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Galambos N, Vincent-Monegat C, Vallier A, Parisot N, Heddi A, Zaidman-Rémy A. Cereal weevils' antimicrobial peptides: at the crosstalk between development, endosymbiosis and immune response. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230062. [PMID: 38497254 PMCID: PMC10945404 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between animals and microbes are ubiquitous in nature and strongly impact animal physiology. These interactions are shaped by the host immune system, which responds to infections and contributes to tailor the associations with beneficial microorganisms. In many insects, beneficial symbiotic associations not only include gut commensals, but also intracellular bacteria, or endosymbionts. Endosymbionts are housed within specialized host cells, the bacteriocytes, and are transmitted vertically across host generations. Host-endosymbiont co-evolution shapes the endosymbiont genome and host immune system, which not only fights against microbial intruders, but also ensures the preservation of endosymbionts and the control of their load and location. The cereal weevil Sitophilus spp. is a remarkable model in which to study the evolutionary adaptation of the immune system to endosymbiosis owing to its binary association with a unique, relatively recently acquired nutritional endosymbiont, Sodalis pierantonius. This Gram-negative bacterium has not experienced the genome size shrinkage observed in long-term endosymbioses and has retained immunogenicity. We focus here on the sixteen antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) identified in the Sitophilus oryzae genome and their expression patterns in different tissues, along host development or upon immune challenges, to address their potential functions in the defensive response and endosymbiosis homeostasis along the insect life cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Galambos
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - A. Vallier
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - N. Parisot
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Heddi
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Zaidman-Rémy
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
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Yi HY, Chowdhury M, Huang YD, Yu XQ. Insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5807-22. [PMID: 24811407 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insects are one of the major sources of antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs). Since observation of antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of pupae from the giant silk moths Samia Cynthia and Hyalophora cecropia in 1974 and purification of first insect AMP (cecropin) from H. cecropia pupae in 1980, over 150 insect AMPs have been purified or identified. Most insect AMPs are small and cationic, and they show activities against bacteria and/or fungi, as well as some parasites and viruses. Insect AMPs can be classified into four families based on their structures or unique sequences: the α-helical peptides (cecropin and moricin), cysteine-rich peptides (insect defensin and drosomycin), proline-rich peptides (apidaecin, drosocin, and lebocin), and glycine-rich peptides/proteins (attacin and gloverin). Among insect AMPs, defensins, cecropins, proline-rich peptides, and attacins are common, while gloverins and moricins have been identified only in Lepidoptera. Most active AMPs are small peptides of 20-50 residues, which are generated from larger inactive precursor proteins or pro-proteins, but gloverins (~14 kDa) and attacins (~20 kDa) are large antimicrobial proteins. In this mini-review, we will discuss current knowledge and recent progress in several classes of insect AMPs, including insect defensins, cecropins, attacins, lebocins and other proline-rich peptides, gloverins, and moricins, with a focus on structural-functional relationships and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Mak P, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytryńska M. A different repertoire of Galleria mellonella antimicrobial peptides in larvae challenged with bacteria and fungi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1129-1136. [PMID: 20558200 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To date, functioning of insect humoral immune response is especially well described in Diptera. The mechanisms of pathogen recognition, activation of signaling pathways and regulation of antimicrobial defense peptide expression are relatively well known. The present paper demonstrates evidence that the immune system of the Lepidoptera moth, Galleria mellonella, is also able to distinguish between different classes of microorganisms and responds to the invading pathogen accordingly. G. mellonella larvae were challenged with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as with yeast and filamentous fungus cells. Subsequently, 24, 48 and 72 h after immunization, the concentrations of lysozyme and six defense peptides were determined in the hemolymph by the HPLC technique. The compounds studied demonstrated variability both in the kinetics of the increase as well as in the concentrations reached. The Gram-negative bacterium and filamentous fungus were particularly effective immunogens, especially affecting the levels of lysozyme, Galleria defensin, proline-rich peptide 2 and cecropin D-like peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Natori S. Molecules participating in insect immunity of Sarcophaga peregrina. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:927-38. [PMID: 21157125 PMCID: PMC3035055 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pricking the body wall of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) larvae with a needle activated the immune system of this insect and induced various immune molecules, including antibacterial proteins, in the hemolymph. In this review, I summarize and discuss the functions of these immune molecules, with particular emphasis on the dual roles of some of these molecules in defense and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Natori
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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Wen H, Lan X, Cheng T, He N, Shiomi K, Kajiura Z, Zhou Z, Xia Q, Xiang Z, Nakagaki M. Sequence structure and expression pattern of a novel anionic defensin-like gene from silkworm (Bombyx mori). Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:711-6. [PMID: 18360778 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A defensin-like gene, BmdefA, was rediscovered in the silkworm genome and expressed sequence tags databases. The open reading frame of BmdefA encodes a prepropeptide consisting of a 22-residue signal peptide, a 34-residue propeptide, and a 36-residue mature peptide with a molecular mass of 4.0 kDa. The mature peptide possesses the characteristic six-cysteine motif of insect defensins, and its predicted isoelectric point is 4.12, indicating it is a novel anionic defensin. An intron is present in BmdefA and several cis-regulatory elements are in the regulating region. It is transcribed constitutively at a high level in the hemocyte, silk gland, head, and ovary of the silkworm larvae, and in the fat body of early-stage pupae and moth. BmdefA is also strongly induced by immune challenge. These results suggest that BmdefA plays an important role in both immunity and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Wen
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Beetz S, Holthusen TK, Koolman J, Trenczek T. Correlation of hemocyte counts with different developmental parameters during the last larval instar of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 67:63-75. [PMID: 18076108 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We determined the changes in hemocyte titer and in the abundance of hemocyte types of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta during the fourth and fifth larval stadium and the beginning of the pupal stadium. As we analyzed the samples of individual insects at daily intervals, we were able to correlate phenotypical features, body weight, as well as total protein content and lysozyme activity in the hemolymph with the observations on hemocytes. In the course of the fifth larval stadium, the hemocyte titer decreased slightly and declined further after pupation. Using calculated values for total hemocyte numbers, females had about five times and males three times more hemocytes in the circulating population at the beginning of the wandering stage (in the middle of the fifth larval stadium) than immediately after the last larval--larval molt (from the fourth to the fifth larval stadium). This sexual difference was mainly due to an increase in the number of plasmatocytes, which was more prominent in females than in males. Granular cells were dominant in early fifth larval stadium while plasmatocytes were the most abundant cells in pupae. Oenocytoids and spherule cells disappeared during the wandering stage. Lysozyme activity in the hemolymph rose to a maximum during the wandering stage, with females having lysozyme values twice as high as those for males. These changes in lysozyme activity, however, did not correlate with the increase of total hemolymph protein titer which occurred already at the beginning of the wandering stage. We postulate that changes in hemocyte titers are under direct hormonal control, which has to be proven in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Beetz
- Insitute for General and Special Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Natori S. Function of antimicrobial proteins in insects. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 186:123-32; discussion 132-4. [PMID: 7768148 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514658.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized various antimicrobial proteins from the haemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) larvae. Of these the sarcotoxin I family is a group of proteins mainly active against Gram-negative bacteria whereas sapecin is active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. In addition to its function in defence, sapecin also plays a role in insect development. Recently, we identified a hendecapeptide of the sapecin homologue sapecin B that has the same antibacterial activity as the original sapecin B. Both sarcotoxin I and sapecin are inducible proteins synthesized de novo by the fat body and/or haemocytes and secreted into the haemolymph when the insect is in the acute phase response to bacterial infection. Antifungal protein (AFP) is constitutively present in the haemolymph and is active against certain fungi but not bacteria. These various antimicrobial proteins interact with microbial membranes. Sarcotoxin I interferes with membrane functions such as ATP synthesis and amino acid transport. The fungicidal activity of AFP is enhanced synergistically by sarcotoxin I, although sarcotoxin I alone has no appreciable antifungal activity. It is clear that the flesh fly has the ability to mount a potent defence response against microbial parasites by mobilizing several antimicrobial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Natori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Meylaers K, Freitak D, Schoofs L. Immunocompetence of Galleria mellonella: sex- and stage-specific differences and the physiological cost of mounting an immune response during metamorphosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:146-56. [PMID: 17198709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial immune response of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, was analysed by use of an inhibition zone plate assay. We demonstrated significant stage-specific differences as the immune response was most effective in the pupal, next the larval and then the adult stage. In addition, we demonstrated that an immune challenge at the onset of, or during metamorphosis does not increase nor decrease the strength of the antibacterial immune response in the subsequent developmental stage(s). These findings illustrate that induced immunity is not preserved during metamorphosis but also deny any cost to the immune system itself. However, an immune challenge does induce a significant shortening of the direct development time and affects the mass loss during metamorphosis in a sex-dependent manner: males emerged smaller whereas the mass of females was not significantly affected. These observations indicate that there are sex-specific costs to mounting an immune response during metamorphosis which affect physiological traits, implicating a trade-off between immunity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Meylaers
- Laboratory for Developmental Physiology, Genomics and Proteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Chung KT, Ourth DD. Larval and pupal induction and N-terminal amino acid sequence of lysozyme from Heliothis virescens. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 46:563-572. [PMID: 12770220 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fifth instar larvae and prepupae of Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) were injected with live Enterobacter cloacae and bled at different times after vaccination. Immune pupal hemolymph showed a 54 times increase in lysozyme activity when compared with normal larval hemolymph, and an 11 times increase of lysozyme activity when compared with immune larval hemolymph. Lysozyme activity of the normal pupal hemolymph increased as greatly as did lysozyme activity of the immune larval hemolymph after metamorphosis. The pupal immune response with regard to lysozyme was much greater than the larval immune response in H. virescens. Lysozyme was purified by heat treatment at 100 degrees C and a chromatography series that included reverse-phase HPLC. The molecular mass of H. virescens lysozyme was approximately 16 kDa by SDS-PAGE which is greater than other insect lysozymes and chicken lysozyme. Amino acid sequence of the N-terminus showed that H. virescens lysozyme is 82% homologous with lysozyme of Manduca sexta and Galleria mellonella. CNBr cleavage of H. virescens lysozyme produced 11 and 6 kDa peptide fragments indicating that one methionine was present, which was also supported by amino acid analysis. However, methionine was located at the carboxyl terminal side rather than the N-terminal side as judged by the N-terminal sequences of each peptide fragment. The residue 22 in most lepidopteran lysozymes is methionine, whereas H. virescens lysozyme had a leucine at residue 22. There was an amino acid deletion near the carboxyl terminal side of H. virescens lysozyme as also found in Trichoplusia ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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Chung KT, Ourth DD. Viresin. A novel antibacterial protein from immune hemolymph of Heliothis virescens pupae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:677-83. [PMID: 10651803 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune hemolymph was collected from fifth instar larvae and 1-day-old pupae of Heliothis virescens after injection of prepupae with live Enterobacter cloacae. Induction of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K12 D31 was 7.5 times greater in pupal than in larval immune hemolymph. Lysozyme activity of immune pupal hemolymph against Micrococcus lysodeikticus was 11 times greater when compared with lysozyme activity of immune larval hemolymph. Early pupal immune response with regard to antibacterial activity was much greater than larval immune response in H. virescens. Normal pupal hemolymph showed an increase in antibacterial activity and lysozyme that was induced during metamorphosis. Antibacterial protein was isolated together with lysozyme by gel filtration chromatography and then separated from lysozyme by sequential electrophoresis with a native acid gel and SDS gel. Molecular mass of antibacterial protein was estimated to be 12 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of 12-kDa protein was different from those of antibacterial molecules found in other insects and has not been identified before. A sample containing 12-kDa protein was negative for immunoblotting with anti-synthetic cecropin B antibody. We have named the novel 12-kDa antibacterial protein viresin. Viresin showed antibacterial activity against several Gram-negative bacteria including E. cloacae but not against Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Natori S, Shiraishi H, Hori S, Kobayashi A. The roles of Sarcophaga defense molecules in immunity and metamorphosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 23:317-328. [PMID: 10426425 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes recent progress (1996 1998) in our studies on self-defense molecules in Sarcophaga peregrina. A new antibacterial substance was purified and its unique structure and function revealed a novel aspect of the Sarcophaga defense system. We found a novel lectin and cysteine protease in hemocytes which will assist in the understanding of immune response of hemocytes. There have been two major advances in research on the regulation of defense gene induction: (i) cDNA cloning of a new transcriptional factor binding to the kappaB-like promoter sequence of the Sarcophaga lectin gene, (ii) methylation of cytosolic factors essential for induction of immune genes in the fatbody. Metamorphosis is an interesting event from an immunological point of view: (i) a novel protease with antibacterial activity was discovered from metamorphosing gut, and (ii) a pupal hemocyte-specific surface antigen was purified and characterized in terms of its structure and possible function for larval tissue recognition and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Natori
- The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Hirosawa, Saitama, Japan
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12
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Harshman LG, James AA. Differential gene expression in insects: transcriptional control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 1998; 43:671-700. [PMID: 9444758 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies on transcriptional control of gene expression play a pivotal role in many areas of biology. In non-Drosophilid insects, the cuticle, chorion, immune response, silk gland, storage proteins, and vitellogenin are foci for advances in basic research on promoter elements and transcription factors. Insects offer other advantages for gene regulation studies, including the availability of applied problems. In non-Drosophilid insects, the most serious problem for transcriptional control studies is the lack of homologous in vivo expression systems. Once this deficiency is addressed, the full impact of research on transcription control will be realized throughout the field of entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Harshman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588-0118, USA.
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13
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Nakajima Y, Tsuji Y, Homma KI, Natori S. A novel protease in the pupal yellow body of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly). Its purification and cDNA cloning. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:23805-10. [PMID: 9295327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.38.23805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We purified a novel serine protease with a molecular mass of 26 kDa from Sarcophaga pupae. This protease appeared almost exclusively in the yellow body, an organ that develops temporarily in the pupae of dipteran insects and expands to form the adult midgut by engulfing the larval midgut. cDNA analysis revealed that this protease consists of 239 amino acid residues and has significant structural similarity with bovine trypsin (about 40% sequence identity). The 26-kDa protease gene was transiently activated in 1-day-old pupae. The protease was found to cross-react immunologically with antibody against sarcotoxin IA, an antibacterial protein produced by this insect. It is suggested that this protease participates in the decomposition of the larval midgut in the yellow body during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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14
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Mulnix AB, Dunn PE. Structure and induction of a lysozyme gene from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 24:271-281. [PMID: 7517269 DOI: 10.1016/0965-1748(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is hypothesized to play a central role in initiating and maintaining the antibacterial defense response of Manduca sexta. We isolated a cDNA clone encoding a M. sexta lysozyme. Results of Northern blot analyses using this cDNA as a probe indicated that the abundance of lysozyme transcripts increased in seven tissues following treatment with peptidoglycan, with the highest level of accumulation occurring in the fat body. An analysis of the kinetics of accumulation of the transcripts in the fat body demonstrated low levels of transcripts in the naive larvae which increased rapidly after treatment and remained elevated over several days. A genomic fragment containing a lysozyme gene was also isolated and the nucleotide sequence and transcription start site of the gene was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Mulnix
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1158
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Purification and characterization of a 59-kilodalton protein that specifically binds to NF-kappa B-binding motifs of the defense protein genes of Sarcophaga peregrina (the flesh fly). Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 8321212 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) defense protein genes were shown to be activated when NIH-Sape-4 cells were cultured with bacterial lipopolysaccharides or beta-1,3-glucan. The 5' upstream regions of the defense protein genes were found to have common motifs showing similarity to the mammalian NF-kappa B-binding consensus sequence. A protein with affinity to the NF-kappa B-binding motif of the Sarcophaga lectin promoter was identified and purified to near homogeneity. This 59-kDa protein also bound to the NF-kappa B-binding motifs of other defense protein genes, e.g., sarcotoxin I and sarcotoxin II genes. This protein was found in both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear fractions of the cells, and it appeared to migrate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus on treatment of the cells with lipopolysaccharides. This 59-kDa protein is probably a transcriptional regulator of the genes for defense proteins of S. peregrina.
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Kobayashi A, Matsui M, Kubo T, Natori S. Purification and characterization of a 59-kilodalton protein that specifically binds to NF-kappa B-binding motifs of the defense protein genes of Sarcophaga peregrina (the flesh fly). Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:4049-56. [PMID: 8321212 PMCID: PMC359954 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.4049-4056.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Various Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) defense protein genes were shown to be activated when NIH-Sape-4 cells were cultured with bacterial lipopolysaccharides or beta-1,3-glucan. The 5' upstream regions of the defense protein genes were found to have common motifs showing similarity to the mammalian NF-kappa B-binding consensus sequence. A protein with affinity to the NF-kappa B-binding motif of the Sarcophaga lectin promoter was identified and purified to near homogeneity. This 59-kDa protein also bound to the NF-kappa B-binding motifs of other defense protein genes, e.g., sarcotoxin I and sarcotoxin II genes. This protein was found in both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear fractions of the cells, and it appeared to migrate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus on treatment of the cells with lipopolysaccharides. This 59-kDa protein is probably a transcriptional regulator of the genes for defense proteins of S. peregrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Ishikawa M, Kubo T, Natori S. Purification and characterization of a diptericin homologue from Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly). Biochem J 1992; 287 ( Pt 2):573-8. [PMID: 1445217 PMCID: PMC1133203 DOI: 10.1042/bj2870573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A protein with a molecular mass of 8 kDa was found to be synthesized specifically when the fat-body from injured Sarcophaga peregrina larvae was cultured in vitro. This protein was purified from the haemolymph of the injured larvae to near-homogeneity. Partial amino acid sequencing revealed that this protein is a diptericin homologue. It showed bactericidal activity on growing, but not resting Escherichia coli cells. E. coli cells become elongated on treatment with this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Komano H, Homma K, Natori S. Involvement of sapecin in embryonic cell proliferation of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly). FEBS Lett 1991; 289:167-70. [PMID: 1915844 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81061-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Addition of antibodies against sapecin to the culture medium of NIH-Sape-4 cells derived from a Sarcophaga embryo greatly inhibited cell proliferation, whereas addition of sapecin stimulated cell proliferation. These results suggest that sapecin is involved in the proliferation of embryonic cells of Sarcophaga. Sapecin is known to have potent antibacterial activity, so it seems to have two different biological functions: i.e. protection against bacterial infection and stimulation of embryonic cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Kawaguchi N, Komano H, Natori S. Involvement of Sarcophaga lectin in the development of imaginal discs of Sarcophaga peregrina in an autocrine manner. Dev Biol 1991; 144:86-93. [PMID: 1995404 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(91)90481-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The imaginal discs of Sarcophaga were found not to develop normally in the presence of galactose, a hapten sugar of Sarcophaga lectin, or anti-Sarcophaga lectin antibody. Wing and leg discs cultured with these substances became morphologically abnormal and no imaginal discs reached the stage of terminal differentiation, even in the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone. The development of the imaginal discs was shown to be autonomously regulated in an autocrine manner by Sarcophaga lectin; namely Sarcophaga lectin was secreted by the imaginal discs in the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone, and the stimulus of self-induced Sarcophaga lectin seemed to be indispensable for further development of the imaginal discs. Sarcophaga lectin was originally found as a defense protein, but these results show that it plays independent roles in both defense and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Townson H, Chaithong U. Mosquito host influences on development of filariae. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1991; 85:149-63. [PMID: 1888212 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1991.11812541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A brief review is presented of the literature relating to factors which limit the capacity of filariae to develop in mosquitoes, with particular emphasis on immune mechanisms. Most insects respond to bacterial infection by the production of potent antibacterial proteins, but little is known of this aspect of the immune response in mosquitoes or of the possible influence of immune proteins on the fate of filarial infections in mosquitoes. A summary account is given of recent experiments with the mosquito Aedes aegypti which involve passive transfer of immune haemolymph together with its in vitro assay and SDS-PAGE examination for induced proteins. These experiments demonstrate the production, in response to inoculation with Brugia pahangi, Escherichia coli, and various components of microbial cell walls, of haemolymph factors which are protective against filarial infection. It remains to be seen whether mosquitoes can produce a specific protective response to infection with eukaryotic organisms such as filaria that is distinctive from that mobilized against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Townson
- Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, U.K
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Nanbu R, Kubo T, Ueno K, Natori S. Preferential deadenylation of Sarcophaga lectin mRNA during its acute phase expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1088:71-6. [PMID: 1989696 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(91)90154-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sizes of mRNAs of various defense proteins of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) were shown to become progressively shorter. We studied the shortening of the Sarcophaga lectin mRNA, because this mRNA shows acute phase expression on injury of the larvae and programmed expression in the pupal stage. Results showed that this mRNA underwent deadenylation when expressed in response to body injury, but no appreciable change in size during programmed expression in the pupal stage. During acute phase expression, the size of the poly(A) tail of the Sarcophaga lectin mRNA decreased from 130 bases to about 30 bases in 6 h. The half-lives of the forms with different sizes of poly(A) tail were almost identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nanbu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Kanai A, Natori S. Cloning of gene cluster for sarcotoxin I, antibacterial proteins of Sarcophaga peregrina. FEBS Lett 1989; 258:199-202. [PMID: 2689214 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A genomic clone of sarcotoxin I was isolated. This clone contained four genes of structurally related proteins belonging to the sarcotoxin I family present in tandem array. One of these genes was sequenced and found to be the sarcotoxin IB gene. This gene contained a single intron of 95 bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Shiraishi A, Natori S. Humoral factor activating the Sarcophaga lectin gene in cultured fat body. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(89)90071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Matsuyama K, Natori S. Purification of three antibacterial proteins from the culture medium of NIH-Sape-4, an embryonic cell line of Sarcophaga peregrina. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Matsuyama K, Natori S. Molecular cloning of cDNA for sapecin and unique expression of the sapecin gene during the development of Sarcophaga peregrina. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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