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Bassolino L, Fulvio F, Cerrato A, Citti C, Cannazza G, Capriotti AL, Alberti I, Terracciano I, Pecchioni N, Paris R. Metabolic characterization and transcriptional profiling of polyphenols in Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences with different chemical phenotypes. PLANTA 2024; 260:76. [PMID: 39162869 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION After the most comprehensive analysis of the phenolic composition in Cannabis reported to date, a total of 211 compounds were identified, phenolic profiles were able to discriminate cannabis varieties and a complex regulatory network for phenolics accumulation in Cannabis chemovars was highlighted. Female inflorescences of Cannabis sativa L. are plenty of secondary metabolites, of which flavonoids and phenolic acids have been investigated by far less than phytocannabinoids and terpenoids. Understanding the biochemical composition in phenylpropanoids of Cannabis inflorescences, the molecular basis of flavonoid synthesis and how their content can be modulated by specific transcription factors will shed light on the variability of this trait in the germplasm, allowing the identification of biologically active metabolites that can be of interest to diverse industries. In this work, an untargeted metabolomic approach via UHPLC-HRMS was adopted to investigate the composition and variability of phenylpropanoids in thirteen Cannabis genotypes differentiated for their profile in phytocannabinoids, highlighting that phenolic profiles can discriminate varieties, with characteristic, unique genotype-related patterns. Moreover, the transcription profile of candidate phenolics regulatory MYB and bHLH transcription factors, analyzed by RT-qPCR, appeared strongly genotype-related, and specific patterns were found to be correlated between biochemical and transcriptional levels. Results highlight a complex regulatory network for phenolic accumulation in Cannabis chemovars that will need further insights from the functional side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bassolino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Fulvio
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Alberti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Via G. Amendola 82, 45100, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Irma Terracciano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), SS 673 Meters 25200, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy.
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2
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Ferri E, Russo F, Vandelli MA, Paris R, Laganà A, Capriotti AL, Gallo A, Siciliano A, Carbone L, Gigli G, Citti C, Cannazza G. Analysis of phytocannabinoids in hemp seeds, sprouts and microgreens. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116181. [PMID: 38723555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Hemp-sprouts are emerging as a new class of attractive functional food due to their numerous health benefits when compared to other sprout species. Indeed, the high content of beneficial components including polyphenols and flavonoids makes this type of food a promising and successful market. However, the available literature on this topic is limited and often conflicting as regards to the content of phytocannabinoids. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) was applied in an untargeted metabolomics fashion to extracts of hemp seeds, sprouts and microgreens of nine different genotypes. Both unsupervised and supervised multivariate statistical analysis was performed to reveal variety-specific profiles of phytocannabinoids with surprisingly remarkable levels of phytocannabinoids even in chemotype V samples. Furthermore, a targeted HPLC-HRMS analysis was carried out for the quantitative determination of the major phytocannabinoids including CBDA, CBD, CBGA, CBG, CBCA, CBC, THCA, and trans-Δ9-THC. The last part of the study was focused on the evaluation of the enantiomeric composition of CBCA in hemp seeds, sprouts and microgreens in the different varieties by HPLC-CD (HPLC with online circular dichroism). Chiral analysis of CBCA showed a wide variability of its enantiomeric composition in the different varieties, thus contributing to the understanding of the intriguing stereochemical behavior of this compound in an early growth stage. However, further investigation is needed to determine the genetic factors responsible for the low enantiopurity of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Russo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy; Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy.
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy.
| | - Roberta Paris
- CREA Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, Bologna 40128, Italy.
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici 80055, Italy.
| | - Augusto Siciliano
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici 80055, Italy.
| | - Luigi Carbone
- Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research, CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research, CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy; Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research, CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy; Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research, CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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3
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Fitzpatrick JMK, O'Riordan D, Downer EJ. Cannflavin A inhibits TLR4-induced chemokine and cytokine expression in human macrophages. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38780010 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2358382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cannflavin A (CFL-A), a flavonoid present in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa), has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective capacity. Research continues to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of components of C. sativa, with evidence that plant-derived cannabinoids and terpenes can mediate anti-inflammatory activity by targeting toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, the sensors of pathogen-associated molecules. This study set out to determine if TLR-mediated inflammatory signalling is a CFL-A target using the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce TLR4 signalling in human THP-1-derived macrophages. TLR4 activation promoted the production of the chemokine CXCL10 and cytokines IL-1β and TNFα. Treatment with CFL-A dose-dependently attenuated TLR4-induced CXCL10 and IL-1β secretion, with our findings also indicating that the inhibitory effects of CFL-A on chemokine/cytokine secretion are in line with an NF-κB inhibitor. This study highlights TLR4 signalling as a cannflavin target in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Mark K Fitzpatrick
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Eric J Downer
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Marzouk AA, Elkaeed EB, Alsfouk BA, Mostafa AE, Eissa IH, Metwaly AM, ElSohly MA. Isolation and in silico investigation of cannflavins from Cannabis sativa leaves as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents targeting the Papain-Like Protease. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 38100380 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2294111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and identify three prenylflavonoids (cannflavin A, B, and C) from Cannabis sativa leaves using different chromatographic techniques. The potential of the isolated compounds against SARS-CoV-2 was suggested through several in silico analysis. Structural similarity studies against nine co-crystallized ligands of SARS-CoV-2's proteins indicated the similarities of the isolated cannflavins with the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease (PLP) ligand, Y95. Then, flexible allignment study confirmed this similarity. Docking experiments showed successful binding of all cannflavins within the active pocket of PLP, with energies comparable to Y95. Among them, cannflavin A demonstrated the most similar binding mode, while cannflavin C exhibited the best energy. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM-GPSA confirmed the accurate binding of cannflavin A to the PLP. In silico ADMET studies indicated favourable drug-like properties for all three compounds, suggesting their potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Further In vitro and In vivo investigations are necessary to validate these findings and establish their efficacy and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adel A Marzouk
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bshra A Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad E Mostafa
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Metwaly
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
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5
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O'Croinin C, Le TS, Doschak M, Löbenberg R, Davies NM. A validated method for detection of cannflavins in hemp extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115631. [PMID: 37586306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay was developed for the detection of cannflavin A, B, and C in hemp extract specimens. A deuterated analog cannabidiol-D3 was used as the internal standard and the isocratic method used a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water with 0.1 % formic acid [83:17]. Detection was carried out by electrospray positive ionization in single-ion monitoring mode through a C-18 analytical column. The assay (total run time <20 min) had excellent linearity and a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 μg/mL and a limit of detection of 0.25 μg/mL with a 10 μL injection. The method possessed suitable measures of stability, sensitivity, and selectivity for detecting cannflavins in several specimen types. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of samples of cannflavin release from prototype topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Croinin
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Tyson S Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
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6
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Cerrato A, Biancolillo A, Cannazza G, Cavaliere C, Citti C, Laganà A, Marini F, Montanari M, Montone CM, Paris R, Virzì N, Capriotti AL. Untargeted cannabinomics reveals the chemical differentiation of industrial hemp based on the cultivar and the geographical field location. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341716. [PMID: 37709459 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been harvested for industrial applications related to its fibers. Industrial hemp cultivars, a botanical class of Cannabis sativa with a low expression of intoxicating Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) have been selected for these purposes and scarcely investigated in terms of their content in bioactive compounds. Following the global relaxation in the market of industrial hemp-derived products, research in industrial hemp for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical purposes has surged. In this context, metabolomics-based approaches have proven to fulfill the aim of obtaining comprehensive information on the phytocompound profile of cannabis samples, going beyond the targeted evaluation of the major phytocannabinoids. In the present paper, an HRMS-based metabolomics study was addressed to seven distinct industrial hemp cultivars grown in four experimental fields in Northern, Southern, and Insular Italy. Since the role of minor phytocannabinoids as well as other phytocompounds was found to be critical in discriminating cannabis chemovars and in determining its biological activities, a comprehensive characterization of phytocannabinoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids was carried out by LC-HRMS and a dedicated data processing workflow following the guidelines of the metabolomics Quality Assurance and Quality Control Consortium. A total of 54 phytocannabinoids, 134 flavonoids, and 77 phenolic acids were annotated, and their role in distinguishing hemp samples based on the geographical field location and cultivar was evaluated by ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis. Finally, a low-level fused model demonstrated the key role of untargeted cannabinomics extended to lesser-studied phytocompound classes for the discrimination of hemp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biancolillo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy; CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy; CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Montanari
- CREA-Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- CREA-Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nino Virzì
- CREA-Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, C.so Savoia 190, 95024, Acireale, CT, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Fordjour E, Manful CF, Sey AA, Javed R, Pham TH, Thomas R, Cheema M. Cannabis: a multifaceted plant with endless potentials. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1200269. [PMID: 37397476 PMCID: PMC10308385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1200269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, also known as "hemp" or "weed," is a versatile plant with various uses in medicine, agriculture, food, and cosmetics. This review attempts to evaluate the available literature on the ecology, chemical composition, phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses, industrial uses, and toxicology of Cannabis sativa. So far, 566 chemical compounds have been isolated from Cannabis, including 125 cannabinoids and 198 non-cannabinoids. The psychoactive and physiologically active part of the plant is a cannabinoid, mostly found in the flowers, but also present in smaller amounts in the leaves, stems, and seeds. Of all phytochemicals, terpenes form the largest composition in the plant. Pharmacological evidence reveals that the plants contain cannabinoids which exhibit potential as antioxidants, antibacterial agents, anticancer agents, and anti-inflammatory agents. Furthermore, the compounds in the plants have reported applications in the food and cosmetic industries. Significantly, Cannabis cultivation has a minimal negative impact on the environment in terms of cultivation. Most of the studies focused on the chemical make-up, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects, but not much is known about the toxic effects. Overall, the Cannabis plant has enormous potential for biological and industrial uses, as well as traditional and other medicinal uses. However, further research is necessary to fully understand and explore the uses and beneficial properties of Cannabis sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Charles F. Manful
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Albert A. Sey
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Rabia Javed
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Thu Huong Pham
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
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8
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Patil N, Chandel V, Rana A, Jain M, Kaushik P. Investigation of Cannabis sativa Phytochemicals as Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: An In Silico Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:510. [PMID: 36771595 PMCID: PMC9919841 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a medicinal plant that has been known for years and is used as an Ayurvedic medicine. This plant has great potential in treating various types of brain diseases. Phytochemicals present in this plant act as antioxidants by maintaining synaptic plasticity and preventing neuronal loss. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are both beneficial in treating Alzheimer's disease by increasing the solubility of Aβ42 amyloid and Tau aggregation. Apart from these therapeutic effects, there are certain unknown functions of these phytochemicals in Alzheimer's disease that we want to elucidate through this study. In this research, our approach is to analyze the effect of phytochemicals in Cannabis sativa on multiple culprit enzymes in Alzheimer's disease, such as AChE (Acetylcholinesterase), BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase), γ-secretase, and BACE-1. In this study, the compounds were selected by Lipinski's rule, ADMET, and ProTox based on toxicity. Molecular docking between the selected compounds (THCV, Cannabinol C2, and Cannabidiorcol) and enzymes mentioned above was obtained by various software programs including AutoDock Vina 4.2, AutoDock, and iGEMDOCK. In comparison to Donepezil (BA = -8.4 kcal/mol, Ki = 1.46 mM), Rivastigmine (BA = -7.0 kcal/mol, Ki = 0.02 mM), and Galantamine (BA = -7.1, Ki = 2.1 mM), Cannabidiorcol (BA = -9.4 kcal/mol, Ki = 4.61 mM) shows significant inhibition of AChE. On the other hand, Cannabinol C2 (BA = -9.2 kcal/mol, Ki = 4.32 mM) significantly inhibits Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in comparison to Memantine (BA = -6.8 kcal/mol, Ki = 0.54 mM). This study sheds new light and opens new avenues for elucidating the role of bioactive compounds present in Cannabis sativa in treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Patil
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
- Laboratory 209, Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaishnavi Chandel
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Aarzu Rana
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
- Laboratory 209, Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservacióny Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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9
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Schanknecht E, Bachari A, Nassar N, Piva T, Mantri N. Phytochemical Constituents and Derivatives of Cannabis sativa; Bridging the Gap in Melanoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010859. [PMID: 36614303 PMCID: PMC9820847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is deadly, physically impairing, and has ongoing treatment deficiencies. Current treatment regimens include surgery, targeted kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, and combined approaches. Each of these treatments face pitfalls, with diminutive five-year survival in patients with advanced metastatic invasion of lymph and secondary organ tissues. Polyphenolic compounds, including cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids; both natural and synthetic, have emerging evidence of nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmacological potential, including specific anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and palliative utility. Cannabis sativa is a wellspring of medicinal compounds whose direct and adjunctive application may offer considerable relief for melanoma suffers worldwide. This review aims to address the diverse applications of C. sativa's biocompounds in the scope of melanoma and suggest it as a strong candidate for ongoing pharmacological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Schanknecht
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Terrence Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Tomko AM, Whynot EG, Dupré DJ. Anti-cancer properties of cannflavin A and potential synergistic effects with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and cannabinoids in bladder cancer. J Cannabis Res 2022; 4:41. [PMID: 35869542 PMCID: PMC9306207 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several studies have shown anti-tumor effects of components present in cannabis in different models. Unfortunately, little is known about the potential anti-tumoral effects of most compounds present in cannabis in bladder cancer and how these compounds could potentially positively or negatively impact the actions of chemotherapeutic agents. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of a compound found in Cannabis sativa that has not been extensively studied to date, cannflavin A, in bladder cancer cell lines. We aimed to identify whether cannflavin A co-treatment with agents commonly used to treat bladder cancer, such as gemcitabine and cisplatin, is able to produce synergistic effects. We also evaluated whether co-treatment of cannflavin A with various cannabinoids could produce synergistic effects. Methods Two transitional cell carcinoma cell lines were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of the flavonoid cannflavin A up to 100 μM. We tested the potential synergistic cytotoxic effects of cannflavin A with gemcitabine (up to 100 nM), cisplatin (up to 100 μM), and cannabinoids (up to 10 μM). We also evaluated the activation of the apoptotic cascade using annexin V and whether cannflavin A has the ability to reduce invasion using a Matrigel assay. Results Cell viability of bladder cancer cell lines was affected in a concentration-dependent fashion in response to cannflavin A, and its combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin induced differential responses—from antagonistic to additive—and synergism was also observed in some instances, depending on the concentrations and drugs used. Cannflavin A also activated apoptosis via caspase 3 cleavage and was able to reduce invasion by 50%. Interestingly, cannflavin A displayed synergistic properties with other cannabinoids like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin in the bladder cancer cell lines. Discussion Our results indicate that compounds from Cannabis sativa other than cannabinoids, like the flavonoid cannflavin A, can be cytotoxic to human bladder transitional carcinoma cells and that this compound can exert synergistic effects when combined with other agents. In vivo studies will be needed to confirm the activity of cannflavin A as a potential agent for bladder cancer treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42238-022-00151-y.
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11
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Zhu X, Mi Y, Meng X, Zhang Y, Chen W, Cao X, Wan H, Yang W, Li J, Wang S, Xu Z, Wahab AT, Chen S, Sun W. Genome-wide identification of key enzyme-encoding genes and the catalytic roles of two 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Cannabis sativa L. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:215. [PMID: 36243861 PMCID: PMC9571422 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are necessary for plant growth and resistance to adversity and stress. They are also an essential nutrient for human diet and health. Among the metabolites produced in Cannabis sativa (C. sativa), phytocannabinoids have undergone extensive research on their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Besides the phytocannabinoids, C. sativa is also rich in terpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids, although little research has been conducted in this area. RESULTS In this study, we identified 11 classes of key enzyme-encoding genes, including 56 members involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis in C. sativa, from their physical characteristics to their expression patterns. We screened the potentially step-by-step enzymes catalyzing the precursor phenylalanine to the end flavonoids using a conjoin analysis of gene expression with metabolomics from different tissues and chemovars. Flavonol synthase (FLS), belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD) superfamily, catalyzes the dihydroflavonols to flavonols. In vitro recombinant protein activity analysis revealed that CsFLS2 and CsFLS3 had a dual function in converting naringenin (Nar) to dihydrokaempferol (DHK), as well as dihydroflavonols to flavonols with different substrate preferences. Meanwhile, we found that CsFLS2 produced apigenin (Api) in addition to DHK and kaempferol when Nar was used as the substrate, indicating that CsFLS2 has an evolutionary relationship with Cannabis flavone synthase I. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified key enzyme-encoding genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in C. sativa and highlighted the key CsFLS genes that generate flavonols and their diversified functions in C. sativa flavonoid production. This study paves the way for reconstructing the entire pathway for C. sativa's flavonols and cannflavins production in heterologous systems or plant culture, and provides a theoretical foundation for discovering new cannabis-specific flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yaolei Mi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Xiangxiao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Huihua Wan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Sifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Atia Tul Wahab
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, China.
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12
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Rodriguez CEB, Ouyang L, Kandasamy R. Antinociceptive effects of minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids in Cannabis. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:130-157. [PMID: 33709984 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Given the dangerous and unpleasant side effects of existing analgesics, the chemical constituents of Cannabis have garnered significant interest for their antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To date, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) remain the two most widely studied constituents of Cannabis in animals. These studies have led to formulations of THC and CBD for human use; however, chronic pain patients also use different strains of Cannabis (sativa, indica and ruderalis) to alleviate their pain. These strains contain major cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, but they also contain a wide variety of cannabinoid and noncannabinoid constituents. Although the analgesic effects of Cannabis are attributed to major cannabinoids, evidence indicates other constituents such as minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids also produce antinociception against animal models of acute, inflammatory, neuropathic, muscle and orofacial pain. In some cases, these constituents produce antinociception that is equivalent or greater compared to that produced by traditional analgesics. Thus, a better understanding of the extent to which these constituents produce antinociception alone in animals is necessary. The purposes of this review are to (1) introduce the different minor cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids found in Cannabis and (2) discuss evidence of their antinociceptive properties in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Erwin B Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
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13
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The impact of extraction protocol on the chemical profile of cannabis extracts from a single cultivar. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21801. [PMID: 34750475 PMCID: PMC8575894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have seen a dramatic shift in cannabis legislation around the world. Cannabis products are now widely available and commercial production and use of phytocannabinoid products is rapidly growing. However, this growth is outpacing the research needed to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of the myriad of chemical compounds found primarily in the flower of the female cannabis plant. This lack of research and corresponding regulation has resulted in processing methods, products, and terminology that are variable and confusing for consumers. Importantly, the impact of processing methods on the resulting chemical profile of full spectrum cannabis extracts is not well understood. As a first step in addressing this knowledge gap we have utilized a combination of analytical approaches to characterize the broad chemical composition of a single cannabis cultivar that was processed using previously optimized and commonly used commercial extraction protocols including alcoholic solvents and super critical carbon dioxide. Significant variation in the bioactive chemical profile was observed in the extracts resulting from the different protocols demonstrating the need for further research regarding the influence of processing on therapeutic efficacy as well as the importance of labeling in the marketing of multi-component cannabis products.
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Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W, Nedamat K. The Current and Potential Application of Medicinal Cannabis Products in Dentistry. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:106. [PMID: 34562980 PMCID: PMC8466648 DOI: 10.3390/dj9090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral and dental diseases are a major global burden, the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and may even affect an individual's general quality of life and health. The most prevalent dental and oral health conditions are tooth decay (otherwise referred to as dental caries/cavities), oral cancers, gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal (gum) disease, Noma, oro-dental trauma, oral manifestations of HIV, sensitive teeth, cracked teeth, broken teeth, and congenital anomalies such as cleft lip and palate. Herbs have been utilized for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese, African and Indian medicine and even in some Western countries, for the treatment of oral and dental conditions including but not limited to dental caries, gingivitis and toothaches, dental pulpitis, halitosis (bad breath), mucositis, sore throat, oral wound infections, and periodontal abscesses. Herbs have also been used as plaque removers (chew sticks), antimicrobials, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiseptics. Cannabis sativa L. in particular has been utilized in traditional Asian medicine for tooth-pain management, prevention of dental caries and reduction in gum inflammation. The distribution of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the mouth suggest that the endocannabinoid system may be a target for the treatment of oral and dental diseases. Most recently, interest has been geared toward the use of Cannabidiol (CBD), one of several secondary metabolites produced by C. sativa L. CBD is a known anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-microbial and anti-cancer agent, and as a result, may have therapeutic potential against conditions such burning mouth syndrome, dental anxiety, gingivitis, and possible oral cancer. Other major secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. such as terpenes and flavonoids also share anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic and anti-microbial properties and may also have dental and oral applications. This review will investigate the potential of secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. in the treatment of dental and oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lowe
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Blair Steele
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kaveh Nedamat
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Auraleaf Innovations, Toronto, ON M9B 4H6, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. plant is currently attracting increasing interest in cosmetics and dermatology. In this review, the biologically active compounds of hemp are discussed. Particularly the complex interactions of cannabinoids with the endocannabinoid system of the skin to treat various conditions (such as acne, allergic contact dermatitis, melanoma, and psoriasis) with clinical data. Moreover, the properties of some cannabinoids make them candidates as cosmetic actives for certain skin types. Hemp seed oil and its minor bioactive compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols are also discussed for their added value in cosmetic formulation.
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16
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Isidore E, Karim H, Ioannou I. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Terpenes from Cannabis sativa L. By-Products: From Conventional to Intensified Processes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:942. [PMID: 34200871 PMCID: PMC8230455 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a controversial crop due to its high tetrahydrocannabinol content varieties; however, the hemp varieties get an increased interest. This paper describes (i) the main categories of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, stilbenoids and lignans) and terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) from C. sativa by-products and their biological activities and (ii) the main extraction techniques for their recovery. It includes not only common techniques such as conventional solvent extraction, and hydrodistillation, but also intensification and emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction or supercritical CO2 extraction. The effect of the operating conditions on the yield and composition of these categories of phenolic compounds and terpenes was discussed. A thorough investigation of innovative extraction techniques is indeed crucial for the extraction of phenolic compounds and terpenes from cannabis toward a sustainable industrial valorization of the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Ioannou
- URD Industrial Agro-Biotechnologies, CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France; (E.I.); (H.K.)
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17
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Desaulniers Brousseau V, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Morello V, Lefsrud M. Cannabinoids and Terpenes: How Production of Photo-Protectants Can Be Manipulated to Enhance Cannabis sativa L. Phytochemistry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:620021. [PMID: 34135916 PMCID: PMC8200639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is cultivated for its secondary metabolites, of which the cannabinoids have documented health benefits and growing pharmaceutical potential. Recent legal cannabis production in North America and Europe has been accompanied by an increase in reported findings for optimization of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoid production. Of the many environmental cues that can be manipulated during plant growth in controlled environments, cannabis cultivation with different lighting spectra indicates differential production and accumulation of medically important cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG), as well as terpenes and flavonoids. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation shows potential in stimulating cannabinoid biosynthesis in cannabis trichomes and pre-harvest or post-harvest UV treatment merits further exploration to determine if plant secondary metabolite accumulation could be enhanced in this manner. Visible LED light can augment THC and terpene accumulation, but not CBD. Well-designed experiments with light wavelengths other than blue and red light will provide more insight into light-dependent regulatory and molecular pathways in cannabis. Lighting strategies such as subcanopy lighting and varied light spectra at different developmental stages can lower energy consumption and optimize cannabis PSM production. Although evidence demonstrates that secondary metabolites in cannabis may be modulated by the light spectrum like other plant species, several questions remain for cannabinoid production pathways in this fast-paced and growing industry. In summarizing recent research progress on light spectra and secondary metabolites in cannabis, along with pertinent light responses in model plant species, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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18
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Ryan D, McKemie DS, Kass PH, Puschner B, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics and effects on arachidonic acid metabolism of low doses of cannabidiol following oral administration to horses. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1305-1317. [PMID: 33723919 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing availability of cannabidiol (CBD) and anecdotal reports of its anti-inflammatory effects has garnered it much interest in the equine industry. The objectives of the current study were to (1) describe the pharmacokinetics of oral CBD in exercising thoroughbreds, (2) characterize select behavioral and physiologic effects, and (3) evaluate effects on biomarkers of inflammation using an ex vivo model. This study was conducted in a randomized balanced 3-way crossover design with a two-week washout period between doses. Horses received a single oral dose (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) of CBD suspended in sesame oil. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for 72 hr post drug administration. Additional blood samples collected at select time points were challenged ex vivo with calcium ionophore or lipopolysaccharide to induce eicosanoid production. Drug, metabolite, and eicosanoid concentrations were determined using LC-MS/MS. Cannabidiol was well tolerated with no significant behavioral, gastrointestinal, or cardiac abnormalities observed. CBD was readily absorbed, with parent drug detected in blood at all time points. The carboxylated and hydroxylated metabolites predominated in serum and urine, respectively. The terminal half-life for CBD was 10.7 ± 3.61, 10.6 ± 3.84 and 9.88 ± 3.53 for 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg. Although the effects were mixed, results of eicosanoid analysis suggest CBD affects COX-1, COX-2 and LOX at the doses studied here. Results of this study coupled with previous reports in other species, suggest further study of CBD in horses is warranted before its use as an anti-inflammatory can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Ryan
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dan S McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Bautista J, Yu S, Tian L. Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5119-5123. [PMID: 33681553 PMCID: PMC7931196 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although Cannabis sativa synthesizes a wide range of phytochemicals, much attention has been primarily given to two phytocannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), due to their distinctive activities in humans. These bioactivities can be further enhanced through the interaction of THC and CBD with other phytocannabinoids or non-phytocannabinoid chemicals, such as terpenes and flavonoids, a phenomenon that is termed the entourage effect. Flavonoid metabolism in C. sativa and the entourage effect are currently understudied. This mini-review examines recent advances in the biosynthesis and bioactivities of cannflavins, which are prenylated (C5) and geranylated (C10) flavones that are relatively unique to C. sativa. We also discuss the rapidly developing omics tools that enable discoveries in flavonoid metabolism in C. sativa and manipulation of flavonoid production through biotechnology. These advances set the stage for interrogating the health benefits of C. sativa flavonoids, deciphering the contribution of flavonoids to the entourage effect, and developing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Tian
- . Telephone: +1 530 7520940. Fax: +1 530 7529659
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20
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Non-Cannabinoid Metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. with Therapeutic Potential. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020400. [PMID: 33672441 PMCID: PMC7923270 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) produces an estimated 545 chemical compounds of different biogenetic classes. In addition to economic value, many of these phytochemicals have medicinal and physiological activity. The plant is most popularly known for its two most-prominent and most-studied secondary metabolites—Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Both Δ9-THC and CBD have a wide therapeutic window across many ailments and form part of a class of secondary metabolites called cannabinoids—of which approximately over 104 exist. This review will focus on non-cannabinoid metabolites of Cannabis sativa that also have therapeutic potential, some of which share medicinal properties similar to those of cannabinoids. The most notable of these non-cannabinoid phytochemicals are flavonoids and terpenes. We will also discuss future directions in cannabis research and development of cannabis-based pharmaceuticals. Caflanone, a flavonoid molecule with selective activity against the human viruses including the coronavirus OC43 (HCov-OC43) that is responsible for COVID-19, and certain cancers, is one of the most promising non-cannabinoid molecules that is being advanced into clinical trials. As validated by thousands of years of the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, vast anecdotal evidence abounds on the medicinal benefits of the plant. These benefits are attributed to the many phytochemicals in this plant, including non-cannabinoids. The most promising non-cannabinoids with potential to alleviate global disease burdens are discussed.
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21
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Stasiłowicz A, Tomala A, Podolak I, Cielecka-Piontek J. Cannabis sativa L. as a Natural Drug Meeting the Criteria of a Multitarget Approach to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E778. [PMID: 33466734 PMCID: PMC7830475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. turned out to be a valuable source of chemical compounds of various structures, showing pharmacological activity. The most important groups of compounds include phytocannabinoids and terpenes. The pharmacological activity of Cannabis (in epilepsy, sclerosis multiplex (SM), vomiting and nausea, pain, appetite loss, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, glaucoma, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), which has been proven so far, results from the affinity of these compounds predominantly for the receptors of the endocannabinoid system (the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), type two (CB2), and the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55)) but, also, for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), glycine receptors, serotonin receptors (5-HT), transient receptor potential channels (TRP), and GPR, opioid receptors. The synergism of action of phytochemicals present in Cannabis sp. raw material is also expressed in their increased bioavailability and penetration through the blood-brain barrier. This review provides an overview of phytochemistry and pharmacology of compounds present in Cannabis extracts in the context of the current knowledge about their synergistic actions and the implications of clinical use in the treatment of selected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 61-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Anna Tomala
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (A.T.); (I.P.)
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (A.T.); (I.P.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 61-781 Poznan, Poland;
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22
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Marsh DT, Smid SD. Cannabis Phytochemicals: A Review of Phytocannabinoid Chemistry and Bioactivity as Neuroprotective Agents. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of medical cannabis usage globally, there has been a renewed interest in exploring the chemical diversity of this unique plant. Cannabis produces hundreds of unique phytocannabinoids, which not only have diverse chemical structures but also a range of cellular and molecular actions, interesting pharmacological properties, and biological actions. In addition, it produces other flavonoids, stilbenoids, and terpenes that have been variably described as conferring additional or so-called entourage effects to whole-plant extracts when used in therapeutic settings. This review explores this phytochemical diversity in relation to specific bioactivity ascribed to phytocannabinoids as neuroprotective agents. It outlines emergent evidence for the potential for selected phytocannabinoids and other cannabis phytochemicals to mitigate factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress as drivers of neurotoxicity, in addition to focusing on specific interactions with pathological misfolding proteins, such as amyloid β, associated with major forms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Franco GDRR, Smid S, Viegas C. Phytocannabinoids: General Aspects and Pharmacological Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:449-464. [PMID: 32691712 PMCID: PMC8206465 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200720172624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years research into Cannabis and its constituent phytocannabinoids has burgeoned, particularly in the potential application of novel cannabis phytochemicals for the treatment of diverse illnesses related to neurodegeneration and dementia, including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). To date, these neurological diseases have mostly relied on symptomatological management. However, with an aging population globally, the search for more efficient and disease-modifying treatments that could delay or mitigate disease progression is imperative. In this context, this review aims to present state of the art in the research with cannabinoids and novel cannabinoid-based drug candidates that have been emerged as novel promising alternatives for drug development and innovation in the therapeutics of a number of diseases, especially those related to CNS-disturbance and impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cláudio Viegas
- Address correspondence to this author at the PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; Tel/Fax: +55 35 3701-1880; E-mail:
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Erridge S, Mangal N, Salazar O, Pacchetti B, Sodergren MH. Cannflavins - From plant to patient: A scoping review. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104712. [PMID: 32858172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannflavins are a group of prenylflavonoids derived from Cannabis sativa L.. Cannflavin A (CFL-A), B (CFL-B) and C (CFL-C) have been heralded for their anti-inflammatory properties in pre-clinical evaluations. This scoping review aims to synthesise the evidence base on cannflavins to provide an overview of the current research landscape to inform research strategies to aid clinical translation. METHODS A scoping review was conducted of EMBASE, MEDLINE, Pubmed, CENTRAL and Google Scholar databases up to 26th February 2020. All studies describing original research on cannflavins and their isomers were included for review. RESULTS 26 full text articles were included. CFL-A and CFL-B demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate induced PGE2 release (CFL-A half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 0.7 μM; CFL-B IC50: 0.7 μM) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (CFL-A IC50: 1.8 μM; CFL-B IC50: 3.7 μM). Outcomes were also described in preclinical models of anti-oxidation (CFL-A), anti-parasitic activity (CFL-A, CFL-C), neuroprotection (CFL-A) and cancer (Isocannflavin B, a CFL-B isomer). In-silico screening identified that CFL-A has binding affinity with viral proteins that warrant further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Cannflavins demonstrate a number of promising therapeutic properties, most notably as an anti-inflammatory agent. Low yields of extraction however have previously limited research to small pre-clinical investigations. Identification of cannflavin-rich chemovars, novel extraction techniques and recent identification of a biosynthetic pathway will hopefully allow research to be scaled appropriately. In order to fully evaluate the therapeutic properties of cannflavins focused research now needs to be embedded within institutions with a track-record of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Erridge
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Nagina Mangal
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Oliver Salazar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Mikael H Sodergren
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK; Emmac Life Sciences, London, UK.
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25
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Izzo L, Castaldo L, Narváez A, Graziani G, Gaspari A, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A. Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Commercial Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030631. [PMID: 32024009 PMCID: PMC7037164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. Family Cannabaceae) contains a vast number of bioactive relevant compounds, namely polyphenols including flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenol amides, and lignanamides, well known for their therapeutic properties. Nowadays, many polyphenols-containing products made of herbal extracts are marketed, claiming to exert health-promoting effects. In this context, industrial hemp inflorescence may represent an innovative source of bioactive compounds to be used in nutraceutical formulations. The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the polyphenolic fraction contained in polar extracts of four different commercial cultivars (Kompoti, Tiborszallasi, Antal, and Carmagnola Cs) of hemp inflorescences through spectrophotometric (TPC, DPPH tests) and spectrometry measurement (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). Results highlighted a high content of cannflavin A and B in inflorescence analyzed samples, which appear to be cannabis-specific, with a mean value of 61.8 and 84.5 mg/kg, meaning a ten-to-hundred times increase compared to other parts of the plant. Among flavonols, quercetin-3-glucoside reached up to 285.9 mg/kg in the Carmagnola CS cultivar. Catechin and epicatechin were the most representative flavanols, with a mean concentration of 53.3 and 66.2 mg/kg, respectively, for all cultivars. Total polyphenolic content in inflorescence samples was quantified in the range of 10.51 to 52.58 mg GAE/g and free radical-scavenging included in the range from 27.5 to 77.6 mmol trolox/kg. Therefore, C. sativa inflorescence could be considered as a potential novel source of polyphenols intended for nutraceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II,” Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.N.); (G.G.); (A.G.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-678116
| | - Luigi Castaldo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Narváez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II,” Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.N.); (G.G.); (A.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II,” Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.N.); (G.G.); (A.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II,” Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.N.); (G.G.); (A.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II,” Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.N.); (G.G.); (A.G.); (A.R.)
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Eggers C, Fujitani M, Kato R, Smid S. Novel cannabis flavonoid, cannflavin A displays both a hormetic and neuroprotective profile against amyloid β-mediated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells: Comparison with geranylated flavonoids, mimulone and diplacone. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Rea KA, Casaretto JA, Al-Abdul-Wahid MS, Sukumaran A, Geddes-McAlister J, Rothstein SJ, Akhtar TA. Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:162-171. [PMID: 31151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the psychoactive constituents that are typically associated with Cannabis sativa L., there exist numerous other specialized metabolites in this plant that are believed to contribute to its medicinal versatility. This study focused on two such compounds, known as cannflavin A and cannflavin B. These prenylated flavonoids specifically accumulate in C. sativa and are known to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity in various animal cell models. However, almost nothing is known about their biosynthesis. Using a combination of phylogenomic and biochemical approaches, an aromatic prenyltransferase from C. sativa (CsPT3) was identified that catalyzes the regiospecific addition of either geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to the methylated flavone, chrysoeriol, to produce cannflavins A and B, respectively. Further evidence is presented for an O-methyltransferase (CsOMT21) encoded within the C. sativa genome that specifically converts the widespread plant flavone known as luteolin to chrysoeriol, both of which accumulate in C. sativa. These results therefore imply the following reaction sequence for cannflavins A and B biosynthesis: luteolin ► chrysoeriol ► cannflavin A and cannflavin B. Taken together, the identification of these two unique enzymes represent a branch point from the general flavonoid pathway in C. sativa and offer a tractable route towards metabolic engineering strategies that are designed to produce these two medicinally relevant Cannabis compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - José A Casaretto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Arjun Sukumaran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Moreau M, Ibeh U, Decosmo K, Bih N, Yasmin-Karim S, Toyang N, Lowe H, Ngwa W. Flavonoid Derivative of Cannabis Demonstrates Therapeutic Potential in Preclinical Models of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:660. [PMID: 31396485 PMCID: PMC6663976 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is particularly refractory to modern therapies, with a 5-year survival rate for patients at a dismal 8%. One of the significant barriers to effective treatment is the immunosuppressive pancreatic tumor microenvironment and development of resistance to treatment. New treatment options to increase both the survival and quality of life of patients are urgently needed. This study reports on a new non-cannabinoid, non-psychoactive derivative of cannabis, termed FBL-03G, with the potential to treat pancreatic cancer. In vitro results show major increase in apoptosis and consequential decrease in survival for two pancreatic cancer models- Panc-02 and KPC pancreatic cancer cells treated with varying concentrations of FBL-03G and radiotherapy. Meanwhile, in vivo results demonstrate therapeutic efficacy in delaying both local and metastatic tumor progression in animal models with pancreatic cancer when using FBL-03G sustainably delivered from smart radiotherapy biomaterials. Repeated experiments also showed significant (P < 0.0001) increase in survival for animals with pancreatic cancer compared to control cohorts. The findings demonstrate the potential for this new cannabis derivative in the treatment of both localized and advanced pancreatic cancer, providing impetus for further studies toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Moreau
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Udoka Ibeh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kaylie Decosmo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of CaNCURE Program, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Noella Bih
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sayeda Yasmin-Karim
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Henry Lowe
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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Borgonetti V, Governa P, Montopoli M, Biagi M. Cannabis sativa L. Constituents and Their Role in Neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180703130525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interest in Cannabis sativa L. phytocomplex as a medicinal tool is a recently-emerging topic. Neurodegenerative diseases represent a promising field of application for cannabis and its preparations, as most of this pathologic conditions relies on an inflammatory etiology. Several cannabis constituents display anti-inflammatory effects targeting multiple pathways. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the available literature on C. sativa constituents activities in neuroinflammation is given. On the basis that the anti-inflammatory activity of cannabis is not attributable to only a single constituent, we discuss the possible advantages of administering the whole phytocomplex in order to fully exploit the “entourage effect” in neuroinflammatory-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Biagi
- SIFITLab, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Abstract
In recent years, the Cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) has been rediscovered as a source of
new medicines around the world. Despite the fact that a number of registered medicines have been developed
on the basis of purified cannabis components, there is a rapid increasing acceptance and use of
cannabis in its herbal form. Licensed producers of high quality cannabis plants now operate in various
countries including The Netherlands, Canada, Israel, and Australia, and in many US states. The legal
availability of cannabis flowers allows to prescribe and prepare different cannabis galenic preparations
by pharmacists. It is believed that synergy between cannabis components, known as “entourage effect”,
may be responsible for the superior effects of using herbal cannabis versus isolated compounds. So far,
only a few cannabis components have been properly characterized for their therapeutic potential, making
it unclear which of the isolated compounds should be further developed into registered medicines.
Until such products become available, simple and accessible galenic preparations from the cannabis
plant could play an important role. In cannabis, phytochemical and pharmacological attention has been
attributed mainly to four major cannabinoids (Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabigerol and
cannabichromene) and to terpene components. This means a basic knowledge of these compounds and
their bioavailability in different administration forms is useful for producers as well as prescribers of
galenic preparations. This work will outline the most important aspects of cannabinoids and terpenes,
and their behaviors during preparation and use of various administration forms including vaporizing,
cannabis oils and extracts, tea, and skin creams.
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Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids: Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1691428. [PMID: 30627539 PMCID: PMC6304621 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1691428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, a lot of attention has been paid to the compounds present in medicinal Cannabis sativa L., such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and their effects on inflammation and cancer-related pain. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) currently recognizes medicinal C. sativa as an effective treatment for providing relief in a number of symptoms associated with cancer, including pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and anxiety. Several studies have described CBD as a multitarget molecule, acting as an adaptogen, and as a modulator, in different ways, depending on the type and location of disequilibrium both in the brain and in the body, mainly interacting with specific receptor proteins CB1 and CB2. CBD is present in both medicinal and fibre-type C. sativa plants, but, unlike Δ9-THC, it is completely nonpsychoactive. Fibre-type C. sativa (hemp) differs from medicinal C. sativa, since it contains only few levels of Δ9-THC and high levels of CBD and related nonpsychoactive compounds. In recent years, a number of preclinical researches have been focused on the role of CBD as an anticancer molecule, suggesting CBD (and CBD-like molecules present in the hemp extract) as a possible candidate for future clinical trials. CBD has been found to possess antioxidant activity in many studies, thus suggesting a possible role in the prevention of both neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In animal models, CBD has been shown to inhibit the progression of several cancer types. Moreover, it has been found that coadministration of CBD and Δ9-THC, followed by radiation therapy, causes an increase of autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells. In addition, CBD is able to inhibit cell proliferation and to increase apoptosis in different types of cancer models. These activities seem to involve also alternative pathways, such as the interactions with TRPV and GRP55 receptor complexes. Moreover, the finding that the acidic precursor of CBD (cannabidiolic acid, CBDA) is able to inhibit the migration of breast cancer cells and to downregulate the proto-oncogene c-fos and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) highlights the possibility that CBDA might act on a common pathway of inflammation and cancer mechanisms, which might be responsible for its anticancer activity. In the light of all these findings, in this review we explore the effects and the molecular mechanisms of CBD on inflammation and cancer processes, highlighting also the role of minor cannabinoids and noncannabinoids constituents of Δ9-THC deprived hemp.
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Koeberle A, Werz O. Natural products as inhibitors of prostaglandin E 2 and pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase-derived lipid mediator biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1709-1723. [PMID: 29454981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostanoid formation and represent prevalent therapeutics for treatment of inflammatory disorders. However, NSAIDs are afflicted with severe side effects, which might be circumvented by more selective suppression of pro-inflammatory eicosanoid biosynthesis. This concept led to dual inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1 and 5-lipoxygenase that are crucial enzymes in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 and leukotrienes. The potential of their dual inhibition in light of superior efficacy and safety is discussed. Focus is placed on natural products, for which direct inhibition of mPGES-1 and leukotriene biosynthesis has been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany.
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¹H NMR and HPLC/DAD for Cannabis sativa L. chemotype distinction, extract profiling and specification. Talanta 2015; 140:150-165. [PMID: 26048837 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The medicinal use of different chemovars and extracts of Cannabis sativa L. requires standardization beyond ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with complementing methods. We investigated the suitability of (1)H NMR key signals for distinction of four chemotypes measured in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide together with two new validated HPLC/DAD methods used for identification and extract profiling based on the main pattern of cannabinoids and other phenolics alongside the assayed content of THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG) their acidic counterparts (THCA, CBDA, CBGA), cannabinol (CBN) and cannflavin A and B. Effects on cell viability (MTT assay, HeLa) were tested. The dominant cannabinoid pairs allowed chemotype recognition via assignment of selective proton signals and via HPLC even in cannabinoid-low extracts from the THC, CBD and CBG type. Substantial concentrations of cannabinoid acids in non-heated extracts suggest their consideration for total values in chemotype distinction and specifications of herbal drugs and extracts. Cannflavin A/B are extracted and detected together with cannabinoids but always subordinated, while other phenolics can be accumulated via fractionation and detected in a wide fingerprint but may equally serve as qualitative marker only. Cell viability reduction in HeLa was more determined by the total cannabinoid content than by the specific cannabinoid profile. Therefore the analysis and labeling of total cannabinoids together with the content of THC and 2-4 lead cannabinoids are considered essential. The suitability of analytical methods and the range of compound groups summarized in group and ratio markers are discussed regarding plant classification and pharmaceutical specification.
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Werz O, Seegers J, Schaible AM, Weinigel C, Barz D, Koeberle A, Allegrone G, Pollastro F, Zampieri L, Grassi G, Appendino G. Cannflavins from hemp sprouts, a novel cannabinoid-free hemp food product, target microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. PHARMANUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen CN, Hsiao CJ, Lee SS, Guh JH, Chiang PC, Huang CC, Huang WJ. Chemical modification and anticancer effect of prenylated flavanones from Taiwanese propolis. Nat Prod Res 2011; 26:116-24. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.535146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Nan Chen
- a NatureWise Biotech & Medicals Corporation , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Che-Jen Hsiao
- b School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Shoei-Sheng Lee
- b School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- b School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Chiang
- b School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Huang
- c Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110 , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- c Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110 , Taiwan
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Formukong E, Evans AT, Williamson EM, Evans FJ. Central and Peripheral Activities of Cannabis Sativa L. and its Constituents. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Formukong
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London Wc1N 1AX, UK
| | - A T Evans
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London Wc1N 1AX, UK
| | - E M Williamson
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London Wc1N 1AX, UK
| | - F J Evans
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London Wc1N 1AX, UK
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Burstein SH, Zurier RB. Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and related analogs in inflammation. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:109-19. [PMID: 19199042 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review covers reports published in the last 5 years on the anti-inflammatory activities of all classes of cannabinoids, including phytocannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, synthetic analogs such as ajulemic acid and nabilone, the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and related compounds, namely, the elmiric acids, and finally, noncannabinoid components of Cannabis that show anti-inflammatory action. It is intended to be an update on the topic of the involvement of cannabinoids in the process of inflammation. A possible mechanism for these actions is suggested involving increased production of eicosanoids that promote the resolution of inflammation. This differentiates these cannabinoids from cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors that suppress the synthesis of eicosanoids that promote the induction of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumner H Burstein
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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Minassi A, Giana A, Ech-Chahad A, Appendino G. A regiodivergent synthesis of ring a C-prenylflavones. Org Lett 2008; 10:2267-70. [PMID: 18454537 DOI: 10.1021/ol800665w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Capitalizing on the use of orthogonal protecting groups and the development of a modified Robinson flavone synthesis that avoids harsh acidic conditions, a regioselective synthesis of 6- and 8-prenylflavones from the same prenylated disilylated phloracetophenone (9) has been developed, targeting cannflavin B (1d), the COX-inhibiting principle of marijuana, and its unnatural isomer isocannflavin B (1e) as model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Politi M, Peschel W, Wilson N, Zloh M, Prieto JM, Heinrich M. Direct NMR analysis of cannabis water extracts and tinctures and semi-quantitative data on delta9-THC and delta9-THC-acid. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:562-570. [PMID: 17964620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is the source for a whole series of chemically diverse bioactive compounds that are currently under intensive pharmaceutical investigation. In this work, hot and cold water extracts as well as ethanol/water mixtures (tinctures) of cannabis were compared in order to better understand how these extracts differ in their overall composition. NMR analysis and in vitro cell assays of crude extracts and fractions were performed. Manufacturing procedures to produce natural remedies can strongly affect the final composition of the herbal medicines. Temperature and polarity of the solvents used for the extraction resulted to be two factors that affect the total amount of Delta(9)-THC in the extracts and its relative quantity with respect to Delta(9)-THC-acid and other metabolites. Diffusion-edited (1)H NMR (1D DOSY) and (1)H NMR with suppression of the ethanol and water signals were used. With this method it was possible, without any evaporation or separation step, to distinguish between tinctures from different cannabis cultivars. This approach is proposed as a direct analysis of plant tinctures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Politi
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Russo EB. History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1614-48. [PMID: 17712811 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate. This study surveys the history of cannabis, its genetics and preparations. A review of cannabis usage in Ancient Egypt will serve as an archetype, while examining first mentions from various Old World cultures and their pertinence for contemporary scientific investigation. Cannabis historians of the past have provided promising clues to potential treatments for a wide array of currently puzzling medical syndromes including chronic pain, spasticity, cancer, seizure disorders, nausea, anorexia, and infectious disease that remain challenges for 21st century medicine. Information gleaned from the history of cannabis administration in its various forms may provide useful points of departure for research into novel delivery techniques and standardization of cannabis-based medicines that will allow their prescription for treatment of these intractable medical conditions.
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Abstract
The marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa) and preparations derived from it have been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. It is likely that the therapeutic benefits of smoked marijuana are due to some combination of its more than 60 cannabinoids and 200-250 non-cannabinoid constituents. Several marijuana constituents, the carboxylic acid metabolites of tetrahydrocannabinol, and synthetic analogs are free of cannabimimetic central nervous system activity, do not produce behavioral changes in humans, and are effective antiinflammatory and analgesic agents. One cannabinoid acid in particular, ajulemic acid, has been studied extensively in in vitro systems and animal models of inflammation and immune responses. This commentary reviews a portion of the work done by investigators interested in separating the medicinal properties of marijuana from its psychoactive effects. Understanding the mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of nonpsychoactive cannabinoids should lead to development of safe effective treatment for several diseases, and may render moot the debate about "medical marijuana".
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Zurier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA.
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Khanna P, Gupta MB, Gupta GP, Sanwal GG, Ali B. Influence of chronic oral intake of cannabis extract on oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism of xenobiotics in rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:109-13. [PMID: 1986734 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of petroleum ether extract of cannabis leaves by rats in doses of 158, 250 and 500 mg/kg in the first, second and third week, respectively, caused selective induction of hepatic microsomal carboxylesterases/amidases without affecting the renal hydrolytic activity. Acetanilide N-deacetylase, p-nitrophenylacetate (NPA) esterase and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) esterase I and II (active at pH 5.5 and 7.4) were stimulated 125, 64, 82 and 60%, respectively, whereas the activities of procaine esterase and acetylaminofluorene (AAF) N-deacetylase remained unaltered. The hydrolysis of acetylcholine was also unchanged. Upon withdrawal of treatment microsomal hydrolytic activity receded to basal levels within 7 days. Curiously though, the two-fold induction of thiacetazone N-deacetylase (118%), a cytosolic hydrolase, remained largely undiminished (62%). An appraisal of the hepatic cytochrome P450 mediated oxidative metabolism revealed approximately three-fold induction of aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) metabolizing benzo(a)pyrene whereas the N-demethylation of aminopyrene was unaffected. These activities were restored to normal when resin administration was discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Khanna
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Formukong EA, Evans AT, Evans FJ. The inhibitory effects of cannabinoids, the active constituents of Cannabis sativa L. on human and rabbit platelet aggregation. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989; 41:705-9. [PMID: 2575149 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Olivetol, cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 1-THC) were assessed for their ability to inhibit agonist-induced platelet aggregation and [14C]5-HT release. With the exception of olivetol, (40% maximal effectiveness), none of the compounds inhibited tetradecanoylphorbolacetate (TPA)-induced aggregation of human or rabbit platelets. All of these cannabinoids partially inhibited primary aggregation and totally inhibited secondary aggregation of human platelets when adrenaline was used as the agonist. Inhibition was dose-dependent over the range 10(-3)-10(-5) M. Both rabbit and human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner and the order of potency was CBG greater than CBD greater than olivetol greater than THC greater than CBN, the IC50 of CBG being 2.7 x 10(-4) M. PAF-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets was also inhibited by these compounds in a dose-dependent manner over the concentration range 10(-3) to 10(-4) M, however [14C]5-HT release was only partially prevented by the cannabinoids in a manner which did not correlate with inhibition of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Formukong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Formukong EA, Evans AT, Evans FJ. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Inflammation 1988; 12:361-71. [PMID: 3169967 DOI: 10.1007/bf00915771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two extracts of Cannabis sativa herb, one being cannabinoid-free (ethanol) and the other containing the cannabinoids (petroleum), were shown to inhibit PBQ-induced writhing in mouse when given orally and also to antagonize tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced erythema of mouse skin when applied topically. With the exception of cannabinol (CBN) and delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 1-THC), the cannabinoids and olivetol (their biosynthetic precursor) demonstrated activity in the PBQ test exhibiting their maximal effect at doses of about 100 micrograms/kg. delta 1-THC only became maximally effective in doses of 10 mg/kg. This higher dose corresponded to that which induced catalepsy and is indicative of a central action. CNB demonstrated little activity and even at doses in excess of 10 mg/kg could only produce a 40% inhibition of PBQ-induced writhing. Cannabinoid (CBD) was the most effective of the cannabinoids at doses of 100 micrograms/kg. Doses of cannabinoids that were effective in the analgesic test orally were used topically to antagonize TPA-induced erythema of skin. The fact that delta 1-THC and CBN were the least effective in this test suggests a structural relationship between analgesic activity and antiinflammatory activity among the cannabinoids related to their peripheral actions and separate from the central effects of delta 1-THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Formukong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, England
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Formukong EA, Evans AT, Evans FJ. Inhibition of the cataleptic effect of tetrahydrocannabinol by other constituents of Cannabis sativa L. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988; 40:132-4. [PMID: 2897447 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1988.tb05198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induced catalepsy in mice, whereas a cannabis oil (6.68% w/w THC), four cannabinoids and a synthetic mixture did not. Cannabinol (CBN) and olivetol inhibited THC-induced catalepsy in the mornings and the evenings, but cannabidiol (CBD) exhibited this effect only in the evenings. A combination of CBN and CBD inhibited THC-induced catalepsy equal to that of CBN alone in the mornings, but this inhibition was greater than that produced by CBN alone in the evenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Formukong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Lydon J, Teramura AH, Coffman CB. UV-B radiation effects on photosynthesis, growth and cannabinoid production of two Cannabis sativa chemotypes. Photochem Photobiol 1987; 46:201-6. [PMID: 3628508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Evans AT, Formukong EA, Evans FJ. Actions of cannabis constituents on enzymes of arachidonate metabolism: anti-inflammatory potential. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:2035-7. [PMID: 3109435 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Evans AT, Formukong E, Evans FJ. Activation of phospholipase A2 by cannabinoids. Lack of correlation with CNS effects. FEBS Lett 1987; 211:119-22. [PMID: 3803591 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabigerol have been shown to affect directly the activity of phospholipase A2 in a cell-free assay. The compounds produced a biphasic activation of the enzyme, with EC50 values in the range 6.0-20.0 X 10(-6) M and IC50 values in the range 50.0-150.0 X 10(-6) M. These results correlated well with the relative potencies reported for the stimulation of prostaglandin release from human synovial cells in vitro, confirming that activation of phospholipase A2 is the predominant action of cannabinoids on arachidonate metabolism in tissue culture. However, since delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol is unique among these compounds in possessing cataleptic activity, it is unlikely that phospholipase A2 is the major receptor mediating the psychotropic effects of cannabis.
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