1
|
Mazumder S, Bindu S, Debsharma S, Bandyopadhyay U. Induction of mitochondrial toxicity by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): The ultimate trade-off governing the therapeutic merits and demerits of these wonder drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116283. [PMID: 38750902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most extensively used over-the-counter FDA-approved analgesic medicines for treating inflammation, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, pyrexia and menstrual cramps. Moreover, aspirin is widely used against cardiovascular complications. Owing to their non-addictive nature, NSAIDs are also commissioned as safer opioid-sparing alternatives in acute trauma and post-surgical treatments. In fact, therapeutic spectrum of NSAIDs is expanding. These "wonder-drugs" are now repurposed against lung diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, fungal infections and most notably cancer, due to their efficacy against chemoresistance, radio-resistance and cancer stem cells. However, prolonged NSAID treatment accompany several adverse effects. Mechanistically, apart from cyclooxygenase inhibition, NSAIDs directly target mitochondria to induce cell death. Interestingly, there are also incidences of dose-dependent effects where NSAIDs are found to improve mitochondrial health thereby suggesting plausible mitohormesis. While mitochondria-targeted effects of NSAIDs are discretely studied, a comprehensive account emphasizing the multiple dimensions in which NSAIDs affect mitochondrial structure-function integrity, leading to cell death, is lacking. This review discusses the current understanding of NSAID-mitochondria interactions in the pathophysiological background. This is essential for assessing the risk-benefit trade-offs of NSAIDs for judiciously strategizing NSAID-based approaches to manage pain and inflammation as well as formulating effective anti-cancer strategies. We also discuss recent developments constituting selective mitochondria-targeted NSAIDs including theranostics, mitocans, chimeric small molecules, prodrugs and nanomedicines that rationally optimize safer application of NSAIDs. Thus, we present a comprehensive understanding of therapeutic merits and demerits of NSAIDs with mitochondria at its cross roads. This would help in NSAID-based disease management research and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mazumder
- Department of Zoology, Raja Peary Mohan College, 1 Acharya Dhruba Pal Road, Uttarpara, West Bengal 712258, India
| | - Samik Bindu
- Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal 736101, India
| | - Subhashis Debsharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Witonsky D, Bielski MC, Li J, Lawrence KM, Mendoza IN, Usman H, Kupfer SS. Genomic and epigenomic responses to aspirin in human colonic organoids. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:101-112. [PMID: 36645669 PMCID: PMC10069959 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00070.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin (ASA) is a proven chemoprotective agent for colorectal cancer, though mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. Human organoids are an ideal system to study genomic and epigenomic host-environment interactions. We use human colonic organoids to profile ASA responses on genome-wide gene expression and chromatin accessibility. Human colonic organoids from one individual were cultured and treated in triplicate with 3 mM ASA or vehicle control (DMSO) for 24 h. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility were measured using RNA- and ATAC-sequencing, respectively. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed using DESeq2. Top genes were validated by qPCR. Gene set enrichment was performed by SetRank. Differentially accessible peaks were analyzed using DiffBind and edgeR. Peak annotation and differential transcription factor motifs were determined by HOMER and diffTF. The results showed robust transcriptional responses to ASA with significant enrichment for fatty acid oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling that were validated in independent organoid lines. A large number of differentially accessible chromatin regions were found in response to ASA with significant enrichment for Fos, Jun, and Hnf transcription factor motifs. Integrated analysis of epigenomic and genomic treatment responses highlighted gene regions that could mediate ASA's specific effects in the colon including those involved in chemoprotection and/or toxicity. Assessment of chromatin accessibility and transcriptional responses to ASA yielded new observations about genome-wide effects in the colon facilitated by application of human colonic organoids. This framework can be applied to study colonic ASA responses between individuals and populations in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Witonsky
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Margaret C Bielski
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jinchao Li
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristi M Lawrence
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishmael N Mendoza
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hina Usman
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bjarnason I, Scarpignato C, Holmgren E, Olszewski M, Rainsford KD, Lanas A. Mechanisms of Damage to the Gastrointestinal Tract From Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:500-514. [PMID: 29221664 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can damage the gastrointestinal tract, causing widespread morbidity and mortality. Although mechanisms of damage involve the activities of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1 or cyclooxygenase [COX] 1) and PTGS1 (COX2), other factors are involved. We review the mechanisms of gastrointestinal damage induction by NSAIDs via COX-mediated and COX-independent processes. NSAIDs interact with phospholipids and uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which initiates biochemical changes that impair function of the gastrointestinal barrier. The resulting increase in intestinal permeability leads to low-grade inflammation. NSAID inhibition of COX enzymes, along with luminal aggressors, results in erosions and ulcers, with potential complications of bleeding, protein loss, stricture formation, and perforation. We propose a model for NSAID-induced damage to the gastrointestinal tract that includes these complex, interacting, and inter-dependent factors. This model highlights the obstacles for the development of safer NSAIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvar Bjarnason
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Carmelo Scarpignato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Erik Holmgren
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Olszewski
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kim D Rainsford
- Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Lanas
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Zaragoza School of Medicine, IIS Aragón, CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Redlak MJ, Power JJ, Miller TA. Role of mitochondria in aspirin-induced apoptosis in human gastric epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G731-8. [PMID: 15976387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00150.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether the Bcl-2 family proteins and Smac are regulators of aspirin-mediated apoptosis in a gastric mucosal cell line known as AGS cells. Cells were incubated with varying concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 2-40 mM), with or without preincubation of caspase inhibitors. Apoptosis was characterized by Hoechst staining and DNA-histone-associated complex formation. Antiapoptotic Bcl-2, proapoptotic Bax and Bid, Smac, and cytochrome-c oxidase (COX IV) were analyzed by Western blot analyses from cytosol and mitochondrial fractions. ASA downregulated Bcl-2 protein expression and induced Bax translocation into the mitochondria and cleavage of Bid. In contrast, expression of Smac was significantly decreased in mitochondrial fractions of ASA-treated cells. Bax and Bid involvement in apoptosis regulation was dependent on caspase activation, because caspase-8 inhibition suppressed Bax translocation and Bid processing. Caspase-9 inhibition prevented Smac release from mitochondria. Additionally, increased expression of the oxidative phosphorylation enzyme COX IV was observed in mitochondrial fractions exposed to ASA at concentrations >5 mM. Although caspase-8 inhibition had no effect on aspirin-induced apoptosis and DNA-histone complex formation, caspase-9 inhibition significantly decreased both of these events. We conclude that Bcl-2 protein family members and Smac regulate the apoptotic pathway in a caspase-dependent manner. Our results indicate also that mitochondrial integration and oxidative phosphorylation play a critical role in the pathogenesis of apoptosis in human gastric epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Redlak
- Dept. of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0568, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nulton-Persson AC, Szweda LI, Sadek HA. Inhibition of Cardiac Mitochondrial Respiration by Salicylic Acid and Acetylsalicylate. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 44:591-5. [PMID: 15505497 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200411000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylsalicylate, the active ingredient in aspirin, has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Because of the increasing frequency with which salicylates are used, it is important to more fully characterize extra- and intracellular processes that are altered by these compounds. Evidence is provided that treatment of isolated cardiac mitochondria with salicylic acid and to a lesser extent acetylsalicylate resulted in an increase in the rate of uncoupled respiration. In contrast, both compounds inhibited ADP-dependent NADH-linked (state 3) respiration to similar degrees. Under the conditions of our experiments, loss in state 3 respiration resulted from inhibition of the Krebs cycle enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH). Kinetic analysis indicates that salicylic acid acts as a competitive inhibitor at the alpha-ketoglutarate binding site. In contrast, acetylsalicylate inhibited the enzyme in a noncompetitive fashion consistent with interaction with the alpha-ketoglutarate binding site followed by enzyme-catalyzed acetylation. The effects of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylate on cardiac mitochondrial function may contribute to the known cardioprotective effects of therapeutic doses of aspirin, as well as to the toxicity associated with salicylate overdose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Nulton-Persson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
TOYOMIZU M, NAKAI Y, NAKATSU T, AKIBA Y. Inhibitory effect of dietary anacardic acid supplementation on cecal lesion formation following chicken coccidial infection. Anim Sci J 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1344-3941.2003.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Mahmud T, Rafi SS, Scott DL, Wrigglesworth JM, Bjarnason I. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:1998-2003. [PMID: 8961904 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780391208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of correlation between cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastrointestinal (GI) damage; it has been suggested that mucosal damage may be initiated by a "topical" action of NSAIDs involving mitochondrial injury. We evaluated the effect of a range of NSAIDs and related compounds on mitochondrial function and assessed the differences between them in relation to their physicochemical properties. METHODS Stimulation of respiration, as an indicator of mitochondrial uncoupling, was measured in isolated coupled rat liver mitochondrial preparations, using an oxygen electrode. RESULTS Conventional NSAIDs and acidic prodrugs all had stimulatory effects on mitochondrial respiration at micromolar concentrations (0.02-2.7 microM); higher concentrations were inhibitory. The uncoupling potency was inversely correlated with drug pKa (r = -0.87, P < 0.001; n = 12). Drugs known to have good GI tolerability, including modified flurbiprofen (dimero-flurbiprofen and nitrobutyl-flurbiprofen), nabumetone (a non-acidic prodrug), and non-acidic highly selective COX-2 inhibitors, did not cause uncoupling. CONCLUSION The ability to uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is a common characteristic of antiinflammatory agents with an ionizable group. Modification or absence of an ionizable moiety reduces the effect on mitochondria and could lead to improved NSAID GI safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mahmud
- King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mahmud T, Wrigglesworth JM, Scott DL, Bjarnason I. Mitochondrial function and modification of nsaid carboxyl moiety. Inflammopharmacology 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02735474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
10
|
McDougall P, Markham A, Cameron I, Sweetman AJ. Action of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, flufenamic acid, on calcium movements in isolated mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:1327-30. [PMID: 3355604 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory agent flufenamic acid was found to inhibit calcium uptake in isolated mitochondria at low concentrations (IC50 = 7.2 microM). Similar concentrations were required to promote the release of calcium from mitochondria preloaded with the cation (EC50 = 3.5 microM). Identical actions were found with diflunisal, mefenanamic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol. It was concluded that flufenamic acid was affecting calcium movements across the mitochondrial membrane by virtue of its ability to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P McDougall
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunderland Polytechnic, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Begum VH, Sadique J. Effect of Withania somnifera on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in carrageenin-induced air pouch granuloma. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE AND METABOLIC BIOLOGY 1987; 38:272-7. [PMID: 2963652 DOI: 10.1016/0885-4505(87)90091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of W. somnifera on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the granulation tissue of carrageenin-induced air pouch granuloma was studied. W. somnifera was shown to exert significant inhibitory effect on incorporation of 35S into the granulation tissue. The uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation (ADP/O ratio reduction) was also observed in the mitochondria of granulation tissue. Further, Mg2+ dependent ATPase activity was found to be influenced by W. somnifera. W. somnifera also reduced the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the mitochondria of granulation tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V H Begum
- Department of Siddha Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, Tamil University, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
McDougall P, Markham A, Cameron I, Sweetman AJ. The mechanism of inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent diflunisal. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:2595-8. [PMID: 6225435 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory agent diflunisal was found to induce a progressive loss of respiratory control in tightly coupled rat liver mitochondria, starting at low concentrations (3.3 microM). This loss of control was accompanied by a stimulation of state 4 respiration in the presence of either succinate or glutamate plus malate as the respiratory substrate. The inhibition of state 3 respiration by oligomycin was released by diflunisal. Mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis was stimulated by diflunisal over the same concentration range that affected state 4 respiration: the stimulation was inhibited by oligomycin. It was concluded that diflunisal was acting as an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. An identical action was found in mitochondria isolated from the livers of mice, rabbits and guinea-pigs. Potencies similar to diflunisal were found with flufenamic acid and mefenamic acid, but other anti-inflammatory agents were either less potent or inactive.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cook D, Tolman KG, Gray P. The influence of thyroid hormones and propylthioracil on salicylate hepatotoxicity in monolayer cell cultures. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:1451-3. [PMID: 6860366 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
14
|
Decloitre F, Benrekassa J. Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene metabolic activation in the livers of rats treated with acetylsalicylic acid. Chem Biol Interact 1980; 30:367-71. [PMID: 7379215 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(80)90059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
15
|
Tokumitsu Y, Lee S, Ui M. In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on oxidative phosphorylation in rats liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26:2101-6. [PMID: 145222 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Crowe CA, Calder IC, Madsen NP, Funder CC, Green CR, Ham KN, Tange JD. An experimental model of analgesic-induced renal damage--some effects of p-aminophenol on rat kidney mitochondria. Xenobiotica 1977; 7:345-56. [PMID: 147569 DOI: 10.3109/00498257709035793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. p-Aminophenol, a known nephrotoxin, has been studied as a model for phenacetin-induced renal damage. 2. Respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and ATPase activity were inhibited in mitochondria isolated from the kidneys of treated rats; this could not be reversed by the addition of exogenous loosely bound cofactors and bovine serum albumin to the assay medium. 3. After treatment the mitochondrial levels of sodium and calcium were increased, potassium decreased and magnesium unaltered. 4. Mitochondria isolated from treated rats showed ultrastructural damage. 5. The results are interpreted to indicate that renal tubular cell mitochondrial injury is important in triggering cortical analgesic renal damage.
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Galen FX, Truchot R, Michel R. [Influence of hydroxybenzoic acids and their iodized derivatives on the respiration of isolated mitochondria]. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:1367-77. [PMID: 4831345 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|