1
|
Stenflo J. Vitamin K, prothrombin, and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:1-31. [PMID: 76430 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
2
|
Vidal-Cros A, Gaudry M, Marquet A. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. Mechanistic studies with 3-fluoroglutamate-containing substrates. Biochem J 1990; 266:749-55. [PMID: 2327963 PMCID: PMC1131203 DOI: 10.1042/bj2660749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptides t-butyloxycarbonyl-Xaa-Glu-[3H]Val, where Xaa is either (2R,3S)- or (2R,3R)-3-fluoroglutamate (respectively the erythro and the threo isomer), were synthesized and their behaviour during vitamin K-dependent carboxylation was studied. Neither peptide was carboxylated. The erythro compound gave rise to an HF-elimination product representing 1% of the starting material. This HF elimination did not occur during incubation of the threo compound. The formation of the dehydropeptide, probably by elimination of an F- anion from an intermediate carbanion, favours the ionic pathway for vitamin K-dependent carboxylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Cros
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biologique, C.N.R.S. U.A. 493, Université Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The vitamin K's are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinones. The vitamin is required for the post-translational gamma-carboxylation of glutamyl residues in precursor polypeptides. The vitamin K step in this carboxylation, however, requires not the quinone but the hydroquinone plus oxygen. Thus, the vitamin K-dependent step is a "mixed function" oxidation requiring a reducing compound plus molecular oxygen to provide a form of oxidant (e.g., a free radical, a hydroperoxide) capable of abstracting a particular, slightly labile hydrogen from a glutamyl residue, leaving this position free to accept a carbon dioxide molecule. This oxidation appears similar to that of other mixed function oxidants such as cytochrome P450 plus oxygen, ascorbic acid (with traces of ferrous iron) plus oxygen, ferrous iron plus oxygen, and a number of other systems which function in a wide variety of oxidation. Inhibition by spin-trapping agents suggests a free radical step in the vitamin K hydroquinone-dependent reaction, similar to other mixed function oxidations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Johnson
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Friedman PA, Przysiecki CT. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 19:1-7. [PMID: 3106112 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(87)90116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
6
|
Abstract
A study of the oxygen requirements of the rat liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and vitamin K 2,3-epoxidase indicated that both enzymes had a Km for O2 in the range 60-80 microM. This value was not influenced by vitamin concentration, alterations in carboxylase substrate, Mn2+, or dithiothreitol, and is consistent with the hypothesis that both activities are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
Collapse
|
7
|
Canfield LM. Oxygen requirements for vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and epoxide formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 869:112-4. [PMID: 3942748 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(86)90317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The requirement of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation for oxygen was determined. Carboxylation was not detected at oxygen concentrations less than 0.05 mM or in the absence of vitamin K epoxide formation. Epoxide formation was detectable at 0.05 mM and was maximal at 0.10 mM O2. Carboxylation increased with oxygen concentrations over the range of 0.10 to 0.25 mM. At oxygen concentrations at which epoxide formation was maximal, the ratio of epoxide formation to carboxylated product was approx. 3.5:1. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that an oxygenated vitamin K intermediate is required for carboxylation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hamilton SE, Ross IL, Zerner B. Phyllohydroquinone (Vitamin K1H2) and Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1): Purification and Spectral Analysis. ANAL LETT 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718608066250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
9
|
Robert D, Jorgetti V, Lacour B, Leclerq M, Cournot-Witmer G, Ulmann A, Drüeke T. Hypercalciuria during experimental vitamin K deficiency in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 1985; 37:143-7. [PMID: 3924370 DOI: 10.1007/bf02554833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K promotes the formation of gamma-carboxylated glutamate (GLA) in several protein species. GLA residues have a high affinity for the Ca ion. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that experimental vitamin K deficiency in rats could induce changes in Ca metabolism. Vitamin K depletion, which was associated with a reduction in urinary GLA excretion, induced within 7 days a significant increase in cumulative urinary Ca excretion that persisted throughout the 21 days of study. The hypercalciuria of vitamin K-deficient rats was corrected on vitamin K supplementation. No concomitant changes were observed in intestinal Ca absorption determined by a balance technic or of skeletal resorption and apposition rates determined by bone histomorphometry. Plasma Ca, but not total protein concentration, of vitamin k-depleted rats showed a transient decrease at day 15 that disappeared at day 21. plasma sodium, phosphate and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D concentration, and urinary phosphate, sodium, and creatinine excretion remained unchanged. In conclusion, vitamin k deficiency in the rat induced hypercalciuria that could be of renal origin. Its possible relationship to vitamin K-dependent renal GLA protein remains to be clarified.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Canfield LM, Ramelow U. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: evidence for a semiquinone radical intermediate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 230:389-99. [PMID: 6712248 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond laser flash photolysis has been used to produce and identify the vitamin K semiquinone (radical) from vitamin K dihydroquinone and to observe its formation and decay in the presence of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase (epoxidase). The activity of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is not decreased by exposure to the laser. Absorbance of the semiquinone is proportional to enzyme concentration and is stimulated by a synthetic substrate, Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Ile. Stabilization of the semiquinone is observed in the presence of the enzyme. The semiquinone is rapidly destroyed in the presence of inhibitors of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and vitamin K epoxidase.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kanabus-Kaminska JM, Girardot JM. Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase by metal ions and metal complexes: a reassessment. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 228:646-52. [PMID: 6696452 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin K-dependent enzymatic carboxylation of glutamyl residues in blood protein precursors and in synthetic peptides is inhibited in vitro by transition metal complexes. Some authors suggested it is a result of metal ions interaction with intermediary oxygenated species. Using an oxygraph we have observed increases in the rate of oxygen utilization in the carboxylating system containing reduced vitamin K after addition of some transition metal ions and complexes. Kinetic studies indicate that, although oxygen utilization is increased by the addition of Cu2+, Fe3+, and hematin, the initial rate of carboxylation is not affected. The rate of carboxylation rapidly decreases at oxygen concentrations below 50 microM and reaches zero when oxygen is depleted. UV spectroscopy revealed simultaneous acceleration of the conversion of vitamin K hydroquinone into the parent quinone. The magnitude of these effects, as well as carboxylation inhibition, depends on the oxidation potential of the complexed ion and its lipophilicity. Addition of stable Mn parallel ion, which has no inhibitory effect on carboxylation, does not increase the rate of oxygen utilization nor the hydroquinone oxidation. The results suggest that inhibition of carboxylation by transition metals is mainly due to depletion of the necessary components (oxygen, vitamin K hydroquinone) of the carboxylating system rather than quenching of activated, oxygen-containing intermediates.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rich DH, Kawai M, Goodman HL, Engelke J, Suttie JW. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: synthesis of an inhibitor of the glutamyl binding site. FEBS Lett 1983; 152:79-82. [PMID: 6840280 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Liver microsomes contain a vitamin K and O2-dependent carboxylase that converts peptide-bound glutamyl residues to gamma-carboxyglutamate residues. The peptide Boc-O-phospho-Ser-O-phospho-Ser-Leu-OMe has now been synthesized. This peptide inhibits the carboxylation of endogenous protein precursors by a detergent-solubilized preparation of the carboxylase and is an apparent competitive inhibitor of the carboxylation of Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu.
Collapse
|
14
|
Girardot JM. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Partial purification and properties of the enzyme-substrate complex. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
15
|
Girardot JM, Johnson BC. A new detergent for the solubilization of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system from liver microsomes: comparison with triton X-100. Anal Biochem 1982; 121:315-20. [PMID: 7103063 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
16
|
Vermeer C, Soute BA, De Metz M, Hemker HC. A comparison between vitamin K-dependent carboxylase from normal and warfarin-treated cows. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 714:361-5. [PMID: 6799008 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Detergent-solubilized microsomal preparations that catalyse the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in peptide and protein substrates, have been obtained from the livers of normal and warfarin-treated cows. The preparations from warfarin-treated animals contained more endogenous substrate than those from normal cows, but otherwise the two preparations were indistinguishable. The enzymes vitamin K reductase and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, may function independently of each other in this system. They are, nevertheless, intimately linked in some way, so that the reduced vitamin K that is produced by the former enzyme can be used immediately by the latter.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Gamma-carboxyglutamic acid is an amino acid with a dicarboxylic acid side chain. This amino acid, with unique metal binding properties, confers metal binding character to the proteins into which it is incorporated. This amino acid has been discovered in blood coagulation proteins (prothrombin, Factor X, Factor IX, and Factor VII), plasma proteins of unknown function (Protein C, Protein S, and Protein Z), and proteins from calcified tissue (osteocalcin and bone-Gla protein). It has also been observed in renal calculi, atherosclerotic plaque, and the egg chorioallantoic membrane, among other tissues. Gamma-carboxyglutamic acid is synthesized by the post-translational modification of glutamic acid residues. This reaction, catalyzed by a hepatic carboxylase, requires reduced vitamin K, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The function of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid is uncertain. In prothrombin gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues bound to metal ions participate as an intramolecular non-covalent bridge to maintain protein conformation. Additionally, these amino acids participate in the calcium-dependent molecular assembly of proteins on membrane surfaces through intermolecular bridges involving gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and metal ions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
In summary, in this review on the function of vitamin K in post-translational modification of precursor proteins by carboxylation of certain glutamyl residues, I have tried to cover in particular the recent work on the reaction, the enzymes involved and the mechanisms being considered. In doing this I have also considered vitamin K, its discovery, its functional form and the possible relation of its metabolism to the carboxylation reaction. Equally the various vitamin K-dependent gla-containing proteins currently known have been described. The carboxylation of synthetic small molecule exogenous substrates and the synthesis and metabolism of the products of carboxylation are of great help in studying the reaction. Structural specificity of vitamin K analogs in vivo and in vitro has been compared and the use of various antagonists in vivo and in vitro considered in attempts to gain an understanding of the overall reaction. The reactions subsequent to carboxylation, e.g., the activation of prothrombin to thrombin via serine proteases and the related activation of the other vitamin K-dependent proteins have not been considered in this review. The review has not covered prothrombin or other vitamin K-dependent protein isolation, nor the determination of these proteins. As the vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation story has developed over the past six years, a number of reviews have been written which help in keeping up with the various aspects of the field as it has expanded. These reviews refer to many of the papers I have had to eliminate due to space limitations. They are referenced as 469-489. The review is in no sense comprehensive and many papers have been missed or only mentioned. I have tried to concentrate on the more recent work and, thus, much of the very fine work of the 1940's on vitamin K chemistry is hardly mentioned. Some redundancy has been built into the organization of the review so that a reader can obtain a reasonable view of any one section without having to search the whole review for all possible relevant information on any particular part of the field.
Collapse
|
19
|
Almeda S, Bing DH, Laura R, Friedman PA. Photoaffinity inhibition of rat liver NAD(P)H dehydrogenase by 3-(alpha-acetonyl-p-azidobenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin. Biochemistry 1981; 20:3731-7. [PMID: 7272275 DOI: 10.1021/bi00516a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase was purified in four steps from a homogenate of rat liver. The final step was affinity chromatography on Sepharose coupled to 3,3'-(m-hydroxybenzylidene)bis(4-hydroxycoumarin). The purified enzyme was inhibited competitively with respect to NADH by 3-(alpha-acetonyl-p-nitrobenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin (acenocoumarin) (Ki = 1.7 microM). The acenocoumarin was converted into an azide which was used to photoaffinity inhibit the enzyme. Following photolysis in the presence of the azide, the enzyme was inactivated in proportion to the concentration of azide present during irradiation. A maximum of 35-40% inhibition could be achieved by a single irradiation at 254 nm for 1.5 min. This inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to NADH. The inactivation was shown to be specific as acenocoumarin afforded complete protection against inactivation, irradiation was required to achieve inactivation, and the enzyme was unaffected by irradiation alone.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bell RG. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamic acid residues to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in lung microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 203:58-64. [PMID: 7406513 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
21
|
Fractionation and reconstitution of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation activity in rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
22
|
[22] Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Methods Enzymol 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)67024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
23
|
Suttie JW. Mechanism of action of vitamin K: synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 8:191-223. [PMID: 6772376 DOI: 10.3109/10409238009105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is required for the synthesis of prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, and a number of newly discovered proteins. These plasma proteins participate in calcium-dependent phospholipid membrane interactions which are mediated through the presence of gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in their amino-terminal region. Vitamin K is required for the postribosomal conversion of glutamyl residues in liver precursors of these proteins to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in the completed plasma proteins. In the absence of vitamin K, or in the presence of vitamin K antagonists, animals produce plasma forms which lack the carboxylated residue. These proteins are nonfunctional because of their lack of phospholipid interaction. The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase which carries out this reaction has been studied in rat liver microsomal preparations where it will carboxylate the endogenous precursor proteins. Low-molecular-weight glutamyl-containing peptide substrates, such as Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, which are homologous to regions of the prothrombin precursor, will also serve as substrates for the detergent-solubilized enzyme. This enzyme has been shown to require the reduced form of the vitamin and O2 but no ATP or a biotin-containing protein for its activity. The same microsomal preparations will also convert vitamin K to its 2,3-epoxide, and it is possible that activity may be related to the role of the vitamin in driving the carboxylase reaction.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mack D, Wolfensberger M, Girardot J, Miller J, Johnson B. The carboxylation activity of vitamin K analogs with substitutions at position 2, 3, or 5. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
25
|
Suttie JW, Lehrman SR, Geweke LO, Hageman JM, Rich DH. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: requirements for carboxylation of soluble peptide and substrate specificity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 86:500-7. [PMID: 426799 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
26
|
Shah DV, Suttie JW. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: increased activity in a hypoprothrombinemia state. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:571-7. [PMID: 742892 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
27
|
Siegfried CM. Solubilization of vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K-dependent carboxylase from rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:1488-95. [PMID: 697877 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
28
|
Zwaal RF. Membrane and lipid involvement in blood coagulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 515:163-205. [PMID: 356885 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(78)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
29
|
Olson RE, Suttie JW. Vitamin K and gamma-carboxyglutamate biosynthesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1978; 35:59-108. [PMID: 343363 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
Wallin R, Gebhardt O, Prydz H. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase and its role in the vitamin K (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthaquinone)-dependent carboxylation reaction. Biochem J 1978; 169:95-101. [PMID: 629756 PMCID: PMC1184198 DOI: 10.1042/bj1690095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple three-step method was established for the purification of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) ('DT-diaphorase', EC 1.6.99.2) from rat liver by affinity chromatography with a recovery of above 50%. The final enzyme preparation was purified about 750-fold and was electrophoretically homogeneous. Gel filtration showed that the enzyme had a mol.wt. of about 55 000, and one molecule of FAD was found per 55 000 mol.wt. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis gave a mol.wt. of about 27 000. Two N-terminal amino acids, asparagine/aspartic acid and glutamine/glutamic acid, were found in about equal yield, suggesting the presence of two non-identical polypeptide chains in the enzyme. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase was selectively removed by this affinity-chromatographic method from a microsomal carboxylation system. The system, which was solubilized by detergent and is dependent on vitamin K (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthaquinone or analogues with other side chains), lost its activity on the removal of the enzyme. The activity can be completely restored to the system by adding purified cytoplasmic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase or by using the quinol form of vitamin K1 (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthaquinol).
Collapse
|
31
|
Vitamin K reduction precedes epoxidation and prothrombin synthesis. Nutr Rev 1978; 36:20-1. [PMID: 342997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1978.tb03676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
32
|
Helgeland L. The submicrosomal site for the conversion of prothrombin precursor to biologically active prothrombin in rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 499:181-93. [PMID: 907786 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
33
|
Jolly DW, Kadis BM, Nelson TE. Estrogen and prothrombin synthesis. The prothrombinogenic action of estrogen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 74:41-9. [PMID: 836287 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
34
|
Grant GA, Suttie JW. Rat liver prothrombin precursors: purification of a second, more basic form. Biochemistry 1976; 15:5387-93. [PMID: 999813 DOI: 10.1021/bi00669a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Jones JP, Fausto A, Houser RM, Gardner EJ, Olson RE. Effect of vitamin K homologues on the conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin in rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 72:589-97. [PMID: 985500 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|