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Rodrigues RM, Macko P, Palosaari T, Whelan MP. Autofluorescence microscopy: a non-destructive tool to monitor mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:281-8. [PMID: 21864658 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of NADH by fluorescence microscopy makes it possible to distinguish mitochondria inside living cells, allowing structure analysis of these organelles in a non-invasive way. Mitochondrial morphology is determined by the occurrence of mitochondrial fission and fusion. During normal cell function mitochondria appear as elongated tubular structures. However, cellular malfunction induces mitochondria to fragment into punctiform, vesicular structures. This change in morphology is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and early apoptosis. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that autofluorescence imaging of mitochondria in living eukaryotic cells provides structural and morphological information that can be used to assess mitochondrial health. We firstly established the illumination conditions that do not affect mitochondrial structure and calculated the maximum safe light dose to which the cells can be exposed. Subsequently, sequential recording of mitochondrial fluorescence was performed and changes in mitochondrial morphology were monitored in a continuous non-destructive way. This approach was then used to assess mitochondrial toxicity induced by potential toxicants exposed to mammalian cells. Both mouse and human cells were used to evaluate mitochondrial toxicity of different compounds with different toxicities. This technique constitutes a novel and promising approach to explore chemical induced toxicity because of its reliability to monitor mitochondrial morphology changes and corresponding toxicity in a non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robim M Rodrigues
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Customer Protection, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (Varese), Italy.
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Carré D, Attardi G. Biochemical and electron microscopic characterization of DNA-RNA complexes from HeLa cell mitochondria. Biochemistry 1978; 17:3263-73. [PMID: 687584 DOI: 10.1021/bi00609a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The previous electron microscopic investigations on the occurrence in HeLa cell mitochondria of transcription complexes of mitochondrial DNA [Aloni, Y., and Attardi, G. (1972a), J. Mol. Biol. 70, 363-373] have been extended with the aim of obtaining these complexes in a reasonably pure form for biochemical analysis. By using conditions designed to minimize losses of such structures and any possible contamination by nuclear DNA, it has been shown that a substantial fraction (40 to 50%) of mitochondrial DNA can be isolated from exponentially growing HeLa cells in the form of fastsedimenting complexes with RNA. These complexes have been characterized with respect to density and sedimentation properties, content in newly synthesized RNA, stability of the association of RNA with DNA, presence of different forms of mitochondrial DNA, and electron microscopic appearance. The properties of these complexes, as well as the results of reconstruction experiments, strongly suggest that the majority of such structures represent true transcriptional intermediates. The occurrence in this fraction of replicating or newly replicated mitochondrial DNA molecules has been observed. Although the presence of single-stranded DNA segments makes the replicative intermediates particularly susceptible to aggregation with free RNA, electron microscopic observations point to the possibility that these intermediates may be recruited for transcription.
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Amalric F, Merkel C, Gelfand R, Attardi G. Fractionation of mitochondrial RNA from HeLa cells by high-resolution electrophoresis under strongly denaturing conditions. J Mol Biol 1978; 118:1-25. [PMID: 625053 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Waters BK, Wallace RB, Freeman KB. Synthesis of mammalian mitochondrial rRNA at low temperature. Exp Cell Res 1975; 90:461-3. [PMID: 1167512 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ojala D, Attardi G. Identification and partial characterization of multiple discrete polyadenylic acid containing RNA components coded for by HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:205-19. [PMID: 4444037 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ojala D, Attardi G. Identification of discrete polyadenylate-containing RNA components transcribed from HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:563-7. [PMID: 4521823 PMCID: PMC388048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.2.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation analysis under denaturing conditions of poly(A)-containing RNA from the polysome region of the sedimentation pattern of a HeLa-cell mitochondrial lysate has revealed the occurrence of a discrete RNA component, which sediments in the native state with a sedimentation constant of about 7 S. From the sedimentation behavior under native and denaturing conditions and the poly(A) content, a molecular weight of about 9 x 10(4) has been estimated for this component. RNA.DNA hybridization experiments have indicated that this component is coded for by the light strand of mitochondrial DNA. Evidence for the occurrence of a poly(A)-containing RNA component sedimenting at about 9 S and coded for by the heavy strand has also been obtained.
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Ojala D, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. XIX. Occurrence in mitochondria of polyadenylic acid sequences, "free" and covalently linked to mitochondrial DNA-coded RNA. J Mol Biol 1974; 82:151-74. [PMID: 4816652 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Dubin DT, Friend DA. Comparison of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial 4 S RNA from cultured hamster cells: physical and metabolic properties. J Mol Biol 1972; 71:163-75. [PMID: 4117925 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Storrie B, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. 13. Effect of selective inhibition of cytoplasmic or mitochondrial protein synthesis on mitochondrial nucleic acid synthesis. J Mol Biol 1972; 71:177-99. [PMID: 4344170 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Selvig SE, Greenhouse GA, Gross PR. Cytoplasmic synthesis of RNA in the sea urchin embryo. II. Mitochondrial transcription. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1972; 1:5-14. [PMID: 4677629 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(72)90107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ojala D, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. X. Properties of mitochondrial polysomes. J Mol Biol 1972; 65:273-89. [PMID: 4625173 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Casey J, Cohen M, Rabinowitz M, Fukuhara H, Getz GS. Hybridization of mitochondrial transfer RNA's with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of grande (wild type) yeast. J Mol Biol 1972; 63:431-40. [PMID: 4552406 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lerner RA, McConahey PJ, Jansen I, Dixon FJ. Synthesis of plasma membrane-associated and secretory immunoglobulin in diploid lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1972; 135:136-49. [PMID: 5061901 PMCID: PMC2139120 DOI: 10.1084/jem.135.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The half disappearance time for detectable plasma membrane-associated and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin after treatment of continuously growing diploid lymphocytes with inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis was studied. Also, the amount of plasma membrane-associated and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin of synchronized cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle has been studied. Plasma membrane-associated immunoglobulin has a half disappearance time of 45 min after inhibition of protein synthesis. By contrast, after treatment of cells with actinomycin D for 24 hr, plasma membrane-associated immunoglobulin remains relatively unchanged whereas cytoplasmic immunoglobulin decreased by almost 90%. In the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, plasma membrane-associated immunoglobulin and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin were 70 and 10%, respectively, of that in logarithmically growing cells, and the half disappearance of M-Ig after treatment of cells with puromycin was again 45 min. In toto, these results suggest that perhaps secreted and plasma membrane-associated immunoglobulin may be separately controlled by the cells.
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Jefferts ER, Holowczak JA. RNA synthesis in vaccinia-infected L cells: inhibition of ribosome formation and maturation. Virology 1971; 46:730-44. [PMID: 5167657 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- D T. Dubin
- Department of Microbiology, Rutgers Medical School, 08903, New Brunswick, N.J., USA
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Reid BD, Parsons P. Partial purification of mitochondrial RNA polymerase from rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2830-4. [PMID: 5288262 PMCID: PMC389536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.11.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial RNA polymerase activity from rat liver has previously been demonstrated in intact organelles. This activity has now been solubilized, partially purified, and shown to be a true polymerase, free of nuclease. The enzyme is derived from mitochondria and is not from contaminating bacteria or nuclear components. The enzyme is distinguished from its nuclear counterparts by its behavior on ammonium sulfate fractionation and lack of inhibition by alpha-amanitin. Rifamycin inhibits the crude enzyme, but only inconsistently inhibits the more purified preparation.
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Zylber EA, Perlman S, Penman S. Mitochondrial RNA turnover in the presence of cordycepin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 240:588-93. [PMID: 5315931 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pica-Mattoccia L, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. V. Transcription of mitochondrial DNA in relationship to the cell cycle. J Mol Biol 1971; 57:615-21. [PMID: 5580438 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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De Kloet SR, Andrean BA, Mayo VS. Biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid in yeast: some properties of mitochondrial ribosomal ribonucleic acid in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 143:175-86. [PMID: 4934880 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Aloni Y, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. II. Evidence for complete transcription of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Biol 1971; 55:251-67. [PMID: 5548607 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Aloni Y, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondria genome in HeLa cells. IV. Titration of mitochondrial genes for 16 s, 12 s and 4 s RNA. J Mol Biol 1971; 55:271-6. [PMID: 5548609 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Attardi B, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. I. Properties of the discrete RNA components from the mitochondrial fraction. J Mol Biol 1971; 55:231-49. [PMID: 5548606 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fukamachi S, Bartoov B, Mitra RS, Freeman KB. The synthesis of ribosomal-type RNA by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 40:852-7. [PMID: 5495735 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Montenecourt BS, Langsam ME, Dubin DT. Mitochondrial RNA from cultured animal cells. II. A comparison of the high molecular weight RNA from mouse and hamster cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1970; 46:245-51. [PMID: 4194651 PMCID: PMC2108006 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.46.2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Discrete RNA fractions sedimenting slightly slower than 18s ribosomal RNA have been found in mitochondrial preparations from both hamster (BHK-21) and mouse (L-929) cells. This RNA could be separated into two components, present in approximately equimolar amounts, by prolonged zonal centrifugation or acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hamster components had sedimentation constants averaging 16.8 and 13.4, and molecular weights (estimated by gel electrophoresis) averaging 0.74 and 0.42 x 10(6) daltons. Mixed labeling experiments showed that the mouse components sedimented and electrophoresed 3-6% more slowly than the corresponding hamster components. The RNA from both cell lines resembled mitochondrial ribosomal RNA from yeast and Neurospora in being GC poor, and in addition the larger and smaller components resembled each other in base composition. These results, taken with those of other recent studies, are compatible with the idea that our high molecular weight mitochondrial RNA is ribosomal; such RNA would then constitute a uniquely small size-class of ribosomal RNA.
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Yu FL, Feigelson P. A comparative study of RNA synthesis in rat hepatic nuclei and mitochondria under the influence of cortisone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 213:134-41. [PMID: 5488920 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Vilček J. METABOLIC DETERMINANTS OF THE INDUCTION OF INTERFERON BY A SYNTHETIC DOUBLE-STRANDED POLYNUCLEOTIDE IN RABBIT KIDNEY CELLS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb53428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
HeLa cells arrested in metaphase synthesized relatively normal amounts of mitochondrial RNA, while little RNA synthesis associated with the nucleus was detected. The RNA synthesized resembled the portion of mitochondrial RNA sensitive to ethidium bromide in interphase cells, with major peaks at 21, 12, and 4S. Unlike that in interphase cells, RNA synthesis in the mitoclhonidrial fraction of mitotic cells was completely inhibited by ethidium bromide.
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Dubin DT, Montenecourt BS. Mitochondrial RNA from cultured animal cells. Distinctive high-molecular-weight and 4 s species. J Mol Biol 1970; 48:279-95. [PMID: 4194497 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Vályi-Nagy T, Jeney A, Szabó J, Szabó I, Institoris L. Pharmaco-biochemical studies on cytotoxic polyol derivates. I. Effects of 1-6-dibromo-1-6-dideoxy-dulcitol on sensitive, resistant and refractor tumours. Eur J Cancer 1969; 5:403-14. [PMID: 5346869 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(69)90053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Zylber E, Vesco C, Penman S. Selective inhibition of the synthesis of mitochondria-associated RNA by ethidium bromide. J Mol Biol 1969; 44:195-204. [PMID: 5811827 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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Fauman M, Rabiwitz M, Getz GS. Base composition and sedimentation properties of mitochondrial RNA of Saccharomyces cerebisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 182:355-60. [PMID: 4894014 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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