloidal lipid emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles are interesting options for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drug substances. Their specific physicochemical properties need, however, to be carefully considered to provide a rational basis for their development into effective carrier systems for a given delivery task.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tamilvanan S, Kumar BA. Influence of acetazolamide loading on the (in vitro) performances of non-phospholipid-based cationic nanosized emulsion in comparison with phospholipid-based anionic and neutral-charged nanosized emulsions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1003-15. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.555407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Chi N, Tang X, Xu H. Development and optimization of chemically stable lipid microspheres containing flunarizine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:738-45. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802537893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
26
|
Shi S, Chen H, Cui Y, Tang X. Formulation, stability and degradation kinetics of intravenous cinnarizine lipid emulsion. Int J Pharm 2009; 373:147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
27
|
Molecular dynamics simulation of a mixed lipid emulsion model: Influence of the triglycerides on interfacial phospholipid organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Yue PF, Lu XY, Zhang ZZ, Yuan HL, Zhu WF, Zheng Q, Yang M. The study on the entrapment efficiency and in vitro release of puerarin submicron emulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:376-83. [PMID: 19381837 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The entrapment efficiency (EE) and release in vitro are very important physicochemical characteristics of puerarin submicron emulsion (SME). In this paper, the performance of ultrafiltration (UF), ultracentrifugation (UC), and microdialysis (MD) for determining the EE of SME were evaluated, respectively. The release study in vitro of puerarin from SME was studied by using MD and pressure UF technology. The EE of SME was 86.5%, 72.8%, and 55.8% as determined by MD, UF, and UC, respectively. MD was not suitable for EE measurements of puerarin submicron oil droplet, which could only determine the total EE of submicron oil droplet and liposomes micelles, but it could be applied to determine the amount of free drug in SMEs. Although UC was the fastest and simplest to use, its results were the least reliable. UF was still the relatively accurate method for EE determination of puerarin SME. The release of puerarin SME could be evaluated by using MD and pressure UF, but MD seemed to be more suitable for the release study of puerarin emulsion. The drug release from puerarin SME at three drug concentrations was initially rapid, but reached a plateau value within 30 min. Drug release of puerarin from the SME occurred via burst release.
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu X, Zhang Y, Tang X, Zhang H. Determination of entrapment efficiency and drug phase distribution of submicron emulsions loaded silybin. J Microencapsul 2009; 26:180-6. [PMID: 18608806 DOI: 10.1080/02652040802211741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper compared the performance of ultrafiltration (UF), ultracentrifugation (UC) and microdialysis (MD) for determining the entrapment efficiency (EE) of submicron emulsions (SE) loaded with a model drug, silybin (SB). Also, a novel way was created to evaluate the drug phase distribution of SE. The EE of SEI, SEII and SEIII with a range of particle sizes (109.8, 171.7 and 213.2 nm) and the drug phase distribution of SEII and SEIII were separately determined by the three methods. The EEs of SEI were 99.8%, 91.1%, 84.4% determined by MD, UF, UC, respectively, and the EEs of SEII and SEIII were 99.5%, 86.4%, 72.1% and 99.4%, 84.3%, 66.3%, separately. The accuracy of MD to determine EE of SE is much less than that of UF. Although UC is the fastest and most simple to use, its results are the least reliable. The sequence of the amount of drug in SE is as follows: O/W interface, aqueous phase and oil phase. Over 80% of SB was in the O/W interface of SEII and SEIII individually. The method created is reliable for quantifying the phase distribution of drug in submicron emulsions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shen Yang, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kostopanagiotou G, Kalimeris K, Arkadopoulos N, Karakitsos P, Smyrniotis V, Pandazi A. Role of lipid emulsion administration in acute lung injury during liver transplant rejection: a case report. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:3823-5. [PMID: 19100504 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 58-year-old woman who developed rejection and acute lung injury 10 days after an orthotopic liver transplantation while receiving total parenteral nutrition. Examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed large lipid droplets in the alveolar macrophages. Intensification of the immunosuppressive therapy attenuated the liver allograft rejection followed by resolution of lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kostopanagiotou
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sila-on W, Vardhanabhuti N, Ongpipattanakul B, Kulvanich P. Influence of incorporation methods on partitioning behavior of lipophilic drugs into various phases of a parenteral lipid emulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:684-92. [PMID: 18496755 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drug incorporation methods on the partitioning behavior of lipophilic drugs in parenteral lipid emulsions. Four lipophilic benzodiazepines, alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam, were used as model drugs. Two methods were used to incorporate drugs into an emulsion: dissolving the compound in the oil phase prior to emulsification (de novo emulsification), and directly adding a concentrated solution of drug in a solubilizer to the emulsion base (extemporaneous addition). Based on the molecular structures and determination of the oil and aqueous solubilities and the partition coefficients of the drugs, the lipophilicity was ranked as diazepam > clonazepam > lorazepam > alprazolam. Ultracentrifugation was used to separate the emulsion into four phases, the oil phase, the phospholipid-rich phase, the aqueous phase and the mesophase, and the drug content in each phase was determined. Partitioning of diazepam, which has the highest lipophilicity and oil solubility among the four drugs, was unaffected by the drug incorporation method, with both methods giving a high proportion of drug in the inner oil phase and the phospholipid-rich phase, compared to the aqueous phase and mesophase. Partitioning of the less lipophilic drugs (alprazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam) in the phases of the emulsion system was dependent on the method of incorporation and the drug solubility properties. Emulsions of the three drugs prepared by de novo emulsification exhibited higher drug localization in the phospholipid-rich phase compared to those made by extemporaneous addition. With the latter method, the drugs tended to localize in the outer aqueous phase and mesophase, with less deposition in the phospholipid-rich phase and no partitioning into the inner oil phase.
Collapse
|
32
|
Takegami S, Kitamura K, Kawada H, Matsumoto Y, Kitade T, Ishida H, Nagata C. Preparation and Characterization of a New Lipid Nano-Emulsion Containing Two Cosurfactants, Sodium Palmitate for Droplet Size Reduction and Sucrose Palmitate for Stability Enhancement. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:1097-102. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
33
|
Krickau DP, Mueller RH, Thomsen J. Degradation kinetics of hydrolytically susceptible drugs in O/W emulsions—Effects of interfacial area and lecithin. Int J Pharm 2007; 342:62-71. [PMID: 17597312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of the interfacial area and the emulsifier lecithin on the degradation rate of drugs prone to hydrolysis in parenteral lipid O/W emulsions we measured the degradation kinetics of phenyl salicylate in systems consisting of Miglyol as oil, buffered and isotonized aqueous phase and lecithin as emulsifier. Two-layer oil over water systems and emulsions of different oil droplet diameters and emulsifier contents were tested and a kinetic model was developed to interpret the results. The measurements showed a complex influence of interfacial area and liposomal concentration on the hydrolysis of phenyl salicylate. The interface between oil and water does not act as a diffusion barrier for phenyl salicylate, neither without nor with an interfacial layer of emulsifier. However, the presence of the layer and the formation of liposomes by the emulsifier lead to an overall acceleration of the hydrolysis. Three effects, partially counteracting each other, could be distinguished: the increase of phenyl salicylate concentration in the aqueous phase with increasing emulsifier concentration, the acceleration of hydrolysis with increasing interfacial area and the protection from hydrolysis by incorporation of phenyl salicylate into the emulsifier liposomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Krickau
- Research and Development, Schering AG, Muellerstr. 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Barcia AM, Harris HW. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as agents of innate immunity. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 41 Suppl 7:S498-503. [PMID: 16237653 DOI: 10.1086/432005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) elicits dramatic responses in the host, including elevated plasma lipid levels due to increased synthesis and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by the liver and inhibition of lipoprotein lipase. This cytokine-induced hyperlipoproteinemia, clinically termed the "lipemia of sepsis," was customarily thought to involve the mobilization of lipid stores to fuel the host response to infection. However, because lipoproteins can also bind and neutralize LPS, we have long postulated that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons) are also components of an innate, nonadaptive host immune response to infection. Recent research demonstrates the capacity of lipoproteins to bind LPS, protect against LPS-induced toxicity, and modulate the overall host response to this bacterial toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Barcia
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dwiecki K, Górnas P, Wilk A, Nogala-Kałucka M, Polewski K. Spectroscopic studies of D-alpha-tocopherol concentration-induced transformation in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2006; 12:51-69. [PMID: 17124545 PMCID: PMC6275860 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of embedding up to 60 mol% of α-tocopherol (α-Toc) on the morphology and structure of the egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) membrane were studied using spectroscopic techniques. The resulting vesicles were subjected to turbidometric and dynamic light scattering measurements to evaluate their size distribution. The α-Toc intrinsic fluorescence and its quenching was used to estimate the tocopherol position in the membrane. Optical microscopy was used to visualize morphological changes in the vesicles during the inclusion of tocopherol into the 2 mg/ml PC membrane. The incorporation of up to 15 mol% of tocopherol molecules into PC vesicles is accompanied by a linear increase in the fluorescence intensity and the simultaneous formation of larger, multilamellar vesicles. Increasing the tocopherol concentration above 20 mol% induced structural and morphological changes leading to the disappearance of micrometer-sized vesicles and the formation of small unilamellar vesicles of size ranging from 30 to 120 nm, mixed micelles and non-lamellar structures.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lixin W, Haibing H, Xing T, Ruiying S, Dawei C. A less irritant norcantharidin lipid microspheres: formulation and drug distribution. Int J Pharm 2006; 323:161-7. [PMID: 16828998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid microspheres (LM) have recently been used as intravenous (i.v.) carriers for drugs, which are sufficiently soluble in oil. However, in the case of norcantharidin (NCTD), which is poorly soluble in both the water and oil phases, this approach is not feasible. In this study, NCTD-loaded LM was prepared by transferring the drug to the interfacial surface of the oil and aqueous phases to produce a less irritating i.v. formulation of NCTD. A probe type sonicator was used to disperse NCTD into the oil phase together with lecithin and Tween 80. A high-pressure homogenization process was used to prepare the lipid microspheres and localize the drug at the surfactant layer. The LM loaded with NCTD consisted of 0.02% drug. Characterization of LMs and short-term stability was performed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and a centrifugation test was also carried out. The results showed that NCTD-loaded LM (2 mg/ml) with over 80% NCTD loaded in the interfacial surface were stable for a period of 2 months, and were suitable for i.v. injection in terms of size and stability, whether be diluted or not. Such formulations produced less pain and irritation in animal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lixin
- Liaoning Medical Apparatus and Instrument Institute, Shen Yang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bravo B, Márquez N, Ysambertt F, Chávez G, Cáceres A, Bauza R, Graciaa A, Lachaise J, Salager JL. Phase behavior of fatty acid/oil/water systems: Effect of the alkyl length chain acid. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-006-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Bunjes H, Koch MHJ. Saturated phospholipids promote crystallization but slow down polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles. J Control Release 2005; 107:229-43. [PMID: 16023752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some matrix materials proposed for the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles (e.g. trilaurin) are difficult to crystallize after processing by melt-homogenization. In an attempt to overcome this difficulty, the effect of saturated long-chain phospholipids on the crystallization of nanoparticles based on trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin and tristearin was studied. The phospholipids were used as emulsifiers in combination with sodium glycocholate. Saturated phospholipids increased the crystallization temperature of the triglyceride by several degrees compared to soybean phospholipids. The crystallization pattern was more complex in such systems due to solidification of the phospholipid chains prior to triglyceride crystallization. For most triglycerides, egg lecithin also induced crystallization at higher temperatures than natural soybean lecithin. With trilaurin dispersions, the effect of phospholipids can be utilized to induce crystallization at temperatures relevant for larger scale preparation. The polymorphic transitions of the triglycerides were slower in the presence of egg and saturated lecithin leading to a higher stability of the metastable alpha-form. These effects were particularly pronounced in tristearin systems where a predominant fraction of alpha-phase particles could be observed even after long-term cold storage in dispersions containing hydrogenated soybean lecithin or DPPC. The possibility to prepare triglyceride nanoparticles stable in specific modifications offers new opportunities to study effects of polymorphic form on colloidal stability, drug loading and release properties of such dispersions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Bunjes
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hernando V, Rieutord A, Pansu R, Brion F, Prognon P. Immobilised artificial membrane chromatography coupled with molecular probing. Mimetic system for studying lipid-calcium interactions in nutritional mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1064:75-84. [PMID: 15729822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immobilised artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography was utilised to study the interactions of usual membrane probes with grafted phosphatidylcholine silica support, in relation to the presence of calcium ions introduced in the mobile phase as they are present in nutritional mixtures. IAM acts as a mimetic membrane of lipid emulsion globules, a major component of nutritional mixtures. The tested probes were 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), 9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[alpha]phenoxazine-5-one or nile red (NR) and 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphtalene-6-sulfonate (TNS). For each probe, partition coefficients and thermodynamic parameters of transfer from the mobile phase to the IAM stationary phase have been measured. Our results suggested that the interactions of neutral probes (i.e. DPH and NR) with phosphatidylcholine are driven by hydrophobic forces. Addition of calcium chloride to the mobile phase slightly decreased the retention of these neutral probes and dramatically increased that of anionic TNS. Moreover, an enthalpy-entropy compensation study revealed that the mechanism of interaction between TNS and IAM is independent of the calcium concentration. Results argued for the existence of electrostatic repulsion forces exerted by IAM phase towards anionic TNS. Addition of calcium ions into the mobile phase led to the establishment of an ionic double layer at the zwitterionic stationary phase surface weakening the electrostatic barrier and increasing TNS retention. Consequently, it was demonstrated that IAM appears as a suitable model to get a better insight on the lipid-calcium interactions taking place in nutritional mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hernando
- Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud, EA 3343, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clement, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Charnay C, Bégu S, Tourné-Péteilh C, Nicole L, Lerner DA, Devoisselle JM. Inclusion of ibuprofen in mesoporous templated silica: drug loading and release property. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:533-40. [PMID: 15093603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of loading biologically active molecules into templated mesoporous silica (MCM 41). This material shows an important mesoporosity associated to hexagonally organized channels, a narrow pore size distribution and a large surface area. Ibuprofen was selected as a model molecule since it is a well documented and much used anti-inflammatory drug. Furthermore, it has a lipophilic character and its molecular size is suitable for inclusion within the mesopores of the MCM 41 material. In order to load ibuprofen within the mesopores, adsorption experiments using various solvents or successive impregnations with solutions of ibuprofen in ethanol were performed. At each step of the loading process, the pore filling was characterized by nitrogen adsorption experiments and by X-ray diffraction. The impregnation procedure results in a significant improvement of the amount of ibuprofen loaded into MCM 41. The in vitro drug release was investigated with simulated biological fluids (gastric and intestinal). Hundred percent release is observed at the end of the in vitro experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Charnay
- UMR ENSCM/CNRS/UM1 5618, Laboratoire des Matériaux Catalytiques et Catalyse en Chimie Organique, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Niraula BB, Seng TN, Misran M. Vesicles in fatty acid salt–fatty acid stabilized o/w emulsion—emulsion structure and rheology. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
Hosokawa T, Yamauchi M, Yamamoto Y, Iwata K, Nakamura A, Kato Y. Evaluation of the carrier potential for the lipid dispersion system with lipophilic compound. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:994-9. [PMID: 12843625 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
KW-3902 (a newly synthesized adenosine A(1)-receptor antagonist) has potent diuretic and renal protective activities and was formulated in lipid dispersion systems, i.e., lipid emulsions and liposomes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the carrier potential of these lipid dispersion systems, which is explained here as the ability of the formulation to retain the drug in its dispersed phase. The relative affinity of the drug to the formulation, K(f/b), was defined as a parameter in order to assess the performance of the formulations and was obtained from the in vitro blood component binding study. The results indicated that KW-3902 showed higher relative affinity to the liposome formulation than to the lipid emulsion. Moreover, the total amount of drug retained in the dispersion system depended on both K(f/b) and the dosing volume. The usefulness of the parameter, K(f/b), was discussed as an indicator for a carrier potential to understand the properties of the formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihito Hosokawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chanson NF, Lontie JF, Gulik A, Férézou J, Carpentier YA. LDL binding to lipid emulsion particles: effects of incubation duration, temperature, and addition of plasma subfractions. Lipids 2002; 37:573-80. [PMID: 12120956 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition interact with lipoproteins leading to exchanges of lipids and acquisition of several apolipoproteins (apo). It has been previously observed that, during in vitro incubation of emulsions with purified LDL, a variable fraction of LDL binds to TG-rich emulsion particles. The purpose of this study was to better characterize such an interaction. Two emulsions containing 20% soybean oil (Endolipid, B. Braun AG, Melsungen, Germany) or fish oil were incubated with LDL, either alone or in the presence of various plasma subfractions, for different durations and at different temperatures. The fraction named M-LE (containing TG-rich particles modified after incubation) was separated by ultracentrifugation or gel filtration chromatography, and the apoB content was measured as an index of LDL binding to TG-rich emulsion particles. The formation of such complexes was visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. LDL binding was not influenced by the method used for M-LE isolation. Binding occurred quickly, did not increase with prolonged incubation, was inversely related to increasing incubation or ultracentrifugation temperature, and withstood 40 h of ultracentrifugation at 163,000 x g. The presence of glycerol or excess phospholipids in the emulsion did not markedly affect the formation of the complexes. In contrast, adding very small amounts of lipoprotein-poor plasma (d > 1.210 g/mL) or HDL markedly reduced the process, and albumin had no effect. The TG composition of the emulsion influenced the binding of LDL to TG-rich particles, since more apoB was found in M-LE from fish oil than from soybean oil emulsion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie F Chanson
- L. Deloyers Laboratory for Experimental Surgery, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hosokawa T, Yamauchi M, Yamamoto Y, Iwata K, Mochizuki H, Kato Y. Role of the lipid emulsion on an injectable formulation of lipophilic KW-3902, a newly synthesized adenosine A1-receptor antagonist. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:492-8. [PMID: 11995931 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
KW-3902 (a newly synthesized adenosine A1-receptor antagonist) has potent diuretic and renal protective activities. We investigated the influence of the emulsion formulation on the pharmacokinetics of KW-3902 and its metabolite (M1) in rats using three different formulations, i.e., a lipid emulsion about 130 nm in diameter composed of egg yolk lecithin: soybean oil: oleic acid=1:1:0.048, a liposome about 100 nm in diameter composed of egg yolk lecithin, and a saline solution containing 1% (v/v) each of dimethyl sulfoxide and 1 N NaOH. There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of KW-3902 (elimination half-life (T1/2), area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC0-infinity), total body clearance (CL), mean residence time (MRT) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) and M1 (Cmax, T1/2, AUC0-infinity and MRT) after injection of these three dosage forms. Moreover, we investigated in vitro the binding of KW-3902 to blood components using these three formulations. KW-3902 was completely partitioned into the blood components regardless of its dosage form. These findings suggested that KW-3902 dissociated rapidly from the lipid emulsion or liposome in blood after injection and showed intrinsic pharmacokinetics of KW-3902 at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg. Thus, the lipid emulsion formulation of KW-3902 was defined as a solvent, which was a vehicle for dissolving the drugs to prepare the injection, at its expected effective doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihito Hosokawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether endogenous lipoproteins can abrogate the host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. DESIGN Randomized, placebo-controlled study. SETTING Urban public hospital with academic affiliation. SUBJECTS Eighteen healthy, normolipidemic, normal weight volunteers, 21-35 yrs of age. INTERVENTIONS Fasting and postprandial (hypertriglyceridemic) subjects were injected with endotoxin (LPS, Lot EC-5, 4 ng/kg = 20 endotoxin units/kg) as either a bolus or following preincubation of the LPS with autologous whole blood vs. saline. In addition, LPS-induced cytokine production was determined ex vivo to examine the capacity of fasting vs. hypertriglyceridemic whole blood to attenuate the effect of large, potentially lethal concentrations of LPS in humans. MEASUREMENTS Vital signs were recorded and serial blood samples analyzed for changes in white blood cell count, cytokine, and stress hormone levels over 24 hrs. The distribution of lipoproteins in fasting and postprandial blood after preincubation was determined using 125I-LPS. MAIN RESULTS Endogenous lipoproteins abrogated the host response to LPS in vivo, but only after preincubation with the LPS. Peak oral temperature (p < .05) and white blood cell count (p < .05), and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (p < .01) and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels (p < .03) were significantly reduced in volunteers injected with LPS preincubated with whole blood vs. LPS preincubated with saline. Approximately 80% of the LPS was bound to lipoproteins after preincubation with either fasting or hypertriglyceridemic blood. Thus, protection was associated with lipoprotein binding. In addition, hypertriglyceridemic but not fasting blood inhibited the ex vivo TNF-alpha response to large, highly toxic doses of LPS (p < .05). Without the preincubation of lipoproteins with LPS, there was a trend for an exaggerated clinical and TNF-alpha response in the hypertriglyceridemic subjects. CONCLUSION Preincubation of LPS with whole blood promotes lipoprotein-LPS binding and is associated with an attenuated response to this toxic macromolecule. Although the clinical relevance of these data requires further elucidation, our results continue to support a lipid-based therapeutic strategy to combat gram-negative sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hobart W Harris
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, 94110, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Férézou J, Gulik A, Domingo N, Milliat F, Dedieu JC, Dunel-Erb S, Chevalier C, Bach AC. Intralipid 10%: physicochemical characterization. Nutrition 2001; 17:930-3. [PMID: 11744343 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parenteral fat emulsions contain two populations of particles: artificial chylomicrons rich in triacylglycerols (TAG), and liposomes (bilayer of phospholipids [PL] enveloping an aqueous phase). Centrifugation permits isolating the liposomes in the infranatant called mesophase. The aim of the present work was to better characterize this mesophase chemically and to view the particles it contains by electron microscopy. METHODS Electron microscopy (Philips 410) was performed after cryofracture on native 10% Intralipid, mesophase (centrifugation for 1 h at 27 000 g), and a liposome-enriched fraction (ring of density 1.010-1.030 g/l obtained after centrifuging mesophase in a KBr density gradient at 100 000 g for 24 h). The TAG and protein content of the mesophase was analyzed and the proteins partially characterized by immunodetection (Western-blot). RESULTS This electron microscope study of 10% Intralipid gives evidence for the coexistence of artificial chylomicrons (mean diameter, 260 nm) and liposomes (43 nm), the latter being smaller than expected and containing 8% w/w TAG after purification. The solubilization of TAG in PL bilayers (reported to be < or = 3.1% w/w) might have been increased in parenteral emulsions by the manufacturing process or/and the high TAG/PL ratio. Minute amounts of proteins have also been detected and partially characterized using a specific antibody raised against the human 7 kDa Anionic Polypeptide Factor (APF), known to strongly interact with PL in bile. CONCLUSIONS This work has shown that the size (mean diameter, 43 nm) of the liposomes present in 10% Intralipid is smaller than that usually assumed. Traces of hydrophobic proteins in the emulsion may account for certain allergic reactions sometimes observed in infused patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Férézou
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chanson NF, Lontie JF, Carpentier YA, Motta C. Incubation of lipid emulsions with plasma lipoproteins modifies the fluidity of each particle. Lipids 2001; 36:819-25. [PMID: 11592733 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid emulsions (LE) contain triglyceride (TG)-rich particles (TGRP) and phospholipid-rich particles (PLRP). Various lipid and protein exchanges take place during in vitro incubations of LE with lipoproteins. These composition changes affect physical properties of particles. The aim of this study was to determine the role of different LE particles and the effect of TG composition on physical modifications. Low density lipoproteins (LDL: 1.025 < d < 1.040 g/mL) or high density lipoproteins (HDL: 1.085 < d< 1.150 g/mL) were incubated with the following four LE or their TGRP or PLRP, which were manufactured with the same phospholipid emulsifier: long-chain triglycerides (LCT): 100% soybean oil; medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)/LCT (MCT/LCT, 5:5, w/w); FO (100% fish oil); and MLF541 (MCT/LCT/FO, 5:4:1, by wt). After incubation, modified LE particles and lipoproteins were analyzed by fluorescence polarization. Observed physical modifications were significant in emulsion particles (ordering effect) but not in lipoproteins and also were significant for TG composition effect. Since intact emulsion contained a large excess of TGRP over PLRP, it is not surprising that intact emulsion had the same behavior as TGRP alone, and that PLRP had the same physical characteristics as lipoproteins. TG loss and cholesterol and protein acquisitions by emulsion particles rigidify their envelope. The two emulsions containing FO were less ordered after incubation. In conclusion, incubation of LE with lipoproteins changes physical properties of each kind of particle, and TG composition of the emulsion affects emulsion particle changes but has no effect on LDL and HDL. These order modifications induce more effective exchanges between LE particles and lipoproteins and modify their metabolism; HDL changes may increase the reverse cholesterol transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N F Chanson
- L. Deloyers Laboratory for Experimental Surgery, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nordén TP, Siekmann B, Lundquist S, Malmsten M. Physicochemical characterisation of a drug-containing phospholipid-stabilised o/w emulsion for intravenous administration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 13:393-401. [PMID: 11408154 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clomethiazole (CMZ) was used as a model drug to be incorporated into an emulsion vehicle. The effects of drug concentration and number of homogenisation steps were evaluated using multiple linear regression. The droplet size, measured as a z-average diameter by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), was found to be between 60 and 260 nm in the investigated range of CMZ concentrations, highly dependent on the concentration, but more weakly so on the number of homogenisation steps. Slow-scanning high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements showed that CMZ depresses the phospholipid chain melting temperature in the emulsion system, whereas (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments suggested that the CMZ molecules are to a large extent located in the surface region of the emulsion droplets. This interpretation is compatible with results from NMR self-diffusion measurements, which showed that most of the CMZ molecules are rapidly exchanged between emulsion droplets and the aqueous surrounding. It can be concluded that the surface-active drug CMZ has a significant influence on the characteristics of phospholipid-stabilised emulsions through its ability to interact with the phospholipid interface. Thus, the results underline the importance of characterising drug-lipid interactions for the development of lipid-based formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Nordén
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85, Södertälje, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Park Y, Damron BD, Miles JM, Harris WS. Measurement of human chylomicron triglyceride clearance with a labeled commercial lipid emulsion. Lipids 2001; 36:115-20. [PMID: 11269690 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human chylomicron triglyceride (TG) kinetics has been difficult to determine directly owing to technical limitations. This report describes a new method for studying chylomicron metabolism. Healthy volunteers (n = 10) sipped a drink providing 175 mg fat x kg(-1) h(-1) for 7.5 h to produce a steady-state chylomicronemia. A commercial 10% intravenous lipid emulsion was labeled with [3H]triolein, purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and sterilized. A trace amount of labeled emulsion was injected intravenously 30 min before (i.e., in the fasting state) and 5, 6, and 7 h after sipping began (i.e., triplicate determinations in the fed state). Chylomicron half-lives were calculated from the monoexponential decay curves, and apparent distribution volumes were estimated by back-extrapolation to time zero. Plasma and estimated chylomicron TG concentrations increased from 89+/-13 and 0.8+/-0.3 to 263+/-43 and 91+/-39 mg/dL (mean +/- SEM), respectively, with feeding. Tracer-determined chylomicron TG half-lives were 5.34+/-0.58 and 6.51+/-0.58 min during the fasting and fed states, respectively (P < 0.01). The apparent distribution volume during the fasting state was 24% greater than plasma volume (4515+/-308 vs. 3630+/-78 mL, P < 0.02), consistent with significant margination of lipid emulsion particles to endothelial binding sites. Margination was reduced during the fed state, suggesting that native chylomicrons competed with lipid emulsion particles for endothelial lipoprotein lipase. The results indicate that a radiolabeled commercial lipid emulsion is metabolized in a fashion similar to native chylomicron TG, and thus can be used to study chylomicron TG kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Park
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Department, Mid America Heart Institute, Saint Luke's Hospital, 64111, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the metabolism of chylomicrons, the lipoprotein that transports dietary fat from the intestine to peripheral tissues, is incomplete. The present studies were conducted to determine whether a labeled intravenous lipid emulsion could be used to estimate chylomicron triglyceride (TG) rate of appearance (R(a)) and thereby quantify the rate of intestinal fat absorption. After an overnight fast, healthy volunteers (n = 6) sipped a (3)H-labeled drink over 6.5 h at a rate of 175 mg fat. kg(-1). h(-1). Beginning at hour 5, an HPLC-purified, (14)C-labeled lipid emulsion was infused intravenously for 90 min. During the study, plasma total and chylomicron TG concentrations increased from 100 +/- 21 to 237 +/- 40 mg/dl and from undetectable to steady-state levels of 35 +/- 13 mg/dl, respectively. After a minor correction for VLDL contamination, tracer-determined chylomicron TG R(a) was 175 +/- 30 mg. kg(-1). h(-1), equal to the presumed ingestion rate. In summary, a radiolabeled intravenous lipid emulsion is able to accurately estimate chylomicron TG R(a) and therefore can be used to measure in vivo fat absorption rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, St. Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64111, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|