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Reed CJ, Lam QN, Mirts EN, Lu Y. Molecular understanding of heteronuclear active sites in heme-copper oxidases, nitric oxide reductases, and sulfite reductases through biomimetic modelling. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2486-2539. [PMID: 33475096 PMCID: PMC7920998 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heme-copper oxidases (HCO), nitric oxide reductases (NOR), and sulfite reductases (SiR) catalyze the multi-electron and multi-proton reductions of O2, NO, and SO32-, respectively. Each of these reactions is important to drive cellular energy production through respiratory metabolism and HCO, NOR, and SiR evolved to contain heteronuclear active sites containing heme/copper, heme/nonheme iron, and heme-[4Fe-4S] centers, respectively. The complexity of the structures and reactions of these native enzymes, along with their large sizes and/or membrane associations, make it challenging to fully understand the crucial structural features responsible for the catalytic properties of these active sites. In this review, we summarize progress that has been made to better understand these heteronuclear metalloenzymes at the molecular level though study of the native enzymes along with insights gained from biomimetic models comprising either small molecules or proteins. Further understanding the reaction selectivity of these enzymes is discussed through comparisons of their similar heteronuclear active sites, and we offer outlook for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Quan N Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA
| | - Evan N Mirts
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA. and Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Schlegel HG. Production, modification, and consumption of atmospheric trace gases by microorganisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v26i1-2.9732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. G. Schlegel
- Institut fur Mikrobiologie der Gesellschajt für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung mbH, Munchen, in Gottingen, und Institut für Mikrobiologie der Universitiit Gottingen, 3400 Gottingen, Germany, Grisebachstr. 8
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A Post-Genomic View of the Ecophysiology, Catabolism and Biotechnological Relevance of Sulphate-Reducing Prokaryotes. Adv Microb Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26210106 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissimilatory sulphate reduction is the unifying and defining trait of sulphate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP). In their predominant habitats, sulphate-rich marine sediments, SRP have long been recognized to be major players in the carbon and sulphur cycles. Other, more recently appreciated, ecophysiological roles include activity in the deep biosphere, symbiotic relations, syntrophic associations, human microbiome/health and long-distance electron transfer. SRP include a high diversity of organisms, with large nutritional versatility and broad metabolic capacities, including anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons. Elucidation of novel catabolic capacities as well as progress in the understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks, energy metabolism, evolutionary processes and adaptation to changing environmental conditions has greatly benefited from genomics, functional OMICS approaches and advances in genetic accessibility and biochemical studies. Important biotechnological roles of SRP range from (i) wastewater and off gas treatment, (ii) bioremediation of metals and hydrocarbons and (iii) bioelectrochemistry, to undesired impacts such as (iv) souring in oil reservoirs and other environments, and (v) corrosion of iron and concrete. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of SRPs focusing mainly on works published after 2000. The wealth of publications in this period, covering many diverse areas, is a testimony to the large environmental, biogeochemical and technological relevance of these organisms and how much the field has progressed in these years, although many important questions and applications remain to be explored.
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Leavitt WD, Cummins R, Schmidt ML, Sim MS, Ono S, Bradley AS, Johnston DT. Multiple sulfur isotope signatures of sulfite and thiosulfate reduction by the model dissimilatory sulfate-reducer, Desulfovibrio alaskensis str. G20. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:591. [PMID: 25505449 PMCID: PMC4243691 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissimilatory sulfate reduction serves as a key metabolic carbon remineralization process in anoxic marine environments. Sulfate reducing microorganisms can impart a wide range in mass-dependent sulfur isotopic fractionation. As such, the presence and relative activity of these organisms is identifiable from geological materials. By extension, sulfur isotope records are used to infer the redox balance of marine sedimentary environments, and the oxidation state of Earth's oceans and atmosphere. However, recent work suggests that our understanding of microbial sulfate reduction (MSRs) may be missing complexity associated with the presence and role of key chemical intermediates in the reductive process. This study provides a test of proposed metabolic models of sulfate reduction by growing an axenic culture of the well-studied MSRs, Desulfovibrio alaskensis strain G20, under electron donor limited conditions on the terminal electron acceptors sulfate, sulfite or thiosulfate, and tracking the multiple S isotopic consequences of each condition set. The dissimilatory reduction of thiosulfate and sulfite produce unique minor isotope effects, as compared to the reduction of sulfate. Further, these experiments reveal a complex biochemistry associated with sulfite reduction. That is, under high sulfite concentrations, sulfur is shuttled to an intermediate pool of thiosulfate. Site-specific isotope fractionation (within thiosulfate) is very large ((34)ε ~ 30‰) while terminal product sulfide carries only a small fractionation from the initial sulfite ((34)ε < 10‰): a signature similar in magnitude to sulfate and thiosulfate reduction. Together these findings show that microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) is highly sensitive to the concentration of environmentally important sulfur-cycle intermediates (sulfite and thiosulfate), especially when thiosulfate and the large site-specific isotope effects are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Leavitt
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Renata Cummins
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marian L. Schmidt
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Min S. Sim
- Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Geological Sciences, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA, USA
| | - Shuhei Ono
- Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander S. Bradley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T. Johnston
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA
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Abstract
Despite its reactivity and hence toxicity to living cells, sulfite is readily converted by various microorganisms using distinct assimilatory and dissimilatory metabolic routes. In respiratory pathways, sulfite either serves as a primary electron donor or terminal electron acceptor (yielding sulfate or sulfide, respectively), and its conversion drives electron transport chains that are coupled to chemiosmotic ATP synthesis. Notably, such processes are also seen to play a general role in sulfite detoxification, which is assumed to have an evolutionary ancient origin. The diversity of sulfite conversion is reflected by the fact that the range of microbial sulfite-converting enzymes displays different cofactors such as siroheme, heme c, or molybdopterin. This chapter aims to summarize the current knowledge of microbial sulfite metabolism and focuses on sulfite catabolism. The structure and function of sulfite-converting enzymes and the emerging picture of the modular architecture of the corresponding respiratory/detoxifying electron transport chains is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Simon
- Department of Biology, Microbial Energy Conversion and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Parey K, Fritz G, Ermler U, Kroneck PMH. Conserving energy with sulfate around 100 °C – structure and mechanism of key metal enzymes in hyperthermophilic Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Metallomics 2013; 5:302-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20225e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Dissimilatory sulfate and sulfur reduction evolved billions of years ago and while the bacteria and archaea that use this unique metabolism employ a variety of electron donors, H(2) is most commonly used as the energy source. These prokaryotes use multiheme c-type proteins to shuttle electrons from electron donors, and electron transport complexes presumed to contain b-type hemoproteins contribute to proton charging of the membrane. Numerous sulfate and sulfur reducers use an alternate pathway for heme synthesis and, frequently, uniquely specific axial ligands are used to secure c-type heme to the protein. This review presents some of the types and functional activities of hemoproteins involved in these two dissimilatory reduction pathways.
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Bradley AS, Leavitt WD, Johnston DT. Revisiting the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway. GEOBIOLOGY 2011; 9:446-457. [PMID: 21884365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur isotopes in the geological record integrate a combination of biological and diagenetic influences, but a key control on the ratio of sulfur isotopes in sedimentary materials is the magnitude of isotope fractionation imparted during dissimilatory sulfate reduction. This fractionation is controlled by the flux of sulfur through the network of chemical reactions involved in sulfate reduction and by the isotope effect associated with each of these chemical reactions. Despite its importance, the network of reactions constituting sulfate reduction is not fully understood, with two principle networks underpinning most isotope models. In this study, we build on biochemical data and recently solved crystal structures of enzymes to propose a revised network topology for the flow of sulfur through the sulfate reduction metabolism. This network is highly branched and under certain conditions produces results consistent with the observations that motivated previous sulfate reduction models. Our revised network suggests that there are two main paths to sulfide production: one that involves the production of thionate intermediates, and one that does not. We suggest that a key factor in determining sulfur isotope fractionation associated with sulfate reduction is the ratio of the rate at which electrons are supplied to subunits of Dsr vs. the rate of sulfite delivery to the active site of Dsr. This reaction network may help geochemists to better understand the relationship between the physiology of sulfate reduction and the isotopic record it produces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bradley
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Oliveira TF, Franklin E, Afonso JP, Khan AR, Oldham NJ, Pereira IAC, Archer M. Structural insights into dissimilatory sulfite reductases: structure of desulforubidin from desulfomicrobium norvegicum. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:71. [PMID: 21833321 PMCID: PMC3153041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissimilatory sulfite reductases (dSiRs) are crucial enzymes in bacterial sulfur-based energy metabolism, which are likely to have been present in some of the earliest life forms on Earth. Several classes of dSiRs have been proposed on the basis of different biochemical and spectroscopic properties, but it is not clear whether this corresponds to actual physiological or structural differences. Here, we describe the first structure of a dSiR from the desulforubidin class isolated from Desulfomicrobium norvegicum. The desulforubidin (Drub) structure is assembled as α2β2γ2, in which two DsrC proteins are bound to the core [DsrA]2[DsrB]2 unit, as reported for the desulfoviridin (Dvir) structure from Desulfovibrio vulgaris. Unlike Dvir, four sirohemes and eight [4Fe–4S] clusters are present in Drub. However, the structure indicates that only two of the Drub coupled siroheme-[4Fe–4S] cofactors are catalytically active. Mass spectrometry studies of purified Drub and Dvir show that both proteins present different oligomeric complex forms that bind two, one, or no DsrC proteins, providing an explanation for conflicting spectroscopic and biochemical results in the literature, and further indicating that DsrC is not a subunit of dSiR, but rather a protein with which it interacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia F Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras, Portugal
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11
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Ouattara AS, Jacq VA. Characterization of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from Senegal ricefields. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1992.tb01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Hsieh YC, Liu MY, Wang VCC, Chiang YL, Liu EH, Wu WG, Chan SI, Chen CJ. Structural insights into the enzyme catalysis from comparison of three forms of dissimilatory sulphite reductase from Desulfovibrio gigas. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:1101-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a dissimilatory DsrAB sulfite reductase in complex with DsrC. J Struct Biol 2008; 164:236-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Baumler DJ, Hung KF, Jeong KC, Kaspar CW. Production of methanethiol and volatile sulfur compounds by the archaeon "Ferroplasma acidarmanus". Extremophiles 2007; 11:841-51. [PMID: 17914603 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-007-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acidophiles are typically isolated from sulfate-rich ecological niches yet the role of sulfur metabolism in their growth and survival is poorly defined. Studies of heterotrophically grown "Ferroplasma acidarmanus" showed that its growth requires a minimum of 100 mM of a sulfate-containing salt. Headspace gas analyses by GC/MS determined that the volatile sulfur compound emitted by active "F. acidarmanus" cultures is methanethiol. In "F. acidarmanus" cultures grown either heterotrophically or chemolithotrophically, methanethiol was produced constitutively. Radiotracer studies with (35)S-labeled methionine, cysteine, and sulfate showed that all three were used in methanethiol production. Additionally, (3)H-labeled methionine was incorporated into methanethiol and was probably used as a methyl-group donor. Methanethiol production in whole cell lysates supplied with SO (3) (2-) indicated that NADPH-dependant sulfite reductase and methyltransferase activities were present. Cell lysates also contained enzymatic activity for methionine-gamma-lyase that cleaved the side chain of either methionine to form methanethiol or cysteine to produce H(2)S. Since methanethiol was detected from the degradation of cysteine, it is likely that sulfide was methylated by a thiol methyltransferase. Collectively, these data demonstrate that "F. acidarmanus" produces methanethiol through the metabolism of methionine, cysteine, or sulfate. This is the first report of a methanethiol-producing acidophile, thus identifying a new contributor to the global sulfur cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Baumler
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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16
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Carepo M, Baptista JF, Pamplona A, Fauque G, Moura JJG, Reis MAM. Hydrogen metabolism in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain New Jersey (NCIMB 8313)--comparative study with D. vulgaris and D. gigas species. Anaerobe 2007; 8:325-32. [PMID: 16887677 DOI: 10.1016/s1075-9964(03)00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Revised: 12/10/2002] [Accepted: 12/20/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to study hydrogen production/consumption in Desulfovibrio (D.) desulfuricans strain New Jersey, a sulfate reducer isolated from a medium undergoing active biocorrosion and to compare its hydrogen metabolism with two other Desulfovibrio species, D. gigas and D. vulgaris Hildenborough. Hydrogen production was followed during the growth of these three bacterial species under different growth conditions: no limitation of sulfate and lactate, sulfate limitation, lactate limitation, pyruvate/sulfate medium and in the presence of molybdate. Hydrogen production/consumption by D. desulfuricans shows a behavior similar to that of D. gigas but a different one from that of D. vulgaris, which produces higher quantities of hydrogen on lactate/sulfate medium. The three species are able to increase the hydrogen production when the sulfate became limiting. Moreover, in a pyruvate/sulfate medium hydrogen production was lower than on lactate/sulfate medium. Hydrogen production by D. desulfuricans in presence of molybdate is extremely high. Hydrogenases are key enzymes on production/consumption of hydrogen in sulfate reducing organisms. The specific activity, number and cellular localization of hydrogenases vary within the three Desulfovibrio species used in this work, which could explain the differences observed on hydrogen utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carepo
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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Mortenson LE, Seefeldt LC, Morgan TV, Bolin JT. The role of metal clusters and MgATP in nitrogenase catalysis. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 67:299-374. [PMID: 8322617 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123133.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L E Mortenson
- Center for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia, Athens
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Fritz G, Einsle O, Rudolf M, Schiffer A, Kroneck PMH. Key Bacterial Multi-Centered Metal Enzymes Involved in Nitrate and Sulfate Respiration. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 10:223-33. [PMID: 16645317 DOI: 10.1159/000091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many essential life processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, depend on transition metal ions and their ability to catalyze multi-electron redox and hydrolytic transformations. Here we review some recent structural studies on three multi-site metal enzymes involved in respiratory processes which represent important branches within the global cycles of nitrogen and sulfur: (i) the multi-heme enzyme cytochrome c nitrite reductase, (ii) the FAD, FeS-enzyme adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase, and (iii) the siroheme, FeS-enzyme sulfite reductase. Structural information comes from X-ray crystallography and spectroscopical techniques, in special cases catalytically competent intermediates could be trapped and characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fritz
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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20
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Broco M, Rousset M, Oliveira S, Rodrigues-Pousada C. Deletion of flavoredoxin gene inDesulfovibrio gigasreveals its participation in thiosulfate reduction. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4803-7. [PMID: 16099456 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding Desulfovibrio gigas flavoredoxin was deleted to elucidate its physiological role in the sulfate metabolism. Disruption of flr gene strongly inhibited the reduction of thiosulfate and exhibited a reduced growth in the presence of sulfite with lactate as electron donor. The growth with sulfate was not however affected by the lack of this protein. Additionally, flr mutant cells revealed a decrease of about 50% in the H2 consumption rate using thiosulfate as electron acceptor. Altogether, our results show in vivo that during sulfite respiration, trithionate and thiosulfate are produced and that flavoredoxin is specific for thiosulfate reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Broco
- Genomics and Stress Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
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Dahl C, Molitor M, Trüper HG. Siroheme-sulfite reductase-type protein from Pyrobaculum islandicum. Methods Enzymol 2001; 331:410-9. [PMID: 11265479 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)31072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn D-53115, Germany
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22
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Laue H, Friedrich M, Ruff J, Cook AM. Dissimilatory sulfite reductase (desulfoviridin) of the taurine-degrading, non-sulfate-reducing bacterium Bilophila wadsworthia RZATAU contains a fused DsrB-DsrD subunit. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1727-33. [PMID: 11160104 PMCID: PMC95058 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.5.1727-1733.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2000] [Accepted: 12/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DSR) was purified from the anaerobic, taurine-degrading bacterium Bilophila wadsworthia RZATAU to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme is involved in energy conservation by reducing sulfite, which is formed during the degradation of taurine as an electron acceptor, to sulfide. According to its UV-visible absorption spectrum with maxima at 392, 410, 583, and 630 nm, the enzyme belongs to the desulfoviridin type of DSRs. The sulfite reductase was isolated as an alpha2beta)gamma(n) (n > or = 2) multimer with a native size of 285 kDa as determined by gel filtration. We have sequenced the genes encoding the alpha and beta subunits (dsrA and dsrB, respectively), which probably constitute one operon. dsrA and dsrB encode polypeptides of 49 (alpha) and 54 kDa (beta) which show significant similarities to the homologous subunits of other DSRs. The dsrB gene product of B. wadsworthia is apparently a fusion protein of dsrB and dsrD. This indicates a possible functional role of DsrD in DSR function because of its presence as a fusion protein as an integral part of the DSR holoenzyme in B. wadsworthia. A phylogenetic analysis using the available Dsr sequences revealed that B. wadsworthia grouped with its closest 16S rDNA relative Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Essex 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Laue
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Simple and Complex Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Desulfoviridin, the dissimilatory sulfite reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Essex): new structural and functional aspects of the membranous enzyme. Inorganica Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(97)06143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wagner M, Roger AJ, Flax JL, Brusseau GA, Stahl DA. Phylogeny of dissimilatory sulfite reductases supports an early origin of sulfate respiration. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:2975-82. [PMID: 9603890 PMCID: PMC107267 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.11.2975-2982.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/1998] [Accepted: 03/24/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration play a central role in the global sulfur cycle. Here, we report the results of comparative sequence analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DSR) genes from closely and distantly related sulfate-reducing organisms to infer the evolutionary history of DSR. A 1.9-kb DNA region encoding most of the alpha and beta subunits of DSR could be recovered only from organisms capable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction with a PCR primer set targeting highly conserved regions in these genes. All DNA sequences obtained were highly similar to one another (49 to 89% identity), and their inferred evolutionary relationships were nearly identical to those inferred on the basis of 16S rRNA. We conclude that the high similarity of bacterial and archaeal DSRs reflects their common origin from a conserved DSR. This ancestral DSR was either present before the split between the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya or laterally transferred between Bacteria and Archaea soon after domain divergence. Thus, if the physiological role of the DSR was constant over time, then early ancestors of Bacteria and Archaea already possessed a key enzyme of sulfate and sulfite respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wagner
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technological Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, USA
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Molitor M, Dahl C, Molitor I, Schäfer U, Speich N, Huber R, Deutzmann R, Trüper HG. A dissimilatory sirohaem-sulfite-reductase-type protein from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum islandicum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 2):529-541. [PMID: 9493389 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-2-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A sulfite-reductase-type protein was purified from the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote Pyrobaculum islandicum grown chemoorganoheterotrophically with thiosulfate as terminal electron acceptor. In common with dissimilatory sulfite reductases the protein has an alpha 2 beta 2 structure and contains high-spin sirohaem, non-haem iron and acid-labile sulfide. The oxidized protein exhibits absorption maxima at 280, 392, 578 and 710 nm with shoulders at 430 and 610 nm. The isoelectric point of pH 8.4 sets the protein apart from all dissimilatory sulfite reductases characterized thus far. The genes for the alpha- and beta-subunits (dsrA and dsrB) are contiguous in the order dsrAdsrB and most probably comprise an operon with the directly following dsrG and dsrC genes. dsrG and dsrC encode products which are homologous to eukaryotic glutathione S-transferases and the proposed gamma-subunit of Desulfovibrio vulgaris sulfite reductase, respectively. dsrA and dsrB encode 44.2 kDa and 41.2 kDa peptides which show significant similarity to the two homologous subunits DsrA and DsrB of dissimilatory sulfite reductases. Phylogenetic analyses indicate a common protogenotic origin of the P. islandicum protein and the dissimilatory sulfite reductases from sulfate-reducing and sulfide-oxidizing prokaryotes. However, the protein from P. islandicum and the sulfite reductases from sulfate-reducers and from sulfur-oxidizers most probably evolved into three independent lineages prior to divergence of archaea and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Molitor
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ilka Molitor
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schäfer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Speich
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg and Institut für Biochemie
| | | | - Hans G Trüper
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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27
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Crane BR, Getzoff ED. The relationship between structure and function for the sulfite reductases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1996; 6:744-56. [PMID: 8994874 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(96)80003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The six-electron reductions of sulfite to sulfide and nitrite to ammonia, fundamental to early and contemporary life, are catalyzed by diverse sulfite and nitrite reductases that share an unusual prosthetic assembly in their active centers, namely siroheme covalently linked to an Fe4S4 cluster. The recently determined crystallographic structure of the sulfite reductase hemoprotein from Escherichia coli complements extensive biochemical and spectroscopic studies in revealing structural features that are key for the catalytic mechanisms and in suggesting a common symmetric structural unit for this diverse family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Crane
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Marritt SJ, Hagen WF. Dissimilatory sulfite reductase revisited. The desulfoviridin molecule does contain 20 iron ions, extensively demetallated sirohaem, and an S = 9/2 iron-sulfur cluster. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 238:724-7. [PMID: 8706673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0724w.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Assimilatory sulfite reductase contains a sirohaem that is very weakly coupled to a [4Fe-4S] cubane, i.e. five iron atoms in total. Dissimilatory sulfite reductase is a complex system with 20 Fe atoms/alpha 2 beta 2 gamma 2 hexamer. A recent revision of the purification procedure for the Desulfovibrio vulgaris dissimilatory enzyme has afforded a preparation of only 10 Fe atoms hexamer, this has led to the convulsion that the topology of prosthetic groups parallels that of the assimilatory system [Wolfe, B. M., Lui, S. M. & Cowan, J. A. (1994) Eur. J. Biochem. 223, 79-89]. The new purification procedure has been reproduced but the claimed molecular properties are not reproducible. The highly purified, active desulfoviridin contains 20, not 10, Fe atoms/molecule: the sirohaem is extensively dematallated, not metallated; and the S = 9/2 iron-sulfur cluster is present, not absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Marritt
- Department of Biochemistry, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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29
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Steuber J, Arendsen AF, Hagen WR, Kroneck PM. Molecular properties of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Essex) and comparison with the enzyme from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 233:873-9. [PMID: 8521853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.873_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dissimilatory sulfite reductase desulfoviridin was purified from the membrane (mSiR) and the soluble fraction (sSiR) of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Essex). Molecular and spectroscopic properties were determined and compared with the properties of the soluble desulfoviridin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough). The enzymes were isolated as alpha 2 beta 2 gamma n (n = 1-3) multimers with a relative molecular mass of 200 +/- 10 (gel filtration). Both mSiR and sSiR from D. desulfuricans contained 24 +/- 3 Fe and 18 +/- 3 labile sulfide/200 kDa, respectively, and showed identical EPR spectra. Quantification of the high-spin Fe(III) heme resonances at g of approximately 6 indicated that close to 80% of the siroheme moiety in the enzyme from D. desulfuricans was demetallated. D. desulfuricans sulfite reductase showed S = 9/2 EPR signals with the highest apparent g value at g = 17 as reported for SiR from D. vulgaris. Antibodies raised against the alpha, beta and gamma subunit of the D. vulgaris enzyme exhibited cross-reactivity with the subunits of mSiR and sSiR from D. desulfuricans. N-terminal sequences of alpha, beta and gamma subunits of both mSiR and sSiR from D. desulfuricans were identical and showed a high degree of similarity with the sequences of the corresponding subunits obtained from the D. vulgaris enzyme. During gel filtration of sSiR from D. desulfuricans, under non-denaturing conditions, a small protein (molecular mass approximately 11 kDa) was separated. This 11-kDa protein exhibited cross-reactivity with the antibody raised against the gamma subunit of D. vulgaris sulfite reductase. In the case of D. desulfuricans sulfite reductase, the 11-kDa gamma subunit seems not to be an integral part of the protein and can be obtained from the soluble fraction and during purification of the soluble enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steuber
- Universität Konstanz, Fakultät für Biologie, Konstanz, Germany
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30
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Lui SM, Soriano A, Cowan JA. Electronic properties of the dissimilatory sulphite reductase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough): comparative studies of optical spectra and relative reduction potentials for the [Fe4S4]-sirohaem prosthetic centres. Biochem J 1994; 304 ( Pt 2):441-7. [PMID: 7998978 PMCID: PMC1137512 DOI: 10.1042/bj3040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The dissimilatory sulphite reductase (desulfoviridin) from the sulphate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) displays distinct optical and redox characteristics relative to the haem subunit of Escherichia coli assimilatory sulphite reductase. For high-spin pentaco-ordinate desulfoviridin there is minimal change in the absorbance of the oxidized chromophores both after reduction or after addition of exogenous ligands. A ligand-metal charge-transfer band approximately 702 nm is observed in both the oxidized and one-electron-reduced enzyme. E.p.r. spectroscopy has been used to define the relative reduction potentials for sirohaem and [Fe4S4] centres (delta E0 = Es0-Ec0) as a function of sirohaem axial co-ordination. Typically delta E0 lies in a range from -10 to -50 mV. These results show a correlation with the sigma-donor or pi-acceptor properties of the ligand and stand in sharp contrast with estimates for the E. coli enzyme. The electronic properties of the coupled [Fe4S4]-sirohaem redox centre common to both nitrite- and sulphite-reducing enzymes are apparently strongly dependent on the environment generated by protein side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lui
- Evans Laboratory of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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31
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Mechanism of dissimilatory sulfite reduction by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: purification of a membrane-bound sulfite reductase and coupling iwth cytochrome c 3 and hydrogenase. Arch Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00301847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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33
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DerVartanian DV. Desulforubidin: dissimilatory, high-spin sulfite reductase of Desulfomicrobium species. Methods Enzymol 1994; 243:270-6. [PMID: 7830615 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)43020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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34
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Lampreia J, Pereira AS, Moura J. [16] Adenylylsulfate reductases from sulfate-reducing bacteria. Methods Enzymol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)43018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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36
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[38] Mössbauer spectroscopy in study of cytochrome cd1 from Thiobacillus denitrificans, desulfoviridin, and iron hydrogenase. Methods Enzymol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)43040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Ouattara AS, Jacq VA. Characterization of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from Senegal ricefields. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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38
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Chen L, Liu MY, Le Gall J. Calcium is required for the reduction of sulfite from hydrogen in a reconstituted electron transfer chain from the sulfate reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio gigas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 180:238-42. [PMID: 1930220 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is found a strong stimulator of sulfite reduction from hydrogen. A coupling protein of molecular weight 65,000 can be isolated from Desulfovibrio gigas. It functions in a reconstituted electron transfer chain between hydrogenase and sulfite reductase. Its N-terminal sequence shows high homologies with calcium or magnesium binding sites from other calcium-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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39
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Lai KK, Moura I, Liu MY, LeGall J, Yue KT. Direct evidence of the metal-free nature of sirohydrochlorin in desulfoviridin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1060:25-7. [PMID: 1911825 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have obtained direct evidence that the majority of the sirohydrochlorin chromophore in the dissimilatory sulfite reductase desulfoviridin from Desulfovibrio gigas, is not associated with any metal. The evidence comes from resonance Raman measurements of native and deuterated samples of desulfoviridin. The breathing mode v4 (or v4*) at 1336 cm-1 in the native enzyme is downshifted to 1326 cm-1 upon deuteration. This mode is not sensitive to deuteration if a metal is present at the center of the chromophore inside protein or in solution. The results also establish the existence of exchangeable core hydrogen(s) at the pyrrolic nitrogen(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Lai
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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40
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41
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Qatibi AI, Nivière V, Garcia JL. Desulfovibrio alcoholovorans sp. nov., a sulfate-reducing bacterium able to grow on glycerol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol. Arch Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Gibson GR. Physiology and ecology of the sulphate-reducing bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 69:769-97. [PMID: 2286579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G R Gibson
- Medical Research Council, Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Fitz RM, Cypionka H. Formation of thiosulfate and trithionate during sulfite reduction by washed cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00276538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Moodie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of St Andrews, UK
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45
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Tanaka K, Nakamoto M, Taru Y, Tanaka T. Redox Behaviors of Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with [Fe4X4(YC6H4-p-t-C4H9)4]2−(X, Y=S and Se) in Water. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.62.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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A study on electron transport-driven proton translocation in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Immunocytochemical localization of APS reductase and bisulfite reductase in three Desulfovibrio species. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Ollivier B, Cord-Ruwisch R, Hatchikian EC, Garcia JL. Characterization of Desulfovibrio fructosovorans sp. nov. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Moura I, Lino AR, Moura JJ, Xavier AV, Fauque G, Peck HD, LeGall J. Low-spin sulfite reductases: a new homologous group of non-heme iron-siroheme proteins in anaerobic bacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 141:1032-41. [PMID: 3028382 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two new low molecular weight proteins with sulfite reductase activity, isolated from Methanosarcina barkeri (DSM 800) and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans (strain 5071), were studied by EPR and optical spectroscopic techniques. Both proteins have visible spectra similar to that of the low-spin sulfite reductase of Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough and no band at 715 nm, characteristic of high-spin Fe3+ complexes in isobacteriochlorins is observed. EPR shows that as isolated the siroheme is in a low-spin ferric state (S = 1/2) with g-values at 2.40, 2.30 and 1.88 for the Methanosarcina barkeri enzyme and g-values at 2.44, 2.33 and 1.81 for the Desulfuromonas acetoxidans enzyme. Chemical analysis shows that both proteins contain one siroheme and one [Fe4S4] center per polypeptidic chain. These results suggest that the low molecular weight, low-spin non-heme iron siroheme proteins represent a new homologous class of sulfite reductases common to anaerobic microorganisms.
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50
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Czechowski M, Fauque G, Galliano N, Dimon B, Moura I, Moura JJG, Xavier AV, Barato BAS, Lino AR, LeGall J. Purification and characterization of three proteins from a halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium,Desulfovibrio salexigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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