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Mendes M, Kossoski F, Lozano AI, Pereira-da-Silva J, Rodrigues R, Ameixa J, Jones NC, Hoffmann SV, Ferreira da Silva F. Excited States of Bromopyrimidines Probed by VUV Photoabsorption Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6460. [PMID: 34208711 PMCID: PMC8235550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report absolute photoabsorption cross sections for gas-phase 2- and 5-bromopyrimidine in the 3.7-10.8 eV energy range, in a joint theoretical and experimental study. The measurements were carried out using high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation, with quantum chemical calculations performed through the nuclear ensemble approach in combination with time-dependent density functional theory, along with additional Franck-Condon Herzberg-Teller calculations for the first absorption band (3.7-4.6 eV). The cross sections of both bromopyrimidines are very similar below 7.3 eV, deviating more substantially from each other at higher energies. In the 7.3-9.0 eV range where the maximum cross-section is found, a single and broad band is observed for 5-bromopyrimidine, while more discernible features appear in the case of 2-bromopyrimidine. Several π* ← π transitions account for the most intense bands, while weaker ones are assigned to transitions involving the nitrogen and bromine lone pairs, the antibonding σ*Br orbital, and the lower-lying Rydberg states. A detailed comparison with the available photo-absorption data of bromobenzene is also reported. We have found significant differences regarding the main absorption band, which is more peaked in bromobenzene, becoming broader and shifting to higher energies in both bromopyrimidines. In addition, there is a significant suppression of vibrational structures and of Rydberg states in the pair of isomers, most noticeably for 2-bromopyrimidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Mendes
- CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.I.L.); (J.P.-d.-S.); (R.R.); (J.A.); (F.F.d.S.)
| | - Fábris Kossoski
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CEDEX 09, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ana I. Lozano
- CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.I.L.); (J.P.-d.-S.); (R.R.); (J.A.); (F.F.d.S.)
| | - João Pereira-da-Silva
- CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.I.L.); (J.P.-d.-S.); (R.R.); (J.A.); (F.F.d.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues
- CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.I.L.); (J.P.-d.-S.); (R.R.); (J.A.); (F.F.d.S.)
| | - João Ameixa
- CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.I.L.); (J.P.-d.-S.); (R.R.); (J.A.); (F.F.d.S.)
| | - Nykola C. Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (N.C.J.); (S.V.H.)
| | - Søren V. Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (N.C.J.); (S.V.H.)
| | - Filipe Ferreira da Silva
- CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.I.L.); (J.P.-d.-S.); (R.R.); (J.A.); (F.F.d.S.)
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Barbosa AS, Bettega MHF. Shape resonances in low-energy-electron collisions with halopyrimidines. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:214301. [PMID: 24320374 DOI: 10.1063/1.4834776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report calculated cross sections for elastic collisions of low-energy electrons with halopyrimidines, namely, 2-chloro, 2-bromo, and 5-bromopyrimidine. We employed the Schwinger multichannel method with pseudopotentials to compute the cross sections in the static-exchange and static-exchange plus polarization levels of approximation for energies up to 10 eV. We found four shape resonances for each molecule: three of π* nature localized on the ring and one of σ* nature localized along the carbon-halogen bond. We compared the calculated positions of the resonances with the electron transmission spectroscopy data measured by Modelli et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 10775 (2011)]. In general the agreement between theory and experiment is good. In particular, our results show the existence of a π* temporary anion state of A2 symmetry for all three halopyrimidines, in agreement with the dissociative electron attachment spectra also reported by Modelli et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 10775 (2011)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Souza Barbosa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19044, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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HARM W. On the relationship between host-cell reactivation and UV-reactivation in UV-inactivated phages. Mol Genet Genomics 1998; 94:67-79. [PMID: 13952843 DOI: 10.1007/bf00895157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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COLE A, HUMPHREY RM, DEWEY WC. LOW-VOLTAGE ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION OF NORMAL AND 5-BROMOURIDINE DEOXYRIBOSIDE-TREATED L-P59 MOUSE FIBROBLAST CELLS IN VITRO. Nature 1996; 199:780-2. [PMID: 14071189 DOI: 10.1038/199780a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Szybalski W. Use of the HPRT gene and the HAT selection technique in DNA-mediated transformation of mammalian cells: first steps toward developing hybridoma techniques and gene therapy. Bioessays 1992; 14:495-500. [PMID: 1445289 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950140712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 1956, I decided to apply my experience in microbial genetics to developing analogous systems for human cell lines, including the selection of mutants with either a loss or gain of a biochemical function. For instance, mutants resistant to azahypoxanthine showed a loss of the HPRT enzyme (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase), whereas gain of the same enzyme was accomplished by blocking de novo purine biosynthesis with aminopterin, while supplying hypoxanthine and thymine (HAT selection). Using HAT selection, we: (i) genetically transformed HPRT- mutant cells to HPRT+ wild type by using DNA extracted from HPRT+ cells, and (ii) selected HPRT+ hybrid cells by fusing HPRT- D98/AH2 cells with skin cells. These approaches, which we dubbed in 1962 as a 'first step toward gene therapy', contributed to the later development of (i) cell fusion techniques, (ii) the development of monoclonal antibodies, (iii) routine transformation of mammalian cells with cloned genes, and (iv) methods for creating transgenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Szybalski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison 53706
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A Comparative Study of the Effect of Normal Substrates and 5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine Triphosphate, a Metabolic Analog of Thymidine Triphosphate, on the Inactivation of Escherichia coli Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase I and II by Ultraviolet Irradiation. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
The compound 5-bromouracil (BrU) may be incorporated into DNA in place of its analog thymine. This review is concerned with the photochemical lesions produced by the action of ultraviolet light on such BrU-DNA, and consequent biological effects of such lesions.
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Dodson ML, Hewitt R, Mandel M. The nature of ultraviolet light-induced strand breakage in DNA containing bromouracil. Photochem Photobiol 1972; 16:15-25. [PMID: 5037227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1972.tb06275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Effect of iododeoxyuridine upon conjugation and the fate of transferred deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1971; 107:433-41. [PMID: 4939762 PMCID: PMC246943 DOI: 10.1128/jb.107.2.433-441.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) into Escherichia coli K-12 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been found to decrease significantly the viability of female strains A288 and JC411(r) but to have only minor effect upon their ability to act as conjugational recipients and to perform recombination after conjugation. In contrast, IUdR incorporation into male strain HfrC appears to interfere with both chromosome transfer and genetic recombination. By using IUdR to densitylabel female DNA, and carrying out large-scale matings with (3)H-thymidine-labeled male cells, we examined the fate of transferred DNA. After a 30-min mating, the T6-sensitive male cells were lysed, and the DNA of the merozygotes and remaining female cells was isolated. Initial centrifugation of this DNA in a CsCl gradient showed that the male and female DNA species were associated. The nature of this association of the parental DNA species was determined by formaldehyde denaturation followed by CsCl centrifugation. Denaturation of DNA isolated immediately after T6 lysis gave a peak of radioactivity banding at the density of light single-stranded DNA. However, denaturation of DNA isolated after T6 lysis and dilution of the cells into fresh medium, exhibited peaks of radioactivity banding at positions corresponding to single-stranded, density-labeled DNA. The results indicate that recombination after conjugation in E. coli takes place by a breakage-and-reunion mechanism. The process of recombination can be separated into two stages. In the first stage, the donor and recipient DNA molecules become associated. The second stage consists of the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the donor and recipient segments comprising the recombinant molecule.
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Hutchinson F, Hales HB. Mechanism of the sensitization of bacterial transforming DNA to ultraviolet light by the incorporation of 5-bromouracil. J Mol Biol 1970; 50:59-69. [PMID: 4990077 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zimbrick JD, Ward JF, Myers LS. Studies on the chemical basis of cellular radiosensitization by 5-bromouracil substitution in DNA. I. Pulse- and steady-state radiolysis of 5-bromouracil and thymine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1969; 16:505-23. [PMID: 5308577 DOI: 10.1080/09553006914551571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lion MB. Search for a mechanism for the increased sensitivity of 5-bromouracil-substituted DNA to ultraviolet radiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 155:505-20. [PMID: 4866305 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sinclair WK. X-ray survival and DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster cells. I. The effect of inhibitors added before x-irradiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:115-22. [PMID: 5231591 PMCID: PMC335605 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Scholes CP, Hutchinson F, Hales HB. Ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA independent of molecular weight. J Mol Biol 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mennigmann HD. [Inactivation of BUdR-substituted transforming DNA by monochromatic UV-light of different wave lengths]. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1967; 99:76-87. [PMID: 4967654 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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SETLOW JANEK. The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation and Photoreactivation* *Research sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9716-6.50013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Závada V, Fikotová J, Koutecká E, Neubauer Z, Rasková M. The capacity of the bacterial host for the reproduction of the RNA phage f2. II. Its UV sensitivity in 5-BU labelled host and the effect of the thymineless death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 22:480-3. [PMID: 5330034 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Boyce RP. Production of additional sites of deoxyribonucleic acid breakdown in bromouracil containing Escherichia coli exposed to ultra-violet light. Nature 1966; 209:688-91. [PMID: 5332440 DOI: 10.1038/209688a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jellum E. The role of cystamine-nucleic-acid interactions in protection against x-ray-induced damage of DNA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1966; 10:577-94. [PMID: 5297429 DOI: 10.1080/09553006614550671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Denhardt DT, Sinsheimer RL. The process of infection with bacteriophage phi-XD174. VI. Inactivation of infected complexes by ultraviolet irradiation. J Mol Biol 1965; 12:674-94. [PMID: 5323482 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Riklis E. Studies on mechanism of repair of ultraviolet-irradiated viral and bacterial DNAin vivo and in vitro. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1965; 43:1207-19. [PMID: 5322951 DOI: 10.1139/o65-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of thymine dimers [Formula: see text] from adjacent intrastrand thymines by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in DNA was studied under different conditions. When thymine-2-C14DNA was exposed in quartz tubes to 0.5 × 106 ergs/mm2ultraviolet irradiation, two photoproducts were formed: "a" + [Formula: see text]. The concentration formed in dry DNA was only about [Formula: see text] of that formed in wet DNA.The survival of T1phage in the dark in the resistant (uvr+) and the sensitive (uvr−) mutants of E. coli K-12 after UV irradiation of the phage in the wet and dry state is markedly dependent on the state of the phage during irradiation. Survival of T1phage, when UV irradiated dry, was the same in the sensitive as in the resistant host cells, over a wide range of UV doses, while a marked difference in sensitivity existed when it was UV irradiated wet. Similar survival was obtained also by photoreactivation. These results correspond with the notion that thymine dimers are involved both in photoreactivation and in dark (host cell) reactivation.Thymine-requiring E. coli K-12 cells were mutated to a radioresistant strain uvr+(AB 2416) and a radiosensitive strain uvr−(AB 2419).Irradiation of cells with a dose of 1000 ergs/mm2, followed by incubation of the cells in the dark in enriched M9 media, stopped by addition of 5% trichloroacetic acid, hydrolysis of the acid-insoluble fraction and the acid-soluble fraction in trifluoroacetic acid at 175 °C, and separation of the products by paper chromatography, showed that the two irradiation products "a" + [Formula: see text], which were formed in the bacterial DNA, are excised from the DNA in the uvr+strain and appear in the acid-soluble fraction. No such excision occurred upon incubation of the radiosensitive strain uvr−.Incubation of the cells under light showed that photoreactivation prevails in the radiosensitive strain, i.e. disappearance of "a" + [Formula: see text] from the DNA, without their appearance in the acid-soluble fraction, while dark reactivation prevailed in the uvr+strain, a result that indicates a stronger affinity of the dark reactivating system to UV-irradiated DNA. Cell extracts prepared by breaking the cells in a French press in Tris buffer, pH 7.5, plus 10−3 M Mg++plus 10−3 M mercapto-ethanol showed a similar mechanism; the two irradiation products were excised from DNA by a uvr+cell extract and not by a uvr−cell extract. Extract of uvr+cells brought about excision of photoproducts from DNA of the uvr−cell extract.The results suggest that an enzyme, capable of excising thymine dimers, is present in the radioresistant cell as part of the system of repair of DNA from UV irradiation, and its mechanism is demonstrated, both in vivo and in vitro.
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HUTCHINSON F. RADIOSENSITIZATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS CELLS AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND X-RAYS BY INCORPORATED 5-BROMODEOXYURIDINE. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1964; 91:527-31. [PMID: 14254025 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Kaplan HS, Earle JD, Howsden FL. The role of purine and pyrimidine bases and their analogues in radiation sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030640408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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DEWEY WC, HUMPHREY RM. Survival of Mammalian Cells Irradiated in Different Phases of the Life-Cycle as Examined by Autoradiography. Nature 1963; 198:1063-6. [PMID: 14027436 DOI: 10.1038/1981063a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Plus N. Action de la 5-fluoro-desoxyuridine sur la multiplication du virus σ de la drosophile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(63)90313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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WACKER A, MENNIGMANN HD, SZYBALSKI W. Effects of ‘Visible’ Light on 5-Bromouracil-labelled DNA. Nature 1962; 196:685-6. [PMID: 13998131 DOI: 10.1038/196685a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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HOWARD-FLANDERS P, BOYCE RP, THERIOT L. Mechanism of sensitization to ultra-violet light of T1 bacteriophage by the incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine or by pre-irradiation of the host cell. Nature 1962; 195:51-4. [PMID: 14449373 DOI: 10.1038/195051a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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BEN-ISHAI R, GOLDIN H, OPPENHEIM B. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on 5-fluorouracil-pretreated bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962; 55:748-54. [PMID: 13867011 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(62)90853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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STRELZOFF E. DNA synthesis and induced mutations in the presence of 5-bromouracil I. DNA synthesis in the presence of 5-bromouracil. Mol Genet Genomics 1962; 93:287-90. [PMID: 13917765 DOI: 10.1007/bf00889171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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MARMUR J, ANDERSON WF, MATTHEWS L, BERNS K, GAJEWSKA E, LANE D, DOTY P. The effects of ultraviolet light on the biological and physical chemical properties of deoxyribonucleic acids. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1961; 58(3)Pt 2:33-55. [PMID: 14470098 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030580406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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