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Jiang S, Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas C, Tong F, Brust CA, Keenan CM, Raghav JG, Hua T, Wu S, Ho JH, Wu Y, Grim TW, Zvonok N, Thakur GA, Liu ZJ, Sharkey KA, Bohn LM, Nikas SP, Makriyannis A. Novel Functionalized Cannabinoid Receptor Probes: Development of Exceptionally Potent Agonists. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3870-3884. [PMID: 33761251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of novel cannabinergic probes that can stabilize the cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) through tight binding interactions. Ligand design involves the introduction of select groups at a judiciously chosen position within the classical hexahydrocannabinol template (monofunctionalized probes). Such groups include the electrophilic isothiocyanato, the photoactivatable azido, and the polar cyano moieties. These groups can also be combined to produce bifunctionalized probes potentially capable of interacting at two distinct sites within the CBR-binding domains. These novel compounds display remarkably high binding affinities for CBRs and are exceptionally potent agonists. A key ligand (27a, AM11245) exhibits exceptionally high potency in both in vitro and in vivo assays and was designated as "megagonist," a property attributed to its tight binding profile. By acting both centrally and peripherally, 27a distinguishes itself from our previously reported "megagonist" AM841, whose functions are restricted to the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christina A Brust
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Catherine M Keenan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Tian Hua
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | - Jo-Hao Ho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Travis W Grim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | | | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Leyva E, Platz MS, Loredo-Carrillo SE, Aguilar J. Fluoro Aryl Azides: Synthesis, Reactions and Applications. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200608132505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The complex photochemistry of aryl azides has fascinated scientists
for several decades. Spectroscopists have investigated the intermediates formed by
different analytical techniques. Theoretical chemists have explained the intrinsic interplay of
intermediates under different experimental conditions.
Objective & Method:
A complete understanding of the photochemistry of a given fluoro
aryl azide is a basic requisite for its use in chemistry. In this review, we will discuss the
synthesis of several fluoro substituted aryl azides and the reactions and intermediates generated
upon photolysis and thermolysis of these azides and some examples of their applications
in photoaffinity labeling and organic synthesis.
Conclusion:
In spite of the extensive research on the photochemistry of fluoro aryl azides, there are some areas
that remain to be investigated. The application of this reaction in the synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds
has not been fully studied. Since fluorophenyl azides are known to undergo C-H and N-H insertion reactions,
they could be used to prepare new fluorinated molecules or in the biochemical process known as photoaffinity
labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Hilo, 200 West Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720, United States
| | - Silvia E. Loredo-Carrillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Johana Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
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3
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Cooper A, Singh S, Hook S, Tyndall JDA, Vernall AJ. Chemical Tools for Studying Lipid-Binding Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:316-353. [PMID: 28655732 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid, free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostanoid, leukotriene, bile acid, and platelet-activating factor receptor families are class A G protein-coupled receptors with endogenous lipid ligands. Pharmacological tools are crucial for studying these receptors and addressing the many unanswered questions surrounding expression of these receptors in normal and diseased tissues. An inherent challenge for developing tools for these lipid receptors is balancing the often lipophilic requirements of the receptor-binding pharmacophore with favorable physicochemical properties to optimize highly specific binding. In this study, we review the radioligands, fluorescent ligands, covalent ligands, and antibodies that have been used to study these lipid-binding receptors. For each tool type, the characteristics and design rationale along with in vitro and in vivo applications are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sameek Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4
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Ogawa G, Tius MA, Zhou H, Nikas SP, Halikhedkar A, Mallipeddi S, Makriyannis A. 3'-functionalized adamantyl cannabinoid receptor probes. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3104-16. [PMID: 25760146 DOI: 10.1021/jm501960u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aliphatic side chain plays a pivotal role in determining the cannabinergic potency of tricyclic classical cannabinoids, and we have previously shown that this chain could be substituted successfully by adamantyl or other polycyclic groups. In an effort to explore the pharmacophoric features of these conformationally fixed groups, we have synthesized a series of analogues in which the C3 position is substituted directly with an adamantyl group bearing functionality at one of the tertiary carbon atoms. These substituents included the electrophilic isothiocyanate and photoactivatable azido groups, both of which are capable of covalent attachment with the target protein. Our results show that substitution at the 3'-adamantyl position can lead to ligands with improved affinities and CB1/CB2 selectivities. Our work has also led to the development of two successful covalent probes with high affinities for both cannabinoid receptors, namely, the electrophilic isothiocyanate AM994 and the photoactivatable aliphatic azido AM993 analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Ogawa
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Marcus A Tius
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Han Zhou
- ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Spyros P Nikas
- ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aneetha Halikhedkar
- ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Srikrishnan Mallipeddi
- ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,§King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Saudi Arabia
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5
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6
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Pandurangi RS, Karra SR, Kuntz RR, Volkert WA. Recent Trends in the Evaluation of Photochemical Insertion Characteristics of Heterobifunctional Perfluoroaryl Azide Chelating Agents: Biochemical Implications in Nuclear Medicine. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Li C, Xu W, Vadivel SK, Fan P, Makriyannis A. High affinity electrophilic and photoactivatable covalent endocannabinoid probes for the CB1 receptor. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6423-9. [PMID: 16190768 DOI: 10.1021/jm050272i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized the first two high affinity covalent anandamide probes for the CB1 receptor by introducing either an electrophilic isothiocyanato or a photoactivatable azido group at the terminal carbon of the arachidonic acid moiety. The headgroup of these anandamide analogues was optimized by using a cyclopropylamide substituent to impart optimal CB1 affinity. Both 20-isothiocyanato-eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid cyclopropylamide (1, AM3677) and 20-azido-eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid cyclopropylamide (2, AM3661) exhibited high selectivities for the CB1 receptor with K(i) values of 1.3 and 0.9 nM, respectively. Using suitable experimental conditions, both ligands were shown to covalently label the CB1 receptor with high efficiency. These two covalent probes for the endocannabinoid CB1 binding site open the door for exploring the ligand binding motifs involved in the activation of the CB1 receptor by its endogenous ligand, anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 116 Mugar Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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9
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Picone RP, Fournier DJ, Makriyannis A. Ligand based structural studies of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2002; 60:348-56. [PMID: 12464113 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.21069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The structural characterization of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is quite important as these proteins represent a vast number of therapeutic targets involved in drug discovery. However, solving the three-dimensional structure of GPCR has been a significant obstacle in structural biology. A variety of reasons, including their large molecular weight, intricate interhelical packing, as well as their membrane-associated topology, has hindered efforts aimed at their purification. In the absence of pure protein, available in the native conformation, classical methods of structural analysis such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy cannot be utilized successfully. Alternative methods must therefore be explored to facilitate the structural features involved in drug-receptor interactions. The methods described herein detail the use of covalent probes, or affinity labels, capable of binding covalently to a target GPCR at its binding site(s). Our approach involves the incorporation of a number of reactive moieties in different regions of the ligand molecule each of which is expected to react with different amino acid residues. Information obtained from such work coupled with computer modeling and validated by the use of site-directed mutagenesis of GPCRs allows for three-dimensional mapping of the receptor binding site. It also sheds light on the different possible binding motifs for the various classes of agonists and antagonists and identifies amino acid residues involved with GPCR activation or inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Picone
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-2092, USA
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10
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Newell JG, Davies M, Bateson AN. The use of site-directed mutagenesis, transient transfection, and radioligand binding. A method for the characterization of receptor-ligand interactions. Mol Biotechnol 2000; 14:25-45. [PMID: 10911613 DOI: 10.1385/mb:14:1:25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-ligand interactions have traditionally been evaluated using a number of biochemical techniques including radioligand binding, photoaffinity labeling, crosslinking, and chemical modification. In modern biochemistry, these approaches have largely been superseded by site-directed mutagenesis in the study of protein function, owing in part to a better understanding of the chemical properties of oligonucleotides and to the ease with which mutant clones can now be generated. The Altered Sites II in vitro Mutagenesis System from the Promega Corporation employs oligonucleotides containing two mismatches to introduce specific nucleotide substitutions in the nucleic acid sequence of a target DNA. One of these mismatches will alter the primary sequence of a given protein, whereas the second will give rise to a silent restriction site that is used to screen for mutants. Transient transfection of tsA201 cells with mutant cDNA constructs using calcium phosphate as a carrier for plasmid DNA permits expression of recombinant receptors that can be characterized using radioligand binding assays. In this article, we focus on site-directed mutagenesis, heterologous expression in eukaryotic cells, and radioligand binding as a methodology to enable the characterization of receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Newell
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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11
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Safa AR. Photoaffinity analogs for multidrug resistance-related transporters and their use in identifying chemosensitizers. Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2:371-381. [PMID: 11498353 DOI: 10.1054/drup.1999.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle in cancer treatment is the development of resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents in tumor cells. The hallmark of this multidrug resistance (MDR) is overexpression of the MDR 1 P-glycoprotein or the multidrug resistance protein MRP1. It is well documented that these proteins confer MDR in cancer cells. Much evidence indicates that control of intracellular drug levels in MDR cells is determined by P-glycoprotein or MRP, and therefore these proteins are suitable targets for identifying MDR-reversing agents (MDR modulators). We originally explored the drug-binding ability of P-glycoprotein by synthesizing and using radioactive photoaffinity analogs of vinblastine. Since our initial discovery that P-glycoprotein binds to vinblastine photoaffinity analogs, many P-glycoprotein- and MRP-specific photoaffinity analogs have been developed. In this review, photoaffinity analogs which specifically bind to P-glycoprotein or MRP are discussed. Moreover, utilizing these photoprobes to identify, characterize and localize the drug binding sites of P-glycoprotein and MRP is described. Using P-glycoprotein-specific photoaffinity analogs in combination with site-directed antibodies to several domains of this protein has allowed the localization of the general binding domains of some of the cytotoxic agents an MDR modulators on P-glycoprotein. However, the molecular architecture of the drug binding sites, their exact location on the P-glycoprotein molecule, and the total number of the drug binding sites remain to be determined. This review discusses recent advances in delineating the structure of the drug-binding sites of P-glycoprotein. Moreover, novel MRP1 photoaffinity analogs are reviewed. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Safa
- Indiana University Cancer Research Institute, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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12
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Rafaeli A, Gileadi C. Synthesis and biological activity of a photoaffinity-biotinylated pheromone-biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) analog. Peptides 1999; 20:787-94. [PMID: 10477077 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(99)00063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To study the mode of action of pheromone-biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) at the receptor level and for receptor purification, we synthesized and tested the biologic properties of a photoaffinity biotinylated PBAN analog N-[N-(4-azido-tetrafluorobenzoyl)-biocytinyloxyl-succinimide (Atf-Bct-NHS-PBAN). The Atf-Bct-NHS-PBAN was separated from unreacted reagent and synthetic Hez-PBAN by high-performance liquid chromatography. Conjugated biotin was detected by using enzyme-linked assay as well as tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The biologic activity of purified Atf-Bct-NHS-PBAN was confirmed using both in vivo and in vitro pheromonotropic bioassays. These observations indicate that Atf-Bct-NHS-PBAN is a full agonist of PBAN action in pheromone glands and may be used to study PBAN receptors by employing avidin coupled to various reporter groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rafaeli
- Department of Stored Products, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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13
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Pandurangi RS, Lusiak P, Kuntz RR, Volkert WA, Rogowski J, Platz MS. Chemistry of Bifunctional Photoprobes.1 3. Correlation between the Efficiency of CH Insertion by Photolabile Chelating Agents and Lifetimes of Singlet Nitrenes by Flash Photolysis: First Example of Photochemical Attachment of 99mTc−Complex with Human Serum Albumin. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghoottama S. Pandurangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Przemyslaw Lusiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Robert R. Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Wynn A. Volkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jacek Rogowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Radiology and Research Service, H. S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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14
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Pandurangi RS, Karra SR, Katti KV, Kuntz RR, Volkert WA. Chemistry of Bifunctional Photoprobes. 1. Perfluoroaryl Azido Functionalized Phosphorus Hydrazides as Novel Photoreactive Heterobifunctional Chelating Agents: High Efficiency Nitrene Insertion on Model Solvents and Proteins. J Org Chem 1997; 62:2798-2807. [PMID: 11671642 DOI: 10.1021/jo961867b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and evaluation of a new class of photochemically activated heterobifunctional chelating agents for protein modification is described. Selective functionalization of perfluoroaryl azides by versatile phosphorus hydrazide ligating systems 2 and 3 for the complexation of transition metals and analogous radiometals form the basis for these new agents. The utility of the photogenerated precursors from these bifunctional agents to form covalent attachments is demonstrated through examination of C-H bond insertion on cyclohexane. Representative amide-coupled phosphorus hydrazides 5 and 6 provide >78% insertion of the probe into unactivated C-H bonds of cyclohexane with short photolysis times. Photoconjugation of the photoactivable heterobifunctional chelating agent 6 and its Pd metalated analog 7 with HSA is also evaluated. The uncomplexed chelate appears to add to HSA with high efficiency, consistent with the observed 82% bond insertion into model solvents. Covalent attachment of 7, evaluated through the use of (109)Pd, was estimated to be between 49% and 74% with the uncertainty arising because of prephotolysis association of the (109)Pd complex with HSA. The application of in situ (19)F NMR to distinguish between bond insertion and noninsertion processes is demonstrated. These results suggest that functionalized perfluoroaryl azido phosphorus hydrazides may find utility as heterobifunctional photolabeling agents for attaching radionuclides to proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghoottama S. Pandurangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, H. S. Truman VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Center for Radiological Research and MU Research Reactor, Allton Buildings Laboratories, 301, Business Loop 70W, Columbia, Missouri 65203
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15
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Pandurangi RS, Katti KV, Kuntz RR, Barnes CL, Volkert WA. Synthesis and Single-Crystal X-ray Investigation of 4-Azido-2-(triphenylphosphinimino)-3,5,6- trifluorobenzonitrile: A Chromogenic Nitrene Precursor for Photolabeling. Inorg Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9510021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghoottama S. Pandurangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, H. S. Truman VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Center for Radiological Research and MU Research Reactor, Alton Building Laboratories, 301 Business Loop 70 W, Columbia, Missouri 65302
| | - Kattesh V. Katti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, H. S. Truman VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Center for Radiological Research and MU Research Reactor, Alton Building Laboratories, 301 Business Loop 70 W, Columbia, Missouri 65302
| | - Robert R. Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, H. S. Truman VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Center for Radiological Research and MU Research Reactor, Alton Building Laboratories, 301 Business Loop 70 W, Columbia, Missouri 65302
| | - Charles L. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, H. S. Truman VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Center for Radiological Research and MU Research Reactor, Alton Building Laboratories, 301 Business Loop 70 W, Columbia, Missouri 65302
| | - Wynn A. Volkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, H. S. Truman VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Center for Radiological Research and MU Research Reactor, Alton Building Laboratories, 301 Business Loop 70 W, Columbia, Missouri 65302
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Morse KL, Fournier DJ, Li X, Grzybowska J, Makriyannis A. A novel electrophilic high affinity irreversible probe for the cannabinoid receptor. Life Sci 1995; 56:1957-62. [PMID: 7776819 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the structural requirements for cannabinoid activity we have been involved in the design and synthesis of stereochemically defined high affinity probes for the cannabinoid receptor. This effort has involved the development of irreversible ligands which will allow us to obtain detailed information on the cannabinoid receptor active site(s). The irreversible ligands, which incorporate highly reactive functional groups in a strategic position of the ligand, may form covalent bonds with amino acid residues at the receptor active site or in the neighborhood of this site. We shall discuss the biochemical properties of one of these probes, which incorporates the electrophilic isothiocyanate group into the structure of the highly potent cannabinoid agonist (-)-1',1'-dimethylheptyl-delta 8-THC. This ligand, (-)-7'-isothiocyanato-1',1'-dimethylheptyl-delta 8-THC (7'-NCS-DMH-delta 8-THC), was evaluated for its affinity for cannabinoid binding sites using rat forebrain membrane preparations and found to have an apparent IC50 value of 660 pM. Incubation of the membrane preparation with a ligand concentration of five times the apparent IC50 resulted in the irreversible occupation of nearly all of the receptor specific binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Morse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
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17
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Pandurangi RS, Kuntz RR, Volkert WA. Photolabeling of human serum albumin by 4-azido-2-([14C]-methylamino) trifluorobenzonitrile. A high-efficiency, long wavelength photolabel. Appl Radiat Isot 1995; 46:233-9. [PMID: 7780375 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(94)00139-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
N-alkyl derivatives of perfluoroarylazides are excellent candidates for photolabeling of proteins since they have absorption spectra in the 340-350 nm range permitting photolabel absorption without direct protein photolysis. The [14C]-N-methylamino derivative of 4-azido-tetrafluorobenzonitrile has been used to demonstrate that 80% of the photo-induced nitrene transient becomes covalently attached to HSA during photolysis. Multiwavelength detection of the photoprobe-protein separation by size exclusion chromatography is shown to be an effective tool for assessing the conjugation of the photoprobe to the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pandurangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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18
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Schneider K, Zimmermann HW. Photoaffinity labelling with fluorescence detection. Dye accumulation at four mitochondrial proteins in HeLa and LM cells. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1994; 101:135-42. [PMID: 8071086 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A micromethod was developed for investigating the interactions between fluorescent dyes and cellular proteins. The lipophilic cationic dye APMC (azopentylmethylcarbocyanine) contains a photosensitive diazirine ring and is suitable for photoaffinity labelling. By combining photoaffinity labelling of cultured cells, micro-gel electrophoresis and detection of the fluorescence with a microfluorimeter, we established a highly sensitive and rapid procedure to identify APMC labelled proteins. Cells which had been incubated for 10 min with 10(-8) M APMC could be analysed for APMC binding without difficulty. Under our experimental conditions this corresponds to about 0.2 nmol APMC per mg protein. The lipophilic APMC specifically stains the mitochondria in living HeLa and LM cells. The fluorescing mitochondria can be easily detected under a fluorescence microscope. By photoaffinity labelling we were able to show that at low dye concentrations APMC preferentially marks four proteins with apparent molecular masses of 31, 40, 66, and 74 kDa. In order to establish that these are mitochondrial proteins, we isolated and analysed the mitochondria from incubated HeLa and LM cells; again, the same four proteins were detected. They are most probably proteins of the inner mitochondrial membranes, which accumulate the lipophilic APMC cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schneider
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Pandurangi RS, Katti KV, Barnes CL, Volkert WA, Kuntz RR. High yields of nitrene insertion into unactivated C–H bonds. First example of X-ray crystallographic and19F NMR analysis of the photochemically produced C–H inserted adduct. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/c39940001841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Safa
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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21
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Anstead G, Sen S, Prestwich G. Evaluation of squalene analogs bearing photoreactive groups as inhibitors of squalene epoxidase and oxidosqualene cyclase. Bioorg Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(91)90055-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Aranda G, Riant O. Synthesis of Methomyl Derivatives as New Photosensitive Molecular Probes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919008052317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Ilien B, Hirth C. Direct and energy-transfer photolabelling of brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 183:331-7. [PMID: 2759087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient photolabelling of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors was obtained using either two aryldiazonium salts or an azido derivative. These probes did not discriminate between muscarinic binding subtypes or affinity states and became irreversibly bound to the receptor sites, in an entirely atropine-protectable manner, upon ultraviolet irradiation. The extent of labelling was dependent both on probe concentration and on time of irradiation and reached up to 80% of the receptor population, under optimal alkylating conditions. In contrast to the azido derivative, both diazonium salts behave as potent irreversible labels of muscarinic receptors, provided energy-transfer photolabelling conditions were followed. Such an indirect activation of diazonium ligands, through an energy transfer from photoexcited tryptophan residues, has been previously found to increase the site-specificity and the rate of labelling of other acetylcholine binding proteins. Analogies in the photolabelling process of acetylcholinesterase or of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors by the two diazonium salts are discussed. Altogether, these findings suggest that these new probes may be promising tools to investigate the location and the topography of the agonist-antagonist binding domain on purified muscarinic receptors, through amino acid and/or sequence analyses of radioactive, photolabelled residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ilien
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illirch, France
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24
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Webber S, Baumgartner K, Blair JN, Whiteley JM. Interaction of a photolabile NADH analog with rat liver dihydropteridine reductase. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:2869-72. [PMID: 3395364 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Webber
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037
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25
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Woelfle I, Sauerwein B, Autrey T, Schuster GB. The photochemistry of 3-nitrobenzoyl and 4-nitrobenzoyl azides: possible reagents for photoaffinity labeling. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 47:497-501. [PMID: 3406110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb08837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Freisheim JH, Ratnam M, Smith PL, Delcamp TJ, Price EM. Photoaffinity analogues of methotrexate as folate antagonist binding probes. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1988; 27:15-29. [PMID: 3250227 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(88)90006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A photoaffinity analogue of methotrexate, APA-[125I]ASA-Lys, specifically binds to dihydrofolate reductase and covalently modifies the enzyme following irradiation. An excess of methotrexate blocks incorporation of the photoprobe. Following cyanogen bromide digestion of the radiolabeled enzyme and high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of the generated peptides, a majority of the label was centered around residues 63-65 (Lys-Asn-Arg), part of the inhibitor binding domain. This photoprobe is also transported into murine L1210 cells in a temperature-dependent, sulfhydryl reagent inhibitable manner with a Vmax similar to that for methotrexate. Ultraviolet irradiation at 4 degrees C of a cell suspension that had been incubated with the radiolabeled photoprobe resulted in the covalent modification of a 46-48 Kd protein. This can be demonstrated when the plasma membranes from the labeled cells are analyzed via sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Labeling of this protein occurs half-maximally at a reagent concentration that correlates with the Kt for transport of the iodinated compound. Protection against labeling of this protein by increasing amounts of methotrexate parallels the concentration dependence of inhibition of photoprobe uptake by methotrexate. In addition, no labeling occurs when a cell line that has a defective methotrexate transport system is similarly treated. Evidence that, in the absence of irradiation and at 37 degrees C, the iodinated probe is actually internalized is demonstrated by the labeling of two soluble proteins (Mr = 38 Kd and 21 Kd) derived from the cell homogenate supernatant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Freisheim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699
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27
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Abstract
Two distinct categories of dopamine receptors, termed D1 and D2, have been identified on the basis of pharmacological and biochemical criteria. Some of the progress made in our understanding of the subunit structure, function and signal transduction properties of these important membrane proteins are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Niznik
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada
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28
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Herblin WF, Kauer JC, Tam SW. Photoinactivation of the mu opioid receptor using a novel synthetic morphiceptin analog. Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 139:273-9. [PMID: 2822433 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The benzophenone chromophore has been incorporated into a synthetic amino acid (p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine; L-Bpa) to produce a chemically stable photoaffinity probe. L-Bpa was found to retain the photochemical reactivity of benzophenone. To test the utility of this synthetic amino acid as a photo-reactive probe for receptors, a tetrapeptide analog of morphiceptin was made as a model peptide in which the C-terminal prolinamide was replaced by L-Bpa amide. The affinity of the mu opioid receptor for this peptide is comparable to that for the parent compound, morphiceptin. Irradiation of the peptide-receptor complex reduced the subsequent binding of [3H]naloxone and virtually eliminated that of [3H]Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol (DAGO). Binding studies with [3H]naloxone indicated that both the affinity and the capacity were reduced. Competition studies with [3H]D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) and naloxone indicated selective inactivation of a mu type opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Herblin
- Medical Products Department, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19898
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29
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Price EM, Sams L, Harpring KM, Kempton RJ, Freisheim JH. Photoaffinity analogues of methotrexate as probes for dihydrofolate reductase structure and function. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:4341-3. [PMID: 3790157 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Emerit MB, Gozlan H, Marquet A, Hamon M. Irreversible blockade of central 5-HT1A receptor binding sites by the photoaffinity probe 8-methoxy-3'-NAP-amino-PAT. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 127:67-81. [PMID: 2944752 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A new photoaffinity ligand derived from the potent 5-HT agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, has been synthesized. In the dark, this compound, 8-methoxy-2-(N-n-propyl,N-3-(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl)aminopropyl) aminotetralin or 8-methoxy-3'-NAP-amino-PAT, displaced [3H]8-OH-DPAT and [3H]5-HT bound to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1 sites in hippocampal membranes with IC50 values of 6.6 and 18.1 nM respectively. The apparent affinity of 8-methoxy-3'-NAP-amino-PAT for the 5-HT1A binding sites was at least 20 times higher than for the other 5-HT receptor sites (5-HT2 and 5-HT3) or the dopamine-related [3H]spiperone and [3H]7-OH-DPAT binding sites. Under UV irradiation (lambda = 366 nm), 8-methoxy-3'-NAP-amino-PAT produced an irreversible blockade of 5-HT1A sites which could be prevented by prior site occupancy by a saturating concentration (10 microM) of reversible 5-HT ligands such as 5-HT itself, 8-OH-DPAT or LSD. The blockade of 5-HT1A binding sites was concentration-dependent, and two successive irradiations of rat brain membranes in the presence of 30 nM 8-methoxy-3'-NAP-amino-PAT were found to be more efficient that a single exposure to 100 nM of the photosensitive ligand. Thus, a 55-60% irreversible blockade of 5-HT1A binding sites was achieved following 2 cumulative irradiations of hippocampal membranes with 30 nM 8-methoxy-3'-NAP-amino-PAT. Under such conditions, cortical 5-HT2 receptor binding sites as well as striatal 5-HT3 and dopamine-related binding sites remained unaltered.
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31
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Regan JW, Raymond JR, Lefkowitz RJ, DeMarinis RM. Photoaffinity labeling of human platelet and rabbit kidney alpha 2-adrenoceptors with [3H]SKF 102229. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 137:606-13. [PMID: 3015124 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)91121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed alpha 2-adrenergic photoaffinity ligand, 3-methyl-6-chloro-9-azido-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine (SKF 102229), has been radiolabeled with tritium to a specific activity of approximately 80 Ci/mmol. Using membranes prepared from human platelets and from rabbit kidney, alpha 2-adrenoceptors have been covalently labeled following photolysis in the presence of [3H]SKF 102229. As determined by SDS-PAGE, the apparent molecular weight of alpha 2-adrenoceptors from both of these tissues was 64,000. The yield of covalent insertion of [3H]SKF 102229 into the alpha 2-adrenoceptor was very good. Thus, following photolysis up to 90% of the alpha 2-adrenoceptors could be irreversibly labeled with [3H]SKF 102229.
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32
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Frew R, Lundy PM. Arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3): interaction with adenosine receptors in longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 123:395-400. [PMID: 3013654 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), an ATP-receptor antagonist containing a photosensitive arylazido moiety coupled to the 3' hydroxyl of ATP, inhibited the twitch response of electrically stimulated ileal longitudinal muscle strips in a dose-dependent manner. These agonist responses to ANAPP3 were attenuated by the enzyme adenosine deaminase and antagonized by the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline. Schild analysis yielded similar pA2 values for ANAPP3 and adenosine suggesting a common receptor site. Several 3'-ribose-modified adenosine analogs were tested for agonist activity and found to be inactive. Results suggest that ANAPP3 interacts at the presynaptic adenosine receptor of the ileum following its metabolism to adenosine, which explains the lack of antagonism at adenosine receptors of ileal smooth muscle following photolysis of ANAPP3.
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