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Manna T, Maji S, Maity M, Debnath B, Panda S, Khan SA, Nath R, Akhtar MJ. Anticancer potential and structure activity studies of purine and pyrimidine derivatives: an updated review. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10870-4. [PMID: 38856835 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the world's leading cause of death impacting millions of lives globally. The increasing research over the past several decades has focused on the development of new anticancer drugs, but still cancer continues to be a global health challenge. Thus, several new alternative therapeutic strategies have been tried for the drug design and discovery. Purine and pyrimidine heterocyclic compounds have received attention recently due to their potential in targeting various cancers. It is evident from the recently published data over the last decade that incorporation of the purine and pyrimidine rings in the synthesized derivatives resulted in the development of potent anticancer molecules. This review presents synthetic strategies encompassing several examples of recently developed purine and pyrimidine-containing compounds as anticancer agents. In addition, their structure-activity relationships are represented in the schemes indicating the fragment or groups that are essential for the enhanced anticancer activities. Purine and pyrimidines combined with other heterocyclic compounds have resulted in many novel anticancer molecules that address the challenges of drug resistance. The purine and pyrimidine derivatives showed significantly enhanced anticancer activities against targeted receptor proteins with numerous compounds with an IC50 value in the nanomolar range. The review will support medicinal chemists and contribute in progression and development of synthesis of more potent chemotherapeutic drug candidates to mitigate the burden of this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Maji
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Maity
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Debnath
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Shambo Panda
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, PO 620, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rajarshi Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India.
- JIS University, Agarpara Campus, Kolkata-81, Nilgunj Road, Agarpara, Kolkata, 700109, India.
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, PO 620, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
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Chang C, Zhou G, Lee Luo C, Eleraky S, Moradi M, Gao Y. Sugar ring alignment and dynamics underline cytarabine and gemcitabine inhibition on Pol η catalyzed DNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107361. [PMID: 38735473 PMCID: PMC11176770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogue drugs are pervasively used as antiviral and chemotherapy agents. Cytarabine and gemcitabine are anti-cancer nucleoside analogue drugs that contain C2' modifications on the sugar ring. Despite carrying all the required functional groups for DNA synthesis, these two compounds inhibit DNA extension once incorporated into DNA. It remains unclear how the C2' modifications on cytarabine and gemcitabine affect the polymerase active site during substrate binding and DNA extension. Using steady-state kinetics, static and time-resolved X-ray crystallography with DNA polymerase η (Pol η) as a model system, we showed that the sugar ring C2' chemical groups on cytarabine and gemcitabine snugly fit within the Pol η active site without occluding the steric gate. During DNA extension, Pol η can extend past gemcitabine but with much lower efficiency past cytarabine. The Pol η crystal structures show that the -OH modification in the β direction on cytarabine locks the sugar ring in an unfavorable C2'-endo geometry for product formation. On the other hand, the addition of fluorine atoms on gemcitabine alters the proper conformational transition of the sugar ring for DNA synthesis. Our study illustrates mechanistic insights into chemotherapeutic drug inhibition and resistance and guides future optimization of nucleoside analogue drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Chang
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Grace Zhou
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sarah Eleraky
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Madeline Moradi
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Lopes-Rodrigues V, Boxy P, Sim E, Park DI, Habeck M, Carbonell J, Andersson A, Fernández-Suárez D, Nissen P, Nykjær A, Kisiswa L. AraC interacts with p75 NTR transmembrane domain to induce cell death of mature neurons. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:440. [PMID: 37460457 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine arabinoside (AraC) is one of the main therapeutic treatments for several types of cancer, including acute myeloid leukaemia. However, after a high-dose AraC chemotherapy regime, patients develop severe neurotoxicity and cell death in the central nervous system leading to cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, somnolence and drowsiness. AraC induces apoptosis in dividing cells. However, the mechanism by which it leads to neurite degeneration and cell death in mature neurons remains unclear. We hypothesise that the upregulation of the death receptor p75NTR is responsible for AraC-mediated neurodegeneration and cell death in leukaemia patients undergoing AraC treatment. To determine the role of AraC-p75NTR signalling in the cell death of mature neurons, we used mature cerebellar granule neurons' primary cultures from p75NTR knockout and p75NTRCys259 mice. Evaluation of neurite degeneration, cell death and p75NTR signalling was done by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. To assess the interaction between AraC and p75NTR, we performed cellular thermal shift and AraTM assays as well as Homo-FRET anisotropy imaging. We show that AraC induces neurite degeneration and programmed cell death of mature cerebellar granule neurons in a p75NTR-dependent manner. Mechanistically, Proline 252 and Cysteine 256 residues facilitate AraC interaction with the transmembrane domain of p75NTR resulting in uncoupling of p75NTR from the NFκB survival pathway. This, in turn, exacerbates the activation of the cell death/JNK pathway by recruitment of TRAF6 to p75NTR. Our findings identify p75NTR as a novel molecular target to develop treatments for counteract AraC-mediated cell death of mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lopes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Pia Boxy
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eunice Sim
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Dong Ik Park
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Habeck
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josep Carbonell
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, S-17177, Sweden
| | - Annika Andersson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, S-17177, Sweden
| | | | - Poul Nissen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Venetoclax in combination with nucleoside analogs in acute myelogenous leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 2022; 34:531-539. [PMID: 35855507 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Venetoclax in combination with nucleoside analogs such as hypomethylating agents (HMA) and low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) has led to unprecedented response and survival outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This has spurred the development of regimens combining venetoclax with other nucleoside analogs with distinct mechanisms of action. Here, we review older and newer nucleoside analogs, the rationale for their combination with venetoclax, and clinical evidence for the combination when available. RECENT FINDINGS Venetoclax with HMA prolonged survival in a phase 3 study. Additionally, biologic correlates of response and resistance to venetoclax with HMA have been identified. The addition of venetoclax to standard intensive regimens containing higher doses of cytarabine and purine nucleoside analogs are safe and induce very high rates of remission and measurable residual disease negativity (MRD) negativity in newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory AML. Investigational nucleoside analogs aim to improve upon the safety, bioavailability, or efficacy of approved venetoclax combinations and are currently being evaluated in clinical studies. SUMMARY The development of venetoclax with HMA has transformed care for elderly adults with AML and opened the door for novel combinations of venetoclax with other nucleoside analogs. Further clinical studies are needed to see if these novel combinations further improve outcomes in AML particularly for patients with high-risk disease.
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Culbreth M, Nyffeler J, Willis C, Harrill JA. Optimization of Human Neural Progenitor Cells for an Imaging-Based High-Throughput Phenotypic Profiling Assay for Developmental Neurotoxicity Screening. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:803987. [PMID: 35295155 PMCID: PMC8915842 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.803987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in in vivo rodent models have been the accepted approach by regulatory agencies to evaluate potential developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) of chemicals for decades. These studies, however, are inefficient and cannot meet the demand for the thousands of chemicals that need to be assessed for DNT hazard. As such, several in vitro new approach methods (NAMs) have been developed to circumvent limitations of these traditional studies. The DNT NAMs, some of which utilize human-derived cell models, are intended to be employed in a testing battery approach, each focused on a specific neurodevelopmental process. The need for multiple assays, however, to evaluate each process can prolong testing and prioritization of chemicals for more in depth assessments. Therefore, a multi-endpoint higher-throughput approach to assess DNT hazard potential would be of value. Accordingly, we have adapted a high-throughput phenotypic profiling (HTPP) approach for use with human-derived neural progenitor (hNP1) cells. HTPP is a fluorescence-based assay that quantitatively measures alterations in cellular morphology. This approach, however, required optimization of several laboratory procedures prior to chemical screening. First, we had to determine an appropriate cell plating density in 384-well plates. We then had to identify the minimum laminin concentration required for optimal cell growth and attachment. And finally, we had to evaluate whether addition of antibiotics to the culture medium would alter cellular morphology. We selected 6,000 cells/well as an appropriate plating density, 20 µg/ml laminin for optimal cell growth and attachment, and antibiotic addition in the culture medium. After optimizing hNP1 cell culture conditions for HTPP, it was then necessary to select appropriate in-plate assay controls from a reference chemical set. These reference chemicals were previously demonstrated to elicit unique phenotypic profiles in various other cell types. Aphidicolin, bafilomycin A1, berberine chloride, and cucurbitacin I induced robust phenotypic profiles as compared to dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle control in the hNP1 cells, and thus can be employed as in-plate assay controls for subsequent chemical screens. We have optimized HTPP for hNP1 cells, and consequently this approach can now be assessed as a potential NAM for DNT hazard evaluation and results compared to previously developed DNT assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Culbreth
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Johanna Nyffeler
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Clinton Willis
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joshua A. Harrill
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Joshua A. Harrill,
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Stockard B, Bhise N, Shin M, Guingab-Cagmat J, Garrett TJ, Pounds S, Lamba JK. Cellular Metabolomics Profiles Associated With Drug Chemosensitivity in AML. Front Oncol 2021; 11:678008. [PMID: 34178663 PMCID: PMC8222790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy with a dismal prognosis. For over four decades, AML has primarily been treated by cytarabine combined with an anthracycline. Although a significant proportion of patients achieve remission with this regimen, roughly 40% of children and 70% of adults relapse. Over 90% of patients with resistant or relapsed AML die within 3 years. Thus, relapsed and resistant disease following treatment with standard therapy are the most common clinical failures that occur in treating this disease. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between AML cell line global metabolomes and variation in chemosensitivity. Methods We performed global metabolomics on seven AML cell lines with varying chemosensitivity to cytarabine and the anthracycline doxorubicin (MV4.11, KG-1, HL-60, Kasumi-1, AML-193, ME1, THP-1) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the metabolite peak intensity values from UHPLC-MS using MetaboAnalyst to identify cellular metabolites associated with drug chemosensitivity. Results A total of 1,624 metabolic features were detected across the leukemic cell lines. Of these, 187 were annotated to known metabolites. With respect to doxorubicin, we observed significantly greater abundance of a carboxylic acid (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) and several amino acids in resistant cell lines. Pathway analysis found enrichment of several amino acid biosynthesis and metabolic pathways. For cytarabine resistance, nine annotated metabolites were significantly different in resistance vs. sensitive cell lines, including D-raffinose, guanosine, inosine, guanine, aldopentose, two xenobiotics (allopurinol and 4-hydroxy-L-phenylglycine) and glucosamine/mannosamine. Pathway analysis associated these metabolites with the purine metabolic pathway. Conclusion Overall, our results demonstrate that metabolomics differences contribute toward drug resistance. In addition, it could potentially identify predictive biomarkers for chemosensitivity to various anti-leukemic drugs. Our results provide opportunity to further explore these metabolites in patient samples for association with clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Stockard
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Neha Bhise
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Miyoung Shin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jatinder K Lamba
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Ngo LP, Owiti NA, Swartz C, Winters J, Su Y, Ge J, Xiong A, Han J, Recio L, Samson LD, Engelward B. Sensitive CometChip assay for screening potentially carcinogenic DNA adducts by trapping DNA repair intermediates. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e13. [PMID: 31822921 PMCID: PMC7026589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing is critical for predicting adverse effects of pharmaceutical, industrial, and environmental chemicals. The alkaline comet assay is an established method for detecting DNA strand breaks, however, the assay does not detect potentially carcinogenic bulky adducts that can arise when metabolic enzymes convert pro-carcinogens into a highly DNA reactive products. To overcome this, we use DNA synthesis inhibitors (hydroxyurea and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl cytosine) to trap single strand breaks that are formed during nucleotide excision repair, which primarily removes bulky lesions. In this way, comet-undetectable bulky lesions are converted into comet-detectable single strand breaks. Moreover, we use HepaRG™ cells to recapitulate in vivo metabolic capacity, and leverage the CometChip platform (a higher throughput more sensitive comet assay) to create the 'HepaCometChip', enabling the detection of bulky genotoxic lesions that are missed by current genotoxicity screens. The HepaCometChip thus provides a broadly effective approach for detection of bulky DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le P Ngo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Norah A Owiti
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carol Swartz
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - John Winters
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aoli Xiong
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leslie Recio
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Structural insights into mutagenicity of anticancer nucleoside analog cytarabine during replication by DNA polymerase η. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16400. [PMID: 31704958 PMCID: PMC6841716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (AraC) is the mainstay chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas initial treatment with AraC is usually successful, most AML patients tend to relapse, and AraC treatment-induced mutagenesis may contribute to the development of chemo-resistant leukemic clones. We show here that whereas the high-fidelity replicative polymerase Polδ is blocked in the replication of AraC, the lower-fidelity translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerase Polη is proficient, inserting both correct and incorrect nucleotides opposite a template AraC base. Furthermore, we present high-resolution crystal structures of human Polη with a template AraC residue positioned opposite correct (G) and incorrect (A) incoming deoxynucleotides. We show that Polη can accommodate local perturbation caused by the AraC via specific hydrogen bonding and maintain a reaction-ready active site alignment for insertion of both correct and incorrect incoming nucleotides. Taken together, the structures provide a novel basis for the ability of Polη to promote AraC induced mutagenesis in relapsed AML patients.
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Rechkoblit O, Choudhury JR, Buku A, Prakash L, Prakash S, Aggarwal AK. Structural basis for polymerase η-promoted resistance to the anticancer nucleoside analog cytarabine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12702. [PMID: 30140014 PMCID: PMC6107656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (AraC) is an essential chemotherapeutic for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and resistance to this drug is a major cause of treatment failure. AraC is a nucleoside analog that differs from 2′-deoxycytidine only by the presence of an additional hydroxyl group at the C2′ position of the 2′-deoxyribose. The active form of the drug AraC 5′-triphosphate (AraCTP) is utilized by human replicative DNA polymerases to insert AraC at the 3′ terminus of a growing DNA chain. This impedes further primer extension and is a primary basis for the drug action. The Y-family translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase η (Polη) counteracts this barrier to DNA replication by efficient extension from AraC-terminated primers. Here, we provide high-resolution structures of human Polη with AraC incorporated at the 3′-primer terminus. We show that Polη can accommodate AraC at different stages of the catalytic cycle, and that it can manipulate the conformation of the AraC sugar via specific hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions. Taken together, the structures provide a basis for the ability of Polη to extend DNA synthesis from AraC terminated primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rechkoblit
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1677, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jayati Roy Choudhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77755-1061, USA
| | - Angeliki Buku
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1677, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Louise Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77755-1061, USA
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77755-1061, USA
| | - Aneel K Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1677, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Herold N, Rudd SG, Sanjiv K, Kutzner J, Bladh J, Paulin CBJ, Helleday T, Henter JI, Schaller T. SAMHD1 protects cancer cells from various nucleoside-based antimetabolites. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1029-1038. [PMID: 28436707 PMCID: PMC5499833 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1314407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that sterile α motif and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a major barrier in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells to the cytotoxicity of cytarabine (ara-C), the most important drug in AML treatment. Ara-C is intracellularly converted by the canonical dNTP synthesis pathway to ara-CTP, which serves as a substrate but not an allosteric activator of SAMHD1. Using an AML mouse model, we show here that wild type but not catalytically inactive SAMHD1 reduces ara-C treatment efficacy in vivo. Expanding the clinically relevant substrates of SAMHD1, we demonstrate that THP-1 CRISPR/Cas9 cells lacking a functional SAMHD1 gene showed increased sensitivity to the antimetabolites nelarabine, fludarabine, decitabine, vidarabine, clofarabine, and trifluridine. Within this Extra View, we discuss and build upon both these and our previously reported findings, and propose SAMHD1 is likely active against a variety of nucleoside analog antimetabolites present in anti-cancer chemotherapies. Thus, SAMHD1 may constitute a promising target to improve a wide range of therapies for both hematological and non-haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Herold
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Theme of Children's and Women's Health , Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sean G Rudd
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Julia Bladh
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Theme of Children's and Women's Health , Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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García-Cano J, Roche O, Cimas FJ, Pascual-Serra R, Ortega-Muelas M, Fernández-Aroca DM, Sánchez-Prieto R. p38MAPK and Chemotherapy: We Always Need to Hear Both Sides of the Story. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:69. [PMID: 27446920 PMCID: PMC4928511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38MAPK signaling pathway was initially described as a stress response mechanism. In fact, during previous decades, it was considered a pathway with little interest in oncology especially in comparison with other MAPKs such as ERK1/2, known to be target of oncogenes like Ras. However, its involvement in apoptotic cell death phenomena makes this signaling pathway more attractive for many cancer research laboratories. This apoptotic role allows to establish a link between p38MAPK and regular chemotherapeutic agents such as Cisplatin or base analogs (Cytarabine, Gemcitabine or 5-Fluorouracil) which are currently used in hospitals across the world. In fact, and more recently, p38MAPK has also been connected with targeted therapies like tyrosine kinase inhibitors (vg. Imatinib, Sorafenib) and, to a lesser extent, with monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the oncogenic or tumor suppressor potential of this signaling pathway has aroused the interest of the scientific community in evaluating p38MAPK as a novel target for cancer therapy. In this review, we will summarize the role of p38MAPK in chemotherapy as well as the potential that p38MAPK inhibition can bring to cancer therapy. All the evidences suggest that p38MAPK could be a double-edged sword and that the search for the most appropriate candidate patients, depending on their pathology and treatment, will lead to a more rational use of this new therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Cano
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Laboratorio de Oncología, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/PCTCLM Albacete, Spain
| | - Olga Roche
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Laboratorio de Oncología, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/PCTCLM Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cimas
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Laboratorio de Oncología, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/PCTCLM Albacete, Spain
| | - Raquel Pascual-Serra
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Laboratorio de Oncología, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/PCTCLM Albacete, Spain
| | - Marta Ortega-Muelas
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Laboratorio de Oncología, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/PCTCLM Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego M Fernández-Aroca
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Laboratorio de Oncología, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/PCTCLM Albacete, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Laboratorio de Oncología, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/PCTCLM Albacete, Spain
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12
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Mussai F, Egan S, Higginbotham-Jones J, Perry T, Beggs A, Odintsova E, Loke J, Pratt G, U KP, Lo A, Ng M, Kearns P, Cheng P, De Santo C. Arginine dependence of acute myeloid leukemia blast proliferation: a novel therapeutic target. Blood 2015; 125:2386-96. [PMID: 25710880 PMCID: PMC4416943 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-600643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common acute leukemias in adults and children, yet significant numbers of patients relapse and die of disease. In this study, we identify the dependence of AML blasts on arginine for proliferation. We show that AML blasts constitutively express the arginine transporters CAT-1 and CAT-2B, and that the majority of newly diagnosed patients' blasts have deficiencies in the arginine-recycling pathway enzymes argininosuccinate synthase and ornithine transcarbamylase, making them arginine auxotrophic. BCT-100, a pegylated human recombinant arginase, leads to a rapid depletion in extracellular and intracellular arginine concentrations, resulting in arrest of AML blast proliferation and a reduction in AML engraftment in vivo. BCT-100 as a single agent causes significant death of AML blasts from adults and children, and acts synergistically in combination with cytarabine. Using RNA sequencing, 20 further candidate genes which correlated with resistance have been identified. Thus, AML blasts are dependent on arginine for survival and proliferation, as well as depletion of arginine with BCT-100 of clinical value in the treatment of AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Aged
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Arginase/therapeutic use
- Arginine/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Enzyme Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Mussai
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Egan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tracey Perry
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Beggs
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Odintsova
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Loke
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Pratt
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kin Pong U
- Bio-cancer Treatment International Ltd, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; and
| | - Anthony Lo
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Margaret Ng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Pamela Kearns
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Cheng
- Bio-cancer Treatment International Ltd, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; and
| | - Carmela De Santo
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Funato T, Harigae H, Abe S, Sasaki T. Assessment of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 4:705-13. [PMID: 15347263 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.4.5.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A major problem in the treatment of leukemia is the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Assessing the drug resistance of leukemic cells is therefore an important aspect of treatment. One of the main mechanisms of resistance is rapid drug efflux mediated by various members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, such as multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1), which encodes P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 1 and lung resistance protein. To quantify the degree of acquisition of resistance, several techniques, including drug-sensitivity studies, flow cytometry assay and quantitative gene analysis, have been developed to detect MDR1 and MRP1 gene expression in leukemic cells. However, a significant number of patients may relapse in spite of low expression of MDR1 or MRP1, suggesting the involvement of other intracellular mechanisms, possibly related to cytarabine resistance. This review focuses on the methods aimed at the assessment of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytarabine/metabolism
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/genetics
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Funato
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryomachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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14
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Odajima C, Nakamura T, Nakamura M, Miura M, Yamasaki K, Honda G, Kikuchi Y, Yamamoto A, Sasaki YF. Role of Nucleotide Excision Repair or Base Excision Repair in Movement of Various n-Alkylated Bases, Investigated by the Comet Assay. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2013.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Odajima C, Nakamura T, Miura M, Yamazaki K, Honda G, Kikuchi Y, Yamamoto A, Sasaki YF. Can an Inhibitor of DNA Polymerase ^|^beta; Enhance the Formation of Comet Tail? Genes Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.35.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Crook KI, Early PJ, Messenger KM, Muñana KR, Gallagher R, Papich MG. The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in dogs when administered via subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusion routes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:408-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. I. Crook
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC USA
| | - P. J. Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC USA
| | - K. M. Messenger
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC USA
| | - K. R. Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC USA
| | - R. Gallagher
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC USA
| | - M. G. Papich
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC USA
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17
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Mehrotra S, Lynam D, Liu C, Shahriari D, Lee I, Tuszynski M, Sakamoto J, Chan C. Time controlled release of arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) from agarose hydrogels using layer-by-layer assembly: an in vitro study. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2011; 23:439-63. [PMID: 21294967 PMCID: PMC3873741 DOI: 10.1163/092050610x552221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally induced axonal regeneration is compromised by glial scar formation arising from leptomeningeal fibroblasts cells in and around the hydrogel scaffold implanted for nerve repair. Strategies are needed to prevent such fibroblastic reactive cell layer formation for enhanced axonal regeneration. Here, we implement the technique of layer-by-layer assembled degradable, hydrogen bonded multilayers on agarose hydrogels to incorporate an anti-mitotic drug (1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C)) within the agarose hydrogels. We show controlled release of Ara-C under physiological conditions over a period of days. The concentrations of Ara-C released from agarose at the different time points were sufficient to inhibit fibroblast growth in vitro, while not adversely affecting the viability of the neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mehrotra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel Lynam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dena Shahriari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ilsoon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mark Tuszynski
- Center for Neural Repair, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sakamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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18
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Wang Q, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Guo X, Fan Q, Zheng L, Yu X, Wang N, Pan Z, Song C, Qi W, Chang J. FNC, a novel nucleoside analogue inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth in a variety of human cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:848-55. [PMID: 21219886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis is a strategy to block cancer cell division. Nucleoside analogues can incorporate into DNA and terminate DNA strand elongation. So far, several nucleoside analogues have been successfully used as anticancer drugs. FNC, 2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine is a novel cytidine analogue which demonstrated potent activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). To investigate the therapeutic potential of FNC in human cancers we studied its activity in a number of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. FNC potently inhibited cell proliferation with an IC(50) of 0.95-4.55μM in a variety of aggressive human cancer cell lines including B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, lung adenocarcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Cells treated with FNC exhibited G1 and S cell cycle arrest at high and low dose, respectively, which confirms the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogues. Treatment of B-NHL cell lines with FNC induced apoptosis in a dose and time dependent manner. Finally, mouse xenograft models of hepatocarcinoma (H22), sarcoma (S180) and gastric carcinoma (SGC7901) demonstrated that FNC had significant tumor growth inhibition activity in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity. Together, our results suggest that FNC may be a valuable therapy in cancer patients and warrant early phase clinical trial evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
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19
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Mohr J, Jain B, Sutter A, Laak AT, Steger-Hartmann T, Heinrich N, Obermayer K. A Maximum Common Subgraph Kernel Method for Predicting the Chromosome Aberration Test. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1821-38. [DOI: 10.1021/ci900367j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Mohr
- School for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany, and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brijnesh Jain
- School for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany, and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Sutter
- School for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany, and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonius Ter Laak
- School for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany, and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Steger-Hartmann
- School for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany, and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Heinrich
- School for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany, and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- School for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany, and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Nakamura T, Yamamoto A, Honda G, Kawaguchi S, Yokohama N, Sasaki YF. Does p53 Status Affect the Sensitivity of the Comet Assay? Genes Environ 2010. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.32.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Hirata N, Fujisawa Y, Tanabe K, Harada H, Hiraoka M, Nishimoto SI. Radiolytic activation of a cytarabine prodrug possessing a 2-oxoalkyl group: one-electron reduction and cytotoxicity characteristics. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:651-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b816194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Detection of excision repaired DNA damage in the comet assay by using Ara-C and hydroxyurea in three different cell types. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 25:73-80. [PMID: 18027091 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Because of its characteristics, the comet assay has been used to evaluate the ability of virtually any type of eukaryotic cell to repair different kinds of DNA damage, including double and single strand breaks and base damage. The ability to detect excision repair sites using the alkaline version can be enhanced by the inclusion of repair inhibitors, DNA synthesis inhibitors, or chain terminators. In this sense, we evaluated the ability of hydroxyurea (HU) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), for detecting lesions produced by the alkylating agents ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in three different cell systems. Two hundred cells for experimental point were analyzed in the alkaline version of the comet assay, and the results are evidences of the utility of the assay to detect alkylation of bases in the cells lines MRC-5 and TK-6, as the treatment with HU +Ara-C significantly increases both the basal and induced frequency of DNA damage. The use of whole blood, although it detected the effects of MMS, with and without repair inhibitors, failed to detect the effect of the selected dose of EMS and does not permit detection increases in the background level.
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23
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Gray SH, Ainsworth CF, Bell CL, Danyluk SS, Maccoss M. Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleotidyl (3′-5′) Arabinonucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318308079409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Gray
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , 60680
| | - C. F. Ainsworth
- b Division of Biological and Medical Research , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois , 60439
| | - C. L. Bell
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , 60680
| | - S. S. Danyluk
- b Division of Biological and Medical Research , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois , 60439
| | - M. Maccoss
- b Division of Biological and Medical Research , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois , 60439
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24
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Bazzanini R, Gouy MH, Peyrottes S, Gosselin G, Périgaud C, Manfredini S. Synthetic approaches to a mononucleotide prodrug of cytarabine. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1635-49. [PMID: 16438040 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500267006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pathways to a mononucleotide prodrug of cytarabine (Ara-C) bearing S-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl (tBuSATE) groups, as biolabile phosphate protections, are reported. Using a common phosphoramidite approach, two different kinds of nucleoside protecting groups have been investigated. During this study, we observed an intermolecular migration of the Boc protecting group in the course of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether cleavage using tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bazzanini
- UMR 5625 CNRS-UM II, Université Montpellier II, France
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25
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Galmarini CM, Jordheim L, Dumontet C. Pyrimidine nucleoside analogs in cancer treatment. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2003; 3:717-28. [PMID: 14599094 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.3.5.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidine nucleoside analogs are essential components of hematological malignancy therapy and are also used in the treatment of solid tumors. These agents act as antimetabolites, compete with physiologic pyrimidine nucleosides and, consequently, interact with a large number of intracellular targets to induce cytotoxicity. Pyrimidine nucleoside analogs share some common characteristics, such as requiring both transport by specific membrane transporters and intracellular metabolism. However, these compounds differ in regards to their preferential interaction with certain targets, which may explain why some compounds are more effective against rapidly proliferating tumors and others against neoplasias with a more protracted evolution. Recent progress in the identification and characterization of nucleoside transporters and the enzymes of nucleoside metabolism, as well as an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anticancer nucleoside activity, provides opportunities for the development of new pyrimidine nucleoside analogs. Strategies to optimize intracellular analog accumulation and to enhance cancer cell selectivity are proving beneficial in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Galmarini
- Inserm 590-Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Lyon, France.
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26
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Galmarini CM, Thomas X, Calvo F, Rousselot P, El Jafaari A, Cros E, Dumontet C. Potential mechanisms of resistance to cytarabine in AML patients. Leuk Res 2002; 26:621-9. [PMID: 12008078 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1), deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase (5NT), cytidine deaminase (CDD), topoisomerase I (TOPO I) and topoisomerase II alpha (TOPO II) are involved in clinical resistance to cytarabine (ara-C), we analyzed the level of expression of these parameters by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), at diagnosis in the blast cells of 77 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients treated with ara-C, including 31 for whom samples were collected at first relapse. By univariate and/or multivariate analyses, patients with expression of 5NT or hENT1 deficiency at diagnosis had significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). These results suggest that expression of 5NT and reduced hENT1 in leukemic blasts at diagnosis are correlated with clinical outcome and may play a role in resistance mechanisms to ara-C in patients with AML.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics
- 5'-Nucleotidase/physiology
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Cytidine Deaminase/genetics
- Cytidine Deaminase/physiology
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/physiology
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/physiology
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/genetics
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/physiology
- Disease-Free Survival
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1
- Female
- France/epidemiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/mortality
- Life Tables
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins/physiology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Retrospective Studies
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Galmarini
- Unité INSERM 453, Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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27
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Abstract
The sequence dependency of the antitumor effect of etoposide and cytarabine (ara-C) was investigated against the L1210 ascites tumor in BDF1 mice. Etoposide (7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg) and ara-C (25 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally on days 1, 4, and 7 after inoculation of L1210 cells with or without a time interval of 3 or 6 h. Simultaneous administration of etoposide and ara-C produced a 70% cure rate. At every dosage examined, pretreatment with etoposide given 6 h before ara-C was the most effective antitumor schedule in L1210 leukemia. At 1 h after injection of ara-C, 3 h and 6 h pretreatment with etoposide 15 mg/kg increased ara-C incorporation to more than 200% as compared with that of ara-C given alone. Simultaneous administration of etoposide, however, decreased ara-C incorporation to 33% of that of ara-C alone. Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a rate-limiting enzyme for the activation of ara-C. We demonstrated that dCK activity was increased within 1 h after exposure to etoposide. Much more attention must be paid to the timing of the administration of etoposide in combination chemotherapy with etoposide and ara-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ooi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokkaichi Social Insurance Hospital, 10-8 Hazuyama-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0016, Japan.
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28
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Galmarini CM, Graham K, Thomas X, Calvo F, Rousselot P, El Jafaari A, Cros E, Mackey JR, Dumontet C. Expression of high Km 5'-nucleotidase in leukemic blasts is an independent prognostic factor in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2001; 98:1922-6. [PMID: 11535530 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.6.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (ara-C) requires activation into its triphosphorylated form, ara-CTP, to exert cytotoxic activity. Cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase (5NT) dephosphorylates ara-CMP, a key intermediate, preventing accumulation of ara-CTP and may reduce cellular sensitivity to the cytotoxic activity of ara-C. To determine whether the level of expression of 5NT is correlated with clinical outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with ara-C, this study analyzed the levels of messenger RNA expression of high Km 5NT by real-time polymerase chain reaction at diagnosis in blast cells of 108 patients with AML. High Km 5NT was expressed at diagnosis in the blast cells of 54% of patients. In univariate analysis, (1) patients whose blast cells contained high levels (values greater than the median value for total population) of high Km 5NT at diagnosis had significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) than patients with low levels of high Km 5NT (11 months versus 17.5 months, P =.02) and (2) high levels of high Km 5NT also predicted significantly shorter overall survival (15.7 months versus 39 months, P = .01) in young patients (< or = 57 years; median value for the entire population). In a multivariate analysis taking into account age, karyotype risk, and other factors found to have prognostic significance in univariate analysis, (1) high Km 5NT expression was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and (2) high levels of high Km 5NT also predicted significantly shorter overall survival in young patients. These results demonstrate that the expression of high levels of high Km 5NT in blast cells is correlated with outcome in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Galmarini
- Unité INSERM 453-Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Faculté de Médécine Rockefeller, Lyon, France.
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29
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Azuma A, Huang P, Matsuda A, Plunkett W. Cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the deoxycytidine analog 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosylcytosine (CNDAC). Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:1497-507. [PMID: 11377379 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel clinical candidate 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosylcytosine (CNDAC) were investigated in human lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cells and human myeloblastic leukemia ML-1 cells. Formation of CNDAC 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphate (CNDACTP) was concentration-dependent; nucleotide accumulation was greater in the lymphoid cells than in the myeloid cells. The nucleotides were eliminated with linear kinetics from both lines, but were retained more effectively by the ML-1 cells. DNA synthesis was selectively inhibited by a 4-hr treatment with CNDAC in CCRF-CEM and ML-1 cells; the IC(50) values were 1 and 0.8 microM, respectively. Evaluation of the polymerization reaction of a primer on an M13mp19(+) template by human DNA polymerase alpha indicated that CNDACTP was incorporated effectively (K(m) = 0.22 microM) opposite a complementary dGMP in the template strand. CNDACTP competed with the normal substrate, dCTP, for incorporation, and the two nucleotides showed similar substrate efficiencies (V(max)/K(m): dCTP = 0.91; CNDACTP = 0.77). Primer extension was potently inhibited by CNDAC triphosphate (K(i) = 23 nM); once the analog had been incorporated, further extension was not observed in vitro, suggesting that primers containing a 3'-terminal nucleotide analog were high K(m) substrates for polymerase alpha. Thus, the ability of human leukemia cells to effectively accumulate and retain CNDACTP, coupled with the favorable kinetics of competition for incorporation into DNA, and the relatively strong ability of the analog to terminate further extension, are likely to contribute to the cytotoxic action of CNDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azuma
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Box 71, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Galmarini CM, Mackey JR, Dumontet C. Nucleoside analogues: mechanisms of drug resistance and reversal strategies. Leukemia 2001; 15:875-90. [PMID: 11417472 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NA) are essential components of AML induction therapy (cytosine arabinoside), effective treatments of lymphoproliferative disorders (fludarabine, cladribine) and are also used in the treatment of some solid tumors (gemcitabine). These important compounds share some general common characteristics, namely in terms of requiring transport by specific membrane transporters, metabolism and interaction with intracellular targets. However, these compounds differ in regard to the types of transporters that most efficiently transport a given compound, and their preferential interaction with certain targets which may explain why some compounds are more effective against rapidly proliferating tumors and others on neoplasia with a more protracted evolution. In this review, we analyze the available data concerning mechanisms of action of and resistance to NA, with particular emphasis on recent advances in the characterization of nucleoside transporters and on the potential role of activating or inactivating enzymes in the induction of clinical resistance to these compounds. We performed an extensive search of published in vitro and clinical data in which the levels of expression of nucleoside-activating or inactivating enzymes have been correlated with tumor response or patient outcome. Strategies aiming to increase the intracellular concentrations of active compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Galmarini
- Unité INSERM 453, Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Faculté de Médécine Rockefeller, Lyon, France
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31
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Ito Y, Pandey P, Sathyanarayana P, Ling P, Rana A, Weichselbaum R, Tan TH, Kufe D, Kharbanda S. Interaction of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 and c-Abl tyrosine kinase in response to genotoxic stress. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18130-8. [PMID: 11278340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007294200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase is activated by certain DNA-damaging agents and regulates induction of the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK). The hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) has also been shown to act upstream to the SAPK/JNK signaling pathway. We report here that exposure of hematopoietic Jurkat T cells to genotoxic agents is associated with activation of HPK1. The results demonstrate that exposure of Jurkat cells to DNA-damaging agents is associated with translocation of active c-Abl from nuclei to cytoplasm and binding of c-Abl to HPK1. Our findings also demonstrate that c-Abl phosphorylates HPK1 in cytoplasm and stimulates HPK1 activity. The functional significance of the c-Abl-HPK1 interaction is supported by the demonstration that this complex regulates SAPK/JNK activation. Overexpression of c-Abl(K-R) inhibits HPK1-induced activation of SAPK/JNK. Conversely, the dominant negative mutant of HPK1 blocks c-Abl-mediated induction of SAPK/JNK. These findings indicate that activation of HPK1 and formation of HPK1/c-Abl complexes are functionally important in the stress response of hematopoietic cells to genotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32
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Azuma A, Huang P, Matsuda A, Plunkett W. 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosylcytosine: a novel anticancer nucleoside analog that causes both DNA strand breaks and G(2) arrest. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59:725-31. [PMID: 11259616 DOI: 10.1124/mol.59.4.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosylcytosine (CNDAC) action was investigated in human lymphoblastoid CEM cells and myeloblastic leukemia ML-1 cells. CNDAC was metabolized to its 5'-triphosphate and incorporated into DNA, which was associated with inhibition of DNA synthesis. After incubation of cells with [(3)H]CNDAC, metabolites were detected in 3'-->5' phosphodiester linkage and at the 3' terminus of cellular DNA. Specific enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA demonstrated that the parent nucleoside and its 2'-epimer 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-2-ribo-pentofuranosylcytosine accounted for approximately 65% of the total analogs incorporated into DNA and essentially all of the drug in the 3'-->5' phosphodiester linkage. In contrast, all detectable radioactivity at 3' termini was associated with 2'-C-cyano-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. This de facto DNA chain-terminating nucleotide arises from an electronic characteristic and cleavage of the 3'-phosphodiester bond subsequent to the addition of a nucleotide to the incorporated CNDAC moiety by beta-elimination, a process that generates a single strand break in DNA. Investigation of the biological consequences of these actions indicated that, after incubation with cytostatic concentrations of CNDAC, cell cycle progression was delayed during S phase, but that cells arrested predominantly in the G(2) phase. This differed from the S phase-arresting actions of ara-C and gemcitabine, other deoxycytidine analogs that inhibit DNA replication but do not cause strand breaks. Thus, once incorporated into DNA, the CNDAC molecule appears to act by a dual mechanism that 1) delays the progress of further DNA replication, but 2) upon addition of a deoxynucleotide results in the conversion of the incorporated analog to a de facto DNA chain terminator at the 3' terminus of a single strand break. It is likely that DNA strand breaks trigger cell cycle arrest in G(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azuma
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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33
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Allio T, Donner EM, Preston RJ. A comparison of the roles of p53 mutation and AraC inhibition in the enhancement of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations in mouse and human cells. Mutat Res 2000; 447:227-37. [PMID: 10751606 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that p53 is involved in the repair of bleomycin-induced DNA damage, and that the frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations is elevated in G(2)-treated p53 null transgenic mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) as compared to isogenic controls. To further characterize p53-mediated DNA repair, we studied the effect of p53 status on the ability of the DNA repair inhibitor 1-ss-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) to sensitize MEF to bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations. Both p53+/+ and p53-/- MEF were treated in G(2) with 0 to 7.5 microg/ml bleomycin in the presence or absence of AraC (5x10(-5) M). The frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations was significantly higher in p53-/- cells than wild-type cells in the absence of AraC. AraC treatment significantly increased the frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations in p53+/+ MEF to the levels in p53-/- (no AraC) but had no effect in p53-/- MEF. These results suggest that an AraC-sensitive DNA repair component is altered or absent in p53-/- cells. Similar results were observed in p53-mutant WTK1 and wild-type TK6 human lymphoblast cells exposed to 0 to 3 microg/ml bleomycin in G(2). However, AraC did cause a small increase in bleomycin sensitivity in WTK1 cells. This difference from the p53-/- MEF response may be due to differences in p53-mutant phenotype. To determine whether mutation of p53 alters DNA replication fidelity, p53+/+ and p53-/- MEF were exposed to 0 to 1 microg/ml mitomycin C (MMC). MMC did not induce chromosome aberrations in either cell line treated in G(2) but did with the same effectiveness in both cell lines treated in S-phase. Thus, p53 deficiency does not affect DNA replication fidelity or the repair of MMC-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Allio
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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34
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Cline SD, Osheroff N. Cytosine arabinoside lesions are position-specific topoisomerase II poisons and stimulate DNA cleavage mediated by the human type II enzymes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:29740-3. [PMID: 10514448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.42.29740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine arabinoside (araC) is an important drug used for the treatment of human leukemias. In order to exert its cytotoxic effects, araC must be incorporated into chromosomal DNA. Although specific DNA lesions that involve base loss or modification stimulate nucleic acid cleavage mediated by type II topoisomerases, the effects of deoxyribose sugar ring modification on enzyme activity have not been examined. Therefore, the effects of incorporated araC residues on the DNA cleavage/religation equilibrium of human topoisomerase IIalpha and beta were characterized. AraC lesions were position-specific topoisomerase II poisons and stimulated DNA scission mediated by both human type II enzymes. However, the positional specificity of araC residues differed from that previously reported for other cleavage-enhancing DNA lesions. Finally, additive or synergistic increases in DNA cleavage were observed in the presence of araC lesions and etoposide. These findings broaden the range of DNA lesions known to alter topoisomerase II function and raise the possibility that this enzyme may mediate some of the cellular effects of araC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Cline
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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35
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Perrino FW, Mazur DJ, Ward H, Harvey S. Exonucleases and the incorporation of aranucleotides into DNA. Cell Biochem Biophys 1999; 30:331-52. [PMID: 10403055 DOI: 10.1007/bf02738118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The polymerization of nucleotide analogs into DNA is a common strategy used to inhibit DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing tumor cells and viruses. The mammalian DNA polymerases catalyze the insertion of the arabinofuranosyl analogs of dNTPs (aranucleotides) into DNA efficiently, but elongate from the 3' aranucleotides poorly. Slow elongation provides an opportunity for exonucleases to remove aranucleotides. The exonuclease activity associated with DNA polymerase delta removes araCMP from 3' termini with the same efficiency that it removes a paired 3' deoxycytosine suggesting that the proofreading exonucleases associated with DNA polymerases might remove aranucleotides inefficiently. A separate 30 kDa exonuclease has been purified from mammalian cells that removes araCMP from 3' termini. The activity of this enzyme in the cell could remove aranucleotides from 3' termini of DNA and decrease the efficacy of the analogs. Inhibition analysis of the purified exonuclease shows that this enzyme is inhibited by thioinosine monophosphate (TIMP) with a Ki = 17 microM. When high TIMP levels are generated in HL-60 cells, incorporation of araC in DNA is increased about 16-fold relative to total DNA synthesis. This increased araC in DNA is likely a result of exonuclease inhibition in the cell. Thus, exonucleases in cells might play an important role in removing aranucleotides inserted by DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Perrino
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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36
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Funkhouser TA, Vik DP. Mechanism of regulation of complement receptor type 1 transcription by cytosine arabinoside in a pre-erythroid model. Scand J Immunol 1999; 49:29-37. [PMID: 10023854 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Binding to erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (CR1) clears immune complexes from blood and tissues, preventing complement-mediated pathological inflammation in disease. Previous work has demonstrated that Ara-C, a cytosine analogue, induces an 11-fold increase in CR1 mRNA expression in K-562 erythroleukaemia cells. In this work we therefore investigated whether the Ara-C/K-562 system could be used as a model for studying the pre-erythroid regulation of CR1. We demonstrated that increased CR1 expression could be induced independently of increased haemoglobin expression. Increases in CR1 mRNA levels produced by Ara-C treatment were not a function of increased stability of the message. However, Ara-C induced a protein synthesis-dependent increase in transcription initiation rate as early as 12h after treatment. Further data suggest that the effect of Ara-C on transcription is not a result of its direct DNA-damaging or DNA polymerase-inhibition activities. Induction of receptor transcription was inhibited by tyrosine kinase (TK) and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. These data suggest that TK, PKC and dCTP-adducted phospholipid signalling pathways may all play a role in the mechanism of Ara-C-induced CR1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Funkhouser
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, USA
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37
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Rubsam LZ, Shewach DS. Improved method to prepare RNA-free DNA from mammalian cells. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 702:61-8. [PMID: 9449556 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To isolate DNA for nucleoside analog incorporation studies, many investigators use RNase A to remove RNA from total cellular nucleic acid. We observed persistence of ribonucleotides from RNA in nucleic acid samples treated with RNase A alone. Although incubation of [5-3H]uridine-labeled nucleic acid with 50 microg/ml RNase A decreased tritium by 97%, HPLC analysis of the resulting DNA preparation digested to nucleosides revealed high levels of ribonucleosides. Increasing RNase A 10-fold (500 microg/ml) effected only a 1.7-fold reduction in ribonucleosides. Overall, the level of ribonucleosides was one-fourth that of the deoxynucleosides, primarily due to the high levels of guanosine. It was hypothesized that the ribonucleosides originated from guanosine-rich tracts of RNA since RNase A cuts preferentially 3' to pyrimidine monophosphates and to some extent after AMP. The addition of 0.05 microg/ml RNase T1, which preferentially cleaves RNA 3' to GMP, decreased total ribonucleosides by nearly 20-fold. In conclusion, we have developed a rapid method which removes greater then 99% of cellular RNA from nucleic acid extracts and a reversed-phase HPLC procedure that detects RNA contamination more sensitively than [5-3H]uridine labeling. These methods are useful for the determination of analog incorporation into DNA, especially for agents which incorporate into both DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Z Rubsam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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38
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Abstract
The antimetabolite cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) represents a prototype of the nucleoside analog class of antineoplastic agents and remains one of the most effective drugs used in the treatment of acute leukemia as well as other hematopoietic malignancies. The ability of ara-C to kill neoplastic cells is regulated at three distinct but interrelated levels. First, the activity of ara-C depends on conversion to its lethal triphosphate derivative, ara-CTP, a process that is influenced by multiple factors, including nucleoside transport, phosphorylation, deamination, and levels of competing metabolites, particularly dCTP. Second, the antiproliferative and lethal effects of ara-C are linked to the ability of ara-CTP to interfere with one or more DNA polymerases as well as the degree to which it is incorporated into elongating DNA strands, leading to DNA fragmentation and chain termination. Finally, the fate of the cell is ultimately determined by whether a threshold level of ara-C-mediated DNA damage is exceeded, thereby inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death. The latter process is influenced by components of various signal transduction pathways (e.g., PKC) and expression of oncogenes (e.g., bcl-2, c-Jun), perturbations in which may significantly alter ara-C sensitivity. A better understanding of these factors could eventually lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies capable of overcoming ara-C resistance and improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grant
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
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39
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Legault J, Tremblay A, Ramotar D, Mirault ME. Clusters of S1 nuclease-hypersensitive sites induced in vivo by DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:5437-52. [PMID: 9271420 PMCID: PMC232393 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.9.5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA end-labeling procedures were used to analyze both the frequency and distribution of DNA strand breaks in mammalian cells exposed or not to different types of DNA-damaging agents. The 3' ends were labeled by T4 DNA polymerase-catalyzed nucleotide exchange carried out in the absence or presence of Escherichia coli endonuclease IV to cleave abasic sites and remove 3' blocking groups. Using this sensitive assay, we show that DNA isolated from human cells or mouse tissues contains variable basal levels of DNA strand interruptions which are associated with normal bioprocesses, including DNA replication and repair. On the other hand, distinct dose-dependent patterns of DNA damage were assessed quantitatively in cultured human cells exposed briefly to menadione, methylmethane sulfonate, topoisomerase II inhibitors, or gamma rays. In vivo induction of single-strand breaks and abasic sites by methylmethane sulfonate was also measured in several mouse tissues. The genomic distribution of these lesions was investigated by DNA cleavage with the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease. Strikingly similar cleavage patterns were obtained with all DNA-damaging agents tested, indicating that the majority of S1-hypersensitive sites detected were not randomly distributed over the genome but apparently were clustered in damage-sensitive regions. The parallel disappearance of 3' ends and loss of S1-hypersensitive sites during post-gamma-irradiation repair periods indicates that these sites were rapidly repaired single-strand breaks or gaps (2- to 3-min half-life). Comparison of S1 cleavage patterns obtained with gamma-irradiated DNA and gamma-irradiated cells shows that chromatin structure was the primary determinant of the distribution of the DNA damage detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Legault
- Unité de Sante et Environnement, Pavillon CHUL, Centre de Recherche du CHUQ et Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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40
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Manome Y, Wen PY, Dong Y, Tanaka T, Mitchell BS, Kufe DW, Fine HA. Viral vector transduction of the human deoxycytidine kinase cDNA sensitizes glioma cells to the cytotoxic effects of cytosine arabinoside in vitro and in vivo. Nat Med 1996; 2:567-73. [PMID: 8616717 DOI: 10.1038/nm0596-567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is a cytidine analog that incorporates into replicating DNA and induces lethal DNA strand breaks. Although ara-C is a potent antitumor agent for hematologic malignancies, it has only minimal activity against most solid tumors. The rate-limiting step in intracellular ara-C activation is phosphorylation of the prodrug by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). The present results demonstrate that both retroviral and adenoviral vector-mediated transduction of the dCK cDNA results in marked sensitization of glioma cells lines to the cytotoxic effects of ara-C in vitro. We also demonstrate that ara-C treatment of established intradermal and intracerebral gliomas transduced with dCK results in significant antitumor effects in vivo. These data suggest that viral vector transduction of the dCK gene followed by treatment with ara-C represents a new chemosensitization strategy for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Manome
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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41
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Harrington C, Perrino FW. The effects of cytosine arabinoside on RNA-primed DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha-primase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:26664-9. [PMID: 7592892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.44.26664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides containing a specific initiation site for polymerase alpha-primase (pol alpha-primase) were used to measure the effects of cytosine arabinoside triphosphate and cytosine arabinoside monophosphate (araCMP) in DNA on RNA-primed DNA synthesis. Primase inserts araCMP at the 3' terminus of a full-length RNA primer with a 400-fold preference over CMP. The araCMP is elongated efficiently by pol alpha in the primase-coupled reaction. Extension from RNA 3'-araCMP is 50-fold less efficient than from CMP, and extension from DNA 3'-araCMP is 1600-fold less efficient than from dCMP. Using araCMP-containing templates, primer synthesis is reduced 2-3-fold, and RNA-primed DNA synthesis is reduced 2-8-fold. The efficiency of polymerization past a template araCMP by pol alpha is reduced 180-fold during insertion of dGMP opposite araCMP and 35-fold during extension from the araCMP:dGMP 3' terminus. These results show that the pol alpha-primase efficiently incorporates araCMP as the border nucleotide between RNA and DNA and suggest that the inhibitory effects of araC most likely result from slowed elongation of pol alpha and less so from inhibition of primer synthesis by primase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Harrington
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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42
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Thompson HC, Kuchta RD. Arabinofuranosyl nucleotides are not chain-terminators during initiation of new strands of DNA by DNA polymerase alpha-primase. Biochemistry 1995; 34:11198-203. [PMID: 7545435 DOI: 10.1021/bi00035a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization of NTPs and arabinofuranosyladenosine triphosphate (araATP) during DNA polymerase alpha catalyzed elongation of primase-synthesized primers was examined. After primase synthesizes a primer, pol alpha normally polymerizes multiple dNTPs onto this primer. In the absence of a required dNTP, however, primers were still elongated by up to 35 nucleotides via polymerization of the corresponding NTP in place of the missing dNTP. During the elongation of exogenously added primer/templates, however, NTPs were not readily polymerized. AraATP was readily incorporated into products during elongation of primase-synthesized primers. Importantly, polymerization of araATP did not result in chain termination; rather, the next correct nucleotide was added such that araATP was simply an alternate substrate. In contrast, polymerization of araATP during elongation of exogenously added primer/templates resulted in strong chain termination. Thus, elongation of primase-synthesized primers by pol alpha-primase is fundamentally different than elongation of exogenously added primer/templates with respect to interactions with dNTP analogs. Furthermore, these data provide a rationale for how araNMPs are efficiently incorporated into internucleotide linkages of DNA in whole cells and suggest that the initiation of new strands of DNA by pol alpha-primase may be a unique target for inhibiting replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0215, USA
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43
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Schweitzer BI, Gardner KH, Tucker-Kellogg G. HeteroTOCSY-based experiments for measuring heteronuclear relaxation in nucleic acids and proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 1995; 6:180-188. [PMID: 8589607 DOI: 10.1007/bf00211782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
While both 31P and 113Cd are present at locations of interest in many different macromolecular systems, heteronuclear-detected relaxation measurements on these nuclei have been restrained by limitations in either resolution or signal-to-noise ratio. We have developed heteroTOCSY-based methods to overcome both of these problems. Two-dimensional versions of these experiments were utilized to measure 31P T1 and T2 values in DNA oligonucleotides; the additional resolution offered by a second dimension allowed determination of these values for most of the 31P resonances in a DNA dodecamer. The results from the experiments indicated that there was little significant variation in T1 values for the different phosphates in the DNA dodecamer; however, the T2 values showed a clear pattern, with lower values in the interior of the sequence than at the ends of the helix. Furthermore, a significant correlation between 31P chemical shifts and T2 values was observed. One-dimensional, frequency-selective versions of these experiments were also developed for use on systems containing a smaller number of heteronuclear spins. These methods were applied to investigate the heteronuclear relaxation properties of 113Cd in 113Cd2LAC9(61), a Cys6Zn2 DNA-binding domain. Data from the experiments confirm biochemical evidence that more significant differences occur in the metal-protein interactions between the two metal-binding sites than has been previously identified for proteins containing this motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Schweitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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44
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Takauji R, Yoshida A, Iwasaki H, Tohyama K, Ueda T, Nakamura T. Enhancement of Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity in L1210 cells during apoptosis induced by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine: possible involvement of activating factor(s). Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:677-84. [PMID: 7559086 PMCID: PMC5920892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb02452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and morphological changes in nuclei typical of apoptosis were observed in L1210 cells incubated with 1.0 micrograms/ml of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). To investigate the mechanisms involved, we examined the activities of endogenous endonucleases in nuclei and cytoplasm. Both fractions of control cells contained Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease which was capable of mediating internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The assay system using two kinds of target substrates, i.e., nuclear chromatin of CCRF-CEM cells and naked DNA purified from the same cells, revealed that the activity of Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease was enhanced in the crude nuclear extracts of cells treated with 1.0 microgram/ml of ara-C for 24 h or 48 h. The activity was extracted more easily from ara-C-treated cells than control cells without sonication of the nuclear fraction. On the other hand, in the cytoplasmic fraction of the cells, the activity towards naked DNA was unchanged, whereas that towards nuclear chromatin was clearly enhanced. These results suggest that internucleosomal DNA fragmentation induced by ara-C treatment is associated with enhancement and activation of constitutively expressed Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease in L1210 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Takauji
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Medical School
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45
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Stegmann AP, Honders MW, Hagemeijer A, Hoebee B, Willemze R, Landegent JE. In vitro-induced resistance to the deoxycytidine analogues cytarabine (AraC) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) in a rat model for acute myeloid leukemia is mediated by mutations in the deoxycytidine kinase (dck) gene. Ann Hematol 1995; 71:41-7. [PMID: 7543292 DOI: 10.1007/bf01696231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The deoxycytidine kinase (dck) gene encodes the enzyme responsible for the metabolic activation of the antileukemic drugs cytosine arabinoside (AraC) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, DAC). The dck locus was analyzed at the chromosomal and the molecular level in a model of rat leukemic cell lines, in which AraC and DAC resistance was induced, that was marked by dck deficiency. At the chromosomal level, karyotype analysis of metaphase spreads revealed the presence of an aberrant 2q + chromosome in the AraC-resistant cell line and a (Xq:11q) translocation in its subclone RA/7. The DAC-resistant lines were identical to the parental RCL/O. Fluorescence in situ hybridization on normal rat fibroblast metaphase spreads localized the rat dck gene to chromosome 14q21-q22, a region that was not involved in any of the observed karyotypic aberrations. Analysis at the molecular level revealed an identical rearrangement of the dck gene in the AraC-resistant cell line RCL/A and its subclone RA/7 that resulted in the absence of dck expression, as assessed by RT-PCR. No genomic rearrangements were observed in a DAC-resistant cell line RCL/D or in its subclone RD/1. However, detection of a single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) allowed the identification of a single C to G substitution (His to Gln) in the dck cDNA of the DAC-resistant RD/1 clone. The data demonstrate that exposure to AraC and DAC induces a resistant phenotype marked by functional dck deficiency that may be the consequence of mutations occurring in the dck gene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Decitabine
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/genetics
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Point Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Rats
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Stegmann
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pharmacology 27599, USA
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Williams MS, Mancini WR. Effect of 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxycytidine on DNA replicative intermediates. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:1285-94. [PMID: 8185637 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
3'-Amino-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (3'-NH2-ddCyd) is a 3'-modified deoxycytidine analog that specifically inhibits DNA synthesis. Inhibition of chain elongation at the replication fork was examined utilizing a batch hydroxylapatite chromatography method. Exponentially growing cells were exposed to 3'-NH2-ddCyd and the diterpene aphidicolin for 9.5 hr at concentrations that inhibited DNA synthesis by approximately 60 and 90%, as determined by precursor uptake. Both agents demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of pulse labeling of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) generated by a limited alkaline lysis procedure. Upon removal of drug, the rate of elongation of pulse-labeled DNA was similar to that of untreated cells at both concentrations of aphidicolin and at the low concentration of the amino analog. Under these conditions, no reduction in cell survival was observed using the clonogenic assay technique. However, at the high concentration of 3'-NH2-ddCyd, the rate of elongation following drug removal was one-third that of untreated cultures, and a 50% loss in cell viability was observed. Furthermore, upon incubation of purified dsDNA with the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I or purified ssDNA with calf thymus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, only DNA from cells treated with the high concentration of 3'-NH2-ddCyd served as a poor template for further synthesis. The results indicate that 3'-NH2-ddCyd, in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibits DNA synthesis by reducing the rate of chain elongation at the replication fork, which subsequently leads to a functional blocking of 3'-ends in DNA. The data suggest that there may be a relationship between loss of cell viability and reduction in the number of 3'-ends available for DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0626
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47
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Lacombe F. Assay of cell resistance to ara-C. Methods Cell Biol 1994; 42 Pt B:45-58. [PMID: 7533251 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Lacombe
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Haut-Lévèque, Pessac, France
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Kharbanda S, Huberman E, Kufe D. Activation of the jun-D gene during treatment of human myeloid leukemia cells with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:2055-61. [PMID: 8512587 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90016-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The jun-D gene is a member of the c-jun family of early response genes that code for DNA binding proteins. The present studies demonstrate that 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) increases jun-D expression in HL-525 myeloid leukemia cells. This induction by ara-C was maximal at 6 hr and transient. In contrast, ara-C had no detectable effect on the gene coding for the cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrated that ara-C treatment is associated with an increased rate of jun-D transcription. The results also show that jun-D transcripts are stabilized at a posttranscriptional level in ara-C-treated cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ara-C induces expression of the jun-D gene and that this effect is regulated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 2
- Base Sequence
- Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Genes, jun/drug effects
- Genes, jun/genetics
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Leucine Zippers/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Repressor Proteins
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kharbanda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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50
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Perrino F, Mekosh H. Incorporation of cytosine arabinoside monophosphate into DNA at internucleotide linkages by human DNA polymerase alpha. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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