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Wang JK, Li Y, Zhao XL, Liu YB, Tan J, Xing YY, Adi D, Wang YT, Fu ZY, Ma YT, Liu SM, Liu Y, Wang Y, Shi XJ, Lu XY, Song BL, Luo J. Ablation of Plasma Prekallikrein Decreases LDL Cholesterol by Stabilizing LDL Receptor and Protects against Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2022; 145:675-687. [PMID: 35189703 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: High blood cholesterol accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis that is an asymptomatic process lasting for decades. Rupture of atherosclerotic plaques induces thrombosis that results in myocardial infarction or stroke. Lowering cholesterol levels is beneficial for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Methods: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) was used as the bait to identify its binding proteins in the plasma, and the coagulation factor prekallikrein (PK, encoded by the KLKB1 gene) was revealed. The correlation between serum PK protein content and lipid levels in young Chinese Han was then analyzed. To investigate the effects of PK ablation on LDLR and lipid levels in vivo, we genetically deleted Klkb1 in hamsters and heterozygous Ldlr knockout mice, as well as knocked Klkb1 down using adeno-associated virus-mediated shRNA in rats. The additive effect of PK and PCSK9 inhibition was evaluated as well. We also applied the anti-PK neutralizing antibody that blocked PK and LDLR interaction to mice. Mice lacking both PK and Apolipoprotein e (Klkb1-/-Apoe-/-) were generated to assess the role of PK in atherosclerosis. Results: PK directly bound LDLR and induced its lysosomal degradation. The serum PK concentrations positively correlated with LDL cholesterol levels in 198 young Chinese Han adults. Genetic depletion of Klkb1 increased hepatic LDLR and decreased circulating cholesterol in multiple rodent models. Inhibition of PCSK9 with Evolocumab further decreased plasma LDL cholesterol levels in Klkb1-deficient hamsters. The anti-PK neutralizing antibody could similarly lower plasma lipids through upregulating hepatic LDLR. Ablation of Klkb1 slowed down the progression of atherosclerosis in mice on Apoe-deficient background. Conclusions: PK regulates circulating cholesterol levels through binding to LDLR and inducing its lysosomal degradation. Ablation of PK stabilizes LDLR, decreases LDL cholesterol and prevents atherosclerotic plaque development. This study suggests that PK is a promising therapeutic target to treat ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kai Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Tan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ying Xing
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dilare Adi
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong-Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong-Jie Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Davie EW, Fujikawa K, Kurachi K, Kisiel W. The role of serine proteases in the blood coagulation cascade. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:277-318. [PMID: 367103 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122938.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Maeda NY, Cassaro CM, Sampaio MU, Chamone DA, Sampaio CA. The role of bradykinin on the effect of plasma kallikrein on platelet aggregation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 247B:623-6. [PMID: 2514583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9546-5_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Y Maeda
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, S. Paulo, Brazil
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Takeda S, Kume M, Takechi K, Kasamatsu T, Yoshida K, Kinoshita K, Mizuno M, Sakamoto S. The effect of a serine proteinase inhibitor on DIC in septic abortion. ASIA-OCEANIA JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1987; 13:433-9. [PMID: 3122713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1987.tb00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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van der Graaf F, Greengard JS, Bouma BN, Kerbiriou DM, Griffin JH. Isolation and functional characterization of the active light chain of activated human blood coagulation factor XI. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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6
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van der Graaf F, Tans G, Bouma BN, Griffin JH. Isolation and functional properties of the heavy and light chains of human plasma kallikrein. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Heimark RL, Kurachi K, Fujikawa K, Davie EW. Surface activation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and kinin formation. Nature 1980; 286:456-60. [PMID: 6447254 DOI: 10.1038/286456a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The activation of plasma prekallikrein by single-chain factor XII has been studied in the presence of high molecular weight kininogen and kaolin. The data indicate that factor XII can initiate blood coagulation, fibrinolysis or kinin generation in the presence of kaolin and does so by converting prekallikrein to kallikrein. An enzyme cascade is then generated leading to the formation of fibrin, plasmin or bradykinin in three closely related physiological events.
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9
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Nemerson Y, Furie B. Zymogens and cofactors of blood coagulation. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 9:45-85. [PMID: 6777115 DOI: 10.3109/10409238009105472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation is a system in which a series of zymogens of serine proteases are sequentially activated. In this regard, there is little fundamental difference between coagulation and the activation of the homologous pancreatic zymogens. There are, however, several aspects unique to coagulation which are discussed in detail. These are (1) the requirement for a high-molecular-weight protein or lipoprotein cofactor for optimal reaction rates, (2) the requirement for membranes or a membrane-like surface which further distinguishes this system; (3) a metal ion requirement for most reactions (in contrast to the pancreatic serine proteases) relating to the content of the newly described amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the four vitamin K-dependent proteins, regarding which recent data relating to the metal binding sites on prothrombin are discussed in detail; and (4) the uniqueness of the initiating reactions in comparison to those which activate the pancreatic zymogens, insofar as no enzyme corresponding to enterokinase has been identified. The implications of this phenomenon are analyzed with particular attention to the potential role of the endogenous activity of certain zymogens in initiating coagulation. The article deals finally with the specific problems attendant on analyzing a system in which many serine proteases lacking absolute specificity are generated and regulated.
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10
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Webster ME, Stella RC, Villa ML, Toffoletto O. Brasil factor. A new prekallikrein activator in human plasma. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:2717-22. [PMID: 497023 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Sampaio CA, Grisolia D. Human plasma kallikrein. Preliminary studies on hydrolysis of proteins and peptides. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1978; 8:125-31. [PMID: 565131 DOI: 10.1007/bf01972414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acid-activated human plasma kallikrein (HuPK) was purified from human Cohn fraction IV by affinity chromatography, using a ligand soybean trypsin inhibitor and aminobenzamidine. The purified enzyme does not inactivate bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin by cleavage of their peptide bonds. Methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin is converted to the more potent peptide, bradykinin, by incubation with plasma kallikrein. The enzyme does not show aminopeptidase activity when assayed with amino-acyl-naphthylamides. Arginine-rich polypeptides and proteins, such as polyarginine, salmine, and histones were cleaved by the enzyme. HuPK does not show any detectable caseinolytic activity. A kinin is released from a non-homologous plasma (horse) by this kallikrein. The enzyme is not affected by calcium or EDTA, and it is strongly inhibited by copper ion.
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12
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Carvalho AC, Lees RS, Vaillancourt RA, Colman RW. Effect of clofibrate on intravascular coagulation in hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation 1977; 56:114-8. [PMID: 301067 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.56.1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular coagulation (IVC) was evaluated in 19 patients with type II and 11 with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia before and after clofibrate therapy by measurements of soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) in plasma; fibrinolysis was estimated by quantitation of fibrin (ogen) degradation products in serum. Untreated type II and type IV patients had increased SFC (P less than 0.01). The former also had activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway as evidenced by decreased plasma prekallikrein (P less than 0.001), kallikrein inhibitors (P less than 0.001), and factor XII (P less than 0.02). Although clofibrate treatment of the type II patients did not change plasma lipids, it decreased intravascular coagulation, apparently via decreased factor XII activation and stimulation of fibrinolysis. In contrast, treated type IV patients had unchanged SFC and FDP levels, despite decreased plasma triglycerides (P less than 0.01). Clofibrate-induced changes in blood coagulation are independent of lipid-lowering. Clofibrate therapy decreases intravascular coagulation in type II patients and may help to prevent thromboembolic sequelae.
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13
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Oh-ishi S, Katori M, Nam Han Y, Iwanaga S, Kato H. Possible physiological role of new peptide fragments released from bovine high molecular weight kininogen by plasma kallikrein. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26:115-20. [PMID: 138423 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Neurath H, Walsh KA. Role of proteolytic enzymes in biological regulation (a review). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:3825-32. [PMID: 1069267 PMCID: PMC431226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.11.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many enzymes, hormones, and other physiologically active proteins are synthesized as inactive precursors (zymogens) that are subsequently converted to the active form by the selective enzymatic cleavage (limited proteolysis) of peptide bonds. The ultimate agency of activating enzymatic function is limited proteolysis, either in a single activation step or in a consecutive series (cascade). The specificity of each activation reaction is determined by the complementarity of the zymogen substrate and the active site of the attacking protease. The sequence of consecutive activation reactions is regulated by the specificity of each enzyme, whereas the degree of amplification of the initial stimulus is determined by the efficiency of each activating step. Zymogen activation produces a prompt and irreversible response to a physiological stimulus, and is capable of initiating new physiological functions. Typical examples are the precesses of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement activation, hormone production, metamorphosis, fertilazation, supra-molecular assembly, and digestion. The zymogens of the pancreatic serine proteases, in particular, have served as models for detailed studies of the nature of the molecular changes that are involved in the dramatic increase in enzymatic activity that ensues upon limited proteolysis of the zymogen.
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15
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Webster ME, Guimaraes JA, Kaplan AP, Colman RW, Pierce JV. Activation of surface-bound Hageman factor: pre-eminent role of high molecular weight kininogen and evidence for a new factor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 70:285-99. [PMID: 937135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3267-1_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Oishi S, Webster ME. Vascular permeability factors (PF/Nat and PF/Dil)--their relationship to Hageman factor and the kallikrein-kinin system. Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24:591-8. [PMID: 235929 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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19
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Novel Proteinase Inhibitors in Snake Venoms: Distribution, Isolation, and Amino Acid Sequence. BAYER-SYMPOSIUM 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-87966-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Marcel G, Caspar C, Sabatier C, Rapin M. Significance of kaolin-induced arginine esterase in human plasma during septic shock : Depletion in prekallikrein and prekallikrein activator. Thromb Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(73)90054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Owren PA, Stormorken H. The mechanism of blood coagulation. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 1973; 68:1-53. [PMID: 4593726 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-06238-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chang J, Freer R, Stella R, Greenbaum LM. Studies on leukokinins. II. Studies on the formation, partial amino acid sequence and chemical properties of leukokinins M and PMN. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:3095-106. [PMID: 4650632 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Takahashi H, Iwanaga S, Suzuki T. Isolation of a novel inhibitor of kallikrein, plasmin and trypsin from the venom of Russell's viper (Vipera russelli). FEBS Lett 1972; 27:207-10. [PMID: 4541477 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Takeuchi Y, Movat HZ. Conversion of Hageman factor (factor XII) of the guinea pig to prekallikrein activator and inhibition of the formed kallikrein by a natural plasma inhibitor. Eur J Immunol 1972; 2:345-9. [PMID: 4538864 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Treloar MP, Pyle H, Ozge-Anwar AH, Takeuchi Y, Movat HZ. Isolation of prekallikrein activator from guinea pig serum or plasma adsorbed to immune precipitates or celite: possible relationship to Hageman factor. Eur J Immunol 1972; 2:338-45. [PMID: 5083514 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Takahashi H, Nagasawa S, Suzuki T. Conversion of bovine prekallikrein to kallikrein. Evidence of limited proteolysis of prekallikrein by bovine Hageman factor (factor XII). FEBS Lett 1972; 24:98-100. [PMID: 5086625 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Human plasma was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration to determine which method would give the greatest number of clearly separable kallikrein inhibitory peaks. With G-200 gel filtration three peaks could be separated which were demonstrated to contain alpha(2)-macroglobulin, C1 inactivator, and alpha(1)-antitrypsin. No other kallikrein inhibitors could be identified. The fractions containing C1 inactivator and alpha(2)-macroglobulin appeared to be more effective against kallikrein than that containing alpha(1)-antitrypsin. A patient with hereditary angioneurotic edema was shown to have an abnormal C1 inactivator protein capable of interfering with kallikrein's biologic, but not its esterolytic activity. Heat-treated human plasma, a commonly used source of kininogen for experiments with kallikrein, was shown to have kallikrein inhibitory activity.
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Movat HZ. Chemical mediators of the vascular phenomena of the acute inflammatory reaction and of immediate hypersensitivity. Med Clin North Am 1972; 56:541-56. [PMID: 4401652 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)32413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wuepper KD, Cochrane CG. Plasma prekallikrein: isolation, characterization, and mechanism of activation. J Exp Med 1972; 135:1-20. [PMID: 4536682 PMCID: PMC2139124 DOI: 10.1084/jem.135.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The precursor of the kinin-forming enzyme, prekallikrein, was isolated from rabbit plasma protected from activation during preparatory procedures. Prekallikrein was shown to be a 4.5S gamma(1)-glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of 5.9 and a mol wt of 99,900. The proenzyme was activated at neutral pH by an enzyme from rabbit or human plasma we have termed prekallikrein activator (PKA) or by trypsin. Prekallikrein was activated by PKA by a process of enzymatic scission. This resulted in the appearance of two fragments; the larger of these possessed kallikrein activity.
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Moriya H, Hojima Y. Studies on Kinin-Forming Enzymes in Human Plasma and their Heterogeneity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7439-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Protein Components which Relate to the Kinin Releasing System in Bovine Plasma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7439-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Harpel PC. Separation of plasma thromboplastin antecedent from kallikrein by the plasma 2 -macroglobulin, kallikrein inhibitor. J Clin Invest 1971; 50:2084-90. [PMID: 5165598 PMCID: PMC292142 DOI: 10.1172/jci106702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI) is an important intermediate in the intrinsic coagulation system, and plasma kallikrein has been implicated as a mediator of the inflammatory process. Whereas their biologic activities are functionally distinct, their identity as separate entities in plasma has not been fully established, and the nature of their plasma inhibitors has not been completely characterized. A partially purified preparation containing the clotting, tosyl arginine methyl ester (TAMe) esterase and kinin-producing activities of these substances has been prepared by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of a Celite eluate obtained from acid-treated human plasma. These activities were not separable by acrylamide gel electrophoresis nor by isoelectric focusing, their pI being approximately 8.7. Human plasma alpha(2)-macroglobulin has been shown to inhibit the proteolytic activity of kallikrein and to inhibit partially its TAMe esterase activity. An alpha(2)-macroglobulin, PTA, kallikrein incubation mixture was separated by gel filtration chromatography. The alpha(2)-macroglobulin formed a high molecular weight complex with kallikrein and appeared in early chromatographic fractions. The PTA-clotting activity was not inhibited by the alpha(2)-macroglobulin; 64% of the initial PTA activity was isolated in later fractions free of kallikrein-induced kinin-like activity. In contrast, clotting, TAMe esterase, and kinin-forming activities were inhibited after gel filtration chromatography of an incubation mixture of these activities and partially purified C1 inactivator (C1 esterase inhibitor). Electrofocusing of an incubation mixture of an activated PTA, kallikrein preparation, and alpha(2)-macroglobulin resulted in the isolation of a PTA fraction free of kallikrein proteolytic activity, and with 4% of the original TAMe esterase activity. In this manner, activated PTA and plasma kallikrein have been shown to be distinct substances, and methods have been introduced for the further purification of active coagulation factor XI.
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Cochrane CG, Wuepper KD. The first component of the kinin-forming system in human and rabbit plasma. Its relationship to clotting factor XII (Hageman Factor). J Exp Med 1971; 134:986-1004. [PMID: 4106492 PMCID: PMC2138990 DOI: 10.1084/jem.134.4.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of the first component of the kinin-forming system in human and rabbit plasma are presented. Functionally, the molecule is the precursor of the activator of prekallikrein (Pre-PKA) and evidence is presented that it is identical with Hageman factor (clotting factor XII). The component from each plasma possessed similar characteristics. This molecule was found to have a mol wt of 110,000 and sedimentation rate of 4.6S. It migrated in electrophoresis as a beta-globulin, having an isoelectric point of 6.1. Upon activation with glass, kaolin, diatomaceous earth, ellagic acid, or trypsin, the activated molecule converted purified prekallikrein (prokininogenase) to the active enzyme. Clot-promoting activity was associated with the capacity to activate prekallikrein through each procedure of isolation. The clot-promoting factor was in precursor form, requiring treatment with kaolin or trypsin to gain activity. Evidence indicated that the protein was Hageman factor (factor XII): it promoted clotting of factor XII-deficient, but not Factor XI- or IX-deficient plasma, and did not convert fibrinogen to fibrin it bound to and was activated by kaolin or other negatively charged particles in the presence of chelating agents; the activation by kaolin could be prevented by pretreating the kaolin with hexadimethrine bromide (H Br); prekallikrein-activating and clot-promoting activities were identical in their physical properties; and the prekallikrein activator could not be detected in Hageman factor-deficient plasma. Activation of Hageman factor was accompanied by cleavage of the molecule into several fragments, one of which possessed prekallikrein-activating (PKA) and clot-promoting properties. The PKA fragment sedimented at 2.6S and by gel filtration was found to have a molecular weight of 32,000. The PKA possessed only 1/50 the clot-promoting capacity of the freshly activated native molecule.
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Kaplan AP, Austen KF. A prealbumin activator of prekallikrein. II. Derivation of activators of prekallikrein from active Hageman factor by digestion with plasmin. J Exp Med 1971; 133:696-712. [PMID: 4251126 PMCID: PMC2138966 DOI: 10.1084/jem.133.4.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of a plasma fraction containing unactivated Hageman factor and prekallikrein followed by chromatography of this fraction on DEAE-cellulose revealed four peaks having bradykinin-generating activity. Peak 1 contained kallikrein; peaks 2-3, 4, and 5 each contained prekallikrein-activating activity. Elution of peaks 2-3, 4, and 5 from disc gels after electrophoresis at pH 9.3 revealed peaks of prekallikrein-activating activity located at 5-8, 11-12, 15-16, and 20-26 mm, each of which was associated with a peak of clot-promoting activity which specifically corrected Hageman factor deficiency. Conversion of peak 2 to peaks 3, 4, and 5 was associated with a progressive decrease in size, increase in net negative charge, increased prekallikrein-activating activity, and decreased ability to correct Hageman factor deficiency. Plasminogen and plasmin were found on a DEAE-cellulose chromatogram of serum overlapping peaks 2 and 3. Incubation of active Hageman factor with streptokinase-activated plasminogen resulted in enhanced ability of the mixture to activate prekallikrein. Assessment of the products of this reaction by disc gel electrophoresis demonstrated the formation of the prealbumin prekallikrein activator corresponding to the major prekallikrein activator generated by contact activation of human plasma. The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and the subsequent cleavage of Hageman factor by plasmin to form activators of prekallikrein represents one pathway in which coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation are linked.
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Jahrreiss R, Habermann E. On the endogenous mechanism of kinin release. I. Attempts at discriminating kallikreins. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1971; 269:85-100. [PMID: 4252446 DOI: 10.1007/bf01422018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Activation of plasma kallikrein arginine esterase activity by kaolin resulted in peak activity at 1 min of incubation and a 50% reduction in activity at 5 min in normal plasma, and 30% reduction in the plasma of patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema who lacked the C1 inactivator. The peak esterolytic activity was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor whereas the 5 min activity was resistant to this inhibitor. Acid treatment of normal and hereditary angioneurotic edema plasma destroyed the factor responsible for the fall in esterase activity at 5 min and the factor which rendered the esterase resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor. Purified alpha(2)-macroglobulin inhibited approximately 50% of the TAMe esterase activity of purified plasma kallikrein without changing its activity toward basic amino acid esters. The interaction between the alpha(2)-macroglobulin and kallikrein resulted in alterations in the gel filtration chromatographic pattern of the TAMe esterase and biologic activity of kallikrein, indicating that kallikrein was bound to the alpha(2)-macroglobulin. The TAMe esterase activity of this complex, isolated by column chromatography, was resistant to C1 inactivator and SBTI. Studies of incubation mixtures of kallikrein, alpha(2)-macroglobulin and C1 inactivator suggested that these inhibitors compete for the enzyme, and that the alpha(2)-macroglobulin partially protects the esterase activity of kallikrein from C1 inactivator. The alpha(2)-macroglobulin isolated from kaolin-activated plasma possessed 240 times the esterolytic activity of the alpha(2)-macroglobulin purified from plasma treated with inhibitors of kallikrein and of its activation. The alpha(2)-macroglobulin blocked the uterine-containing activity and vascular permeability-inducing effects of plasma kallikrein. These studies suggest that the alpha(2)-macroglobulin is a major plasma inhibitor of kallikrein and provide a new example of an interrelationship between the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kallikrein enzyme systems.
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Clowes GH, Farrington GH, Zuschneid W, Cossette GR, Saravis C. Circulating factors in the etiology of pulmonary insufficiency and right heart failure accompanying severe sepsis (peritonitis). Ann Surg 1970; 171:663-78. [PMID: 5441362 PMCID: PMC1396815 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197005000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
1. The isolation of human plasma prekallikrein was achieved by fractionating human plasma on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE) in the presence of heparin.2. Heparin was shown to inhibit the activation of prekallikrein during the isolation procedure.3. The isolated prekallikrein fraction had some kallikrein activity which could be inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) without affecting the ability of prekallikrein to be activated.4. The prekallikrein obtained was functionally pure in that it had no kallikrein inhibiting or activating activity. It was not physico-chemically pure, the major contaminant being the immunoglobulin IgG.
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Jahrreiss R, Habermann E. In Vitro Investigations on Some Components of the Kinin System (Kininogen, Serum Kallikrein, Hageman Factor), and Their Interaction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3198-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Observations on Plasma Kinin Forming Enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3198-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Depletion of Kininogen I by Stem Bromelain and Its Significance Prevention of Adrenalin-Induced Pulmonary Edema in Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3198-8_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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