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Simpson RT. Structure and function of chromatin. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 38:41-108. [PMID: 4582788 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122839.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, the core promoter serves as a platform for the assembly of transcription preinitiation complex (PIC) that includes TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, and RNA polymerase II (pol II), which function collectively to specify the transcription start site. PIC formation usually begins with TFIID binding to the TATA box, initiator, and/or downstream promoter element (DPE) found in most core promoters, followed by the entry of other general transcription factors (GTFs) and pol II through either a sequential assembly or a preassembled pol II holoenzyme pathway. Formation of this promoter-bound complex is sufficient for a basal level of transcription. However, for activator-dependent (or regulated) transcription, general cofactors are often required to transmit regulatory signals between gene-specific activators and the general transcription machinery. Three classes of general cofactors, including TBP-associated factors (TAFs), Mediator, and upstream stimulatory activity (USA)-derived positive cofactors (PC1/PARP-1, PC2, PC3/DNA topoisomerase I, and PC4) and negative cofactor 1 (NC1/HMGB1), normally function independently or in combination to fine-tune the promoter activity in a gene-specific or cell-type-specific manner. In addition, other cofactors, such as TAF1, BTAF1, and negative cofactor 2 (NC2), can also modulate TBP or TFIID binding to the core promoter. In general, these cofactors are capable of repressing basal transcription when activators are absent and stimulating transcription in the presence of activators. Here we review the roles of these cofactors and GTFs, as well as TBP-related factors (TRFs), TAF-containing complexes (TFTC, SAGA, SLIK/SALSA, STAGA, and PRC1) and TAF variants, in pol II-mediated transcription, with emphasis on the events occurring after the chromatin has been remodeled but prior to the formation of the first phosphodiester bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, USA
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Frenkel GD, Cain R, Chao ES. Exposure of DNA to methyl mercury results in an increase in the rate of its transcription by RNA polymerase II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 127:849-56. [PMID: 2580521 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(85)80021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA which was exposed to methyl mercury at concentrations of 1 mM and above, and purified by ethanol precipitation and dialysis, was transcribed at a higher rate by RNA polymerase II than was control DNA. The rate of transcription of single-stranded DNA was not affected by similar exposure to methyl mercury. The higher rate of transcription of methyl mercury-treated double-stranded DNA appears to result from a decreased Km of the enzyme for this DNA. This does not appear to result from extensive denaturation, nor from formation of a large number of single-stranded breaks in the DNA.
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Sawadogo M, Lescure B, Sentenac A, Fromageot P. Native deoxyribonucleic acid transcription by yeast RNA polymerase--P37 complex. Biochemistry 1981; 20:3542-7. [PMID: 7020755 DOI: 10.1021/bi00515a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The specific activity of yeast RNA polymerases A or B, when complexed with P37 cofactor, compares favorably with that of E. coli RNA polymerase. The stimulation is observed only with double-stranded DNA but does not result from DNase action. The Km for nucleotide substrates and the optimal conditions of transcription are not modified. P37 stimulates RNA synthesis by ternary transcription complexes in the presence of poly(rI) which prevents reinitiations. The RNA chain length, estimated by 5' end labeling or sedimentation, is increased in the presence of P37. On the other hand, the trinucleotide synthesis, which reflects the chain initiation reaction, is not affected. Therefore, the cofactor appears to act at the elongation step of RNA synthesis.
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Matsui T, Onishi T, Muramatsu M. Nucleolar DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from rat liver. 1. Purification and subunit structure. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 71:351-60. [PMID: 1009957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb11121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (or A) was purified from rat liver nucleoli. DNA was effectively removed from the solubilized enzyme with a defined concentration of polyethyleneglycol. The enzyme was purified further with successive DEAE-Sephadex and phosphocellulose column chromatography followed by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The procedure yielded an electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme with a specific activity 400 times that of the nucleolar extracts. The recovery of the activity was approximately 20%. The RNA polymerase I eluted as a single peak from DEAE-Sephadex was separated into two distinct peaks by a phosphocellulose column. The first peak eluting at about 0.12 M ammonium sulfate was designated as RNA polymerase IA and the second peak eluting at about 0.18 M as RNA polymerase IB. In normal rat liver nucleoli IA enzyme comprised approximately 20% of the total RNA polymerase I activity and the IB enzyme comprised approximately 80%. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzyme IB contained five subunits with molecular weights of 195000 (a), 130000 (b), 65000 (c), 40000 (d), and 19000 (e) at nearly equimolar amounts. The calculated molecular weight of the enzyme (449000) agreed well with that predicted from the sedimentation coefficient of the enzyme. Enzyme IA contained identical subunits except that subunit c was absent. Preliminary studies could not demonstrate any significant differences in template specificity between IA and IB enzyme.
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Sasaki Y, Goto H, Ohta H, Kamikubo T. Template activity of synthetic deoxyribonucleotide polymers in the eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase reaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 70:369-75. [PMID: 1009936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb11026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Template specificities of the eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B from rat liver, pea, and cauliflower have been investigated using synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides. Polymerases A and B from the three species exhibit different specificities for single-stranded homopolymers: polymerase A preferentially reads poly(dT) and poly (dC). and polymerase B poly (dC). This preferential reading appears to be a property of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Polymerases A and B transcribe synthetic polyribonucleotides also, but at a reduced rate. The polyribonucleotides which can be read by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have a base sequence similar to that of the polydeoxyribonucleotides, which are effeciently transcribed, suggesting that the base sequence of the template rather than its conformation is crucial in the template specificity for synthetic polymers. Competition experiments with polydeoxyribonucleotides indicate that the enzymes have different binding specificities, which are not the same as their template specificities.
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Hossenlopp P, Wells D, Chambon P. Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Partial purification and properties of three classes of RNA polymerases from uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 58:237-51. [PMID: 1183437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was solubilized from normal and adenovirus-2 infected HeLa cells. Multiple peaks of enzyme activity were separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. In addition to class A and B enzyme activities (respectively insensitive and sensitive to inhibition by 10 nM alpha-amanitin), three peaks of class C enzyme activity were found which are sensitive to inhibition by alpha-amanitin only at much higher concentrations (0.1 mM). Rechromatography of these class C peaks indicates that they are not chromatographic artifacts. Class C enzymes differ from class A and B enzymes by several criteria including inhibition by alpha-amanitin, immunological properties, and the ability to transcribe native calf thymus DNA at high ionic strength. However, the ionic strength optimum and the divalent cation requirements of class C enzymes are not invariant characteristics of the enzymes and are markedly dependent on the nature and the amount of template in the reaction. No differences, either qualitative or quantitative, were found between the multiple enzymes isolated from normal or adenovirus-2 infected cells. All of the partially purified HeLa cell RNA polymerases were able to transcribe an intact double-stranded adenovirus-2 DNA under conditions where no transcription occurred with purified calf thymus AI and B RNA polymerases. Since the multiple enzymes were devoid of endonuclease and exonuclease activities, the ability of the partially purified enzymes to transcribe adenovirus-2 DNA cannot be ascribed to initiation of RNA synthesis at nicks of single-stranded regions of the DNA. No differences in transcriptional ability between corresponding enzyme classes from normal or infected cells, but a comparison of the ability of the various enzyme classes to transcribe intact viral DNA revealed large differences. Although partially purified HeLa class A and B enzymes were able to initiate on the intact viral DNA to a limited extent only, it appears that the class C enzymes transcribe intact duplex DNA much more efficiently than any other class of eukaryotic polymerase yet reported.
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Apriletti JW, Penhoet EE. Recovery of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities from L cells after mengovirus infection. Virology 1974; 61:597-601. [PMID: 4371761 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dezélée S, Sentenac A, Fromageot P. Role of Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Ribonucleic Acid Hybrids in Eukaryotes. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)79913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Sonnenbichler J. [Structure and function of chromosomes]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1974; 61:317-24. [PMID: 4602943 DOI: 10.1007/bf00599562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gissinger F, Kedinger C, Chambon P. Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 10. General enzymatic properties of purified calf thymus RNA polymerases AI and B. Biochimie 1974; 56:319-33. [PMID: 4368415 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Flint SJ, De Pomerai DI, Chesterton CJ, Butterworth PH. Template specificity of eucaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Effect of DNA structure and integrity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 42:567-79. [PMID: 4364253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mandel JL, Chambon P. Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Studies on the reaction parameters of transcription in vitro of Simian virus 40 DNA by mammalian RNA polymerases AI and B. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 41:367-78. [PMID: 4361417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chambon P, Mandel JL, Gissinger F, Kedinger C, Gross-Bellard M, Hossenlopp P. Transcription of double-stranded viral and cellular DNAs by purified mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1974; 3:257-68. [PMID: 4362808 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4529-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Thyroxine-mediated Control of Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase Activity in Liver of Rana catesbeiana. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gross-Bellard M, Oudet P, Chambon P. Isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA from mammalian cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 36:32-8. [PMID: 4200179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1251] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dezélée S, Sentenac A. Role of DNA-RNA hybrids in eukaryotes. Purification and properties of yeast RNA polymerase B. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 34:41-52. [PMID: 4573680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chambon P, Meilhac M, Walter S, Kedinger C, Mandel JL, Gissinger F. Structural and functional studies on mammalian nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1973; 1:75-89. [PMID: 4589689 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0877-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Furth JJ, Pizer LI, Austin GE, Fujii K. Transcription of a bacteriophage DNA by mammalian RNA polymerase. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 2: BIOCHEMISTRY, GENERAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1972; 11:1001-10. [PMID: 4575475 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gissinger F, Chambon P. Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 2. Purification of calf-thymus AI enzyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 28:277-82. [PMID: 5069714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Dezelee S, Sentenac A, Fromageot P. Role of DNA-RNA hybrids in eukaryots 1. Purification of yeast RNA polymerase B. FEBS Lett 1972; 21:1-6. [PMID: 11946460 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Dezelee
- Service de Biochimie, Département de Biologie, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Saclay, 91-, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Affiliation(s)
- J L. Mandel
- Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS et Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, 67-, Strasbourg, France
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Bottomley W, Spencer D, Wheeler AM, Whitfeld PR. The effect of a range of RNA polymerase inhibitors on RNA synthesis in higher plant chloroplasts and nuclei. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 143:269-75. [PMID: 5561748 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sethi VS. Structure and function of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1971; 23:67-101. [PMID: 4400877 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(71)90017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Herzberg M, Winocour E. Simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid transcription in vitro: binding and transcription patterns with a mammalian ribonucleic acid polymerase. J Virol 1970; 6:667-76. [PMID: 4320700 PMCID: PMC376172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.6.5.667-676.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro transcription pattern of simian virus 40 (SV40) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by a mammalian ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase, was studied by electron microscopy and velocity sedimentation techniques. It was found that (i) the majority of supercoiled SV40 DNA molecules displayed a single binding site for the enzyme, (ii) the supercoiled structure of SV40 DNA was frequently retained during transcription, and (iii) the majority of RNA molecules synthesized from the supercoiled SV40 DNA template showed no self-complementarity and sedimented relatively homogeneously in the 15S to 16S region of a sucrose gradient (in contrast, the RNA product synthesized from the nicked-circular SV40 DNA template showed self-complementarity and sedimented heterogeneously). RNA polymerase preparations isolated from SV40-infected monkey cells were more active than those isolated from uninfected monkey cells.
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