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Brochard T, McIntyre RL, Houtkooper RH, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Janssens GE. Repurposing nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) to slow aging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102132. [PMID: 37984625 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Repurposing drugs already approved in the clinic to be used off-label as geroprotectors, compounds that combat mechanisms of aging, are a promising way to rapidly reduce age-related disease incidence in society. Several recent studies have found that a class of drugs-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)-originally developed as treatments for cancers and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, could be repurposed to slow the aging process. Interestingly, these studies propose complementary mechanisms that target multiple hallmarks of aging. At the molecular level, NRTIs repress LINE-1 elements, reducing DNA damage, benefiting the hallmark of aging of 'Genomic Instability'. At the organellar level, NRTIs inhibit mitochondrial translation, activate ATF-4, suppress cytosolic translation, and extend lifespan in worms in a manner related to the 'Loss of Proteostasis' hallmark of aging. Meanwhile, at the cellular level, NRTIs inhibit the P2X7-mediated activation of the inflammasome, reducing inflammation and improving the hallmark of aging of 'Altered Intercellular Communication'. Future development of NRTIs for human aging health will need to balance out toxic side effects with the beneficial effects, which may occur in part through hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brochard
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca L McIntyre
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Georges E Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Zeng Y, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Jiang Y. Mechanism for dissociative hydrolysis of pyrimidine nucleoside d4N: inversion vs retention. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Clercq ED. Reflections on the Rega Institute for Medical Research, at the fiftieth anniversary of the Rega Stichting vzw (Rega Instituut vzw, Rega Foundation). Antivir Chem Chemother 2022; 30:20402066221129979. [PMID: 36305032 PMCID: PMC9618749 DOI: 10.1177/20402066221129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea to start the Rega Foundation was conceived in 1971 at an informal meeting organized by Prof. Piet De Somer (where Prof. Alfons Billiau, Prof. André Vlerick and I were also present), before the Foundation was formally created in 1972. From the early years some antiviral compounds, such as BVDU and the aminoacyl esters of acyclovir (from which ultimately valacyclovir evolved) originated. The advent of AIDS in 1981 and the discovery of the etiologic agent (HIV) thereof in 1983 have led to the identification of an avalanche of anti-HIV compounds in which the Rega Institute has played a primordial role. Foremost among these compounds was tenofovir, discovered in collaboration with Antonín Holý from the IOCB (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry) in Prague. Tenofovir laid the basis for the treatment of HIV (AIDS) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, and in combination with emtricitabine it was the first chemical ever approved by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for the prophylaxis of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Erik De Clercq, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Amblard F, Patel D, Michailidis E, Coats SJ, Kasthuri M, Biteau N, Tber Z, Ehteshami M, Schinazi RF. HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114554. [PMID: 35792384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 years into the pandemic, HIV remains a global burden and as of now, there is no cure in sight. Fortunately, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been developed to manage and suppress HIV infection. Combinations of two to three drugs targeting key viral proteins, including compounds inhibiting HIV reverse transcriptase (RT), have become the cornerstone of HIV treatment. This review discusses nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), including chain terminators, delayed chain terminators, nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitors (NRTTIs), and nucleotide competing RT inhibitors (NcRTIs); focusing on their history, mechanism of action, resistance, and current clinical application, including long-acting regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicolas Biteau
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zahira Tber
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Tribute to John C. Martin at the Twentieth Anniversary of the Breakthrough of Tenofovir in the Treatment of HIV Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122410. [PMID: 34960679 PMCID: PMC8705530 DOI: 10.3390/v13122410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At Bristol-Myers (BM) (1985–1990), John C. Martin started his HIV career with directing the clinical development of didanosine (ddI) and stavudine (d4T). During this period, he became aware of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), such as (S)-HPMPA and PMEA, as potential antiviral drugs. Under his impulse, BM got involved in the evaluation of these ANPs, but the merger of BM with Squibb (to become BMS) incited John to leave BM and join Gilead Sciences, and the portfolio of the ANPs followed the transition. At Gilead, John succeeded in obtaining the approval from the US FDA for the use of cidofovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients, which was reminiscent of John’s first experience with ganciclovir (at Syntex) as an anti-CMV agent. At Gilead, John would then engineer the development of tenofovir, first as TDF (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) and then as TAF (tenofovir alafenamide) and various combinations thereof, for the treatment of HIV infections (i), TDF and TAF for the treatment of hepatitis B (HBV) infections (ii), and TDF and TAF in combination with emtricitabine for the prophylaxis of HIV infections (iii).
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Kataev VE, Garifullin BF. Antiviral nucleoside analogs. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:326-341. [PMID: 34007086 PMCID: PMC8118684 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The minireview surveys the modification of native nucleosides as a result of which huge libraries of nucleoside analogs of various structures were synthesized. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of the so-called prodrug forms of nucleoside analogs which ensure their penetration into the cell and metabolism to active 5'-triphosphate derivatives. All the best known antiviral cyclic nucleoside analogs approved for the treatment of HIV infections, hepatitis B, C, and influenza since the 1960s, as well as those in various stages of clinical trials in recent years, are listed. Nucleoside analogs that have shown the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are discussed, including remdesivir, approved by the FDA for emergency use in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
| | - Bulat F. Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
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Abstract
Fifty years of research (1968-2018) toward the identification of selective antiviral drugs have been primarily focused on antiviral compounds active against DNA viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV, HBV) and retroviruses (HIV). For the treatment of HSV infections the aminoacyl esters of acyclovir were designed, and valacyclovir became the successor of acyclovir in the treatment of HSV and VZV infections. BVDU (brivudin) still stands out as the most potent among the marketed compounds for the treatment of VZV infections (i.e., herpes zoster). In the treatment of HIV infections 10 tenofovir-based drug combinations have been marketed, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) have also proved effective in the treatment of HBV infections. As a spin-off of our anti-HIV research, a CXCR4 antagonist AMD-3100 was found to be therapeutically useful as a stem cell mobilizer, and has since 10 years been approved for the treatment of some hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research , KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
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8
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Jiang Y, Xue Y, Zeng Y. Microsolvated Model for the Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Glycosidic Bond Dissociative Cleavage of Nucleoside D4G. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1816-1825. [PMID: 29316403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the microsolvated model that involves explicit water molecules and implicit solvent in the optimization, two proposed dissociative hydrolysis mechanisms of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (d4G) have been first investigated by means of M06-2X(CPCM, water)/6-31++G(d,p) method. The glycosidic bond dissociation for the generation of the oxacarbenium ion intermediate is the rate-determining step (RDS). The subsequent nucleophilic water attack from different side of the oxacarbenium ion intermediate gives either the α-product [(2S,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ol] or β-product [(2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ol] and is thus referred to as α-path (inversion) and β-path (retention). Two to five explicit water molecules (n = 2-5) are considered in the microsolvated model, and n = 3 or 4 is the smallest model capable of minimizing the activation energy for α-path and β-path, respectively. Our theoretical results suggest that α-path (n = 3) is more kinetically favorable with lower free energy barrier (RDS) of 27.7 kcal mol-1, in contrast to that of 30.7 kcal mol-1 for the β-path (n = 4). The kinetic preference of the α-path is rationalized by NBO analysis. Whereas thte β-path is more thermodynamically favorable over the α-path, where the formation of β-product and α-product are exergonic and endergonic, respectively, providing theoretical support for the experimental observation that the β-cleavage product was the major one after sufficient reaction time. Comparisons of d4G with analogous cyclo-d4G and dG from kinetic free energy barriers and thermodynamic heterolytic dissociation energies were also carried out. Our kinetic and thermodynamic results manifest that the order of glycosidic bond stability should be d4G < cyclo-d4G < dG, which agrees well with the reported experimental stability order of d4G compounds and analogues and gives further understanding on the influence of 6-cyclopropylamino and unsaturated ribose to the glycosidic bond instability of d4G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University , Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- School of Science, Xihua University , Chengdu 610039, China
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9
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Abstract
The ProTide technology is a prodrug approach developed for the efficient intracellular delivery of nucleoside analogue monophosphates and monophosphonates. In this approach, the hydroxyls of the monophosphate or monophosphonate groups are masked by an aromatic group and an amino acid ester moiety, which are enzymatically cleaved-off inside cells to release the free nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate species. Structurally, this represents the current end-point of an extensive medicinal chemistry endeavor that spans almost three decades. It started from the masking of nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate groups by simple alkyl groups and evolved into the sophisticated ProTide system as known today. This technology has been extensively employed in drug discovery, and it has already led to the discovery of two FDA-approved (antiviral) ProTides. In this work, we will review the development of the ProTide technology, its application in drug discovery, and its role in the improvement of drug delivery and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , Redwood Building , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
| | - Hardeep S Rattan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
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10
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Ordonez P, Kunzelmann S, Groom HCT, Yap MW, Weising S, Meier C, Bishop KN, Taylor IA, Stoye JP. SAMHD1 enhances nucleoside-analogue efficacy against HIV-1 in myeloid cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42824. [PMID: 28220857 PMCID: PMC5318888 DOI: 10.1038/srep42824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is an intracellular enzyme that specifically degrades deoxynucleoside triphosphates into component nucleoside and inorganic triphosphate. In myeloid-derived dendritic cells and macrophages as well as resting T-cells, SAMHD1 blocks HIV-1 infection through this dNTP triphosphohydrolase activity by reducing the cellular dNTP pool to a level that cannot support productive reverse transcription. We now show that, in addition to this direct effect on virus replication, manipulating cellular SAMHD1 activity can significantly enhance or decrease the anti-HIV-1 efficacy of nucleotide analogue reverse transcription inhibitors presumably as a result of modulating dNTP pools that compete for recruitment by viral polymerases. Further, a variety of other nucleotide-based analogues, not normally considered antiretrovirals, such as the anti-herpes drugs Aciclovir and Ganciclovir and the anti-cancer drug Clofarabine are now revealed as potent anti-HIV-1 agents, under conditions of low dNTPs. This in turn suggests novel uses for nucleotide analogues to inhibit HIV-1 in differentiated cells low in dNTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ordonez
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Simone Kunzelmann
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Harriet C. T. Groom
- Infection and Replication of Retroviruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Melvyn W. Yap
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Simon Weising
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kate N. Bishop
- Infection and Replication of Retroviruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Stoye
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Jorgensen WL. Computer-aided discovery of anti-HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4768-4778. [PMID: 27485603 PMCID: PMC5114837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A review is provided on efforts in our laboratory over the last decade to discover anti-HIV agents. The work has focused on computer-aided design and synthesis of non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs) with collaborative efforts on biological assaying and protein crystallography. Numerous design issues were successfully addressed including the need for potency against a wide range of viral variants, good aqueous solubility, and avoidance of electrophilic substructures. Computational methods including docking, de novo design, and free-energy perturbation (FEP) calculations made essential contributions. The result is novel NNRTIs with picomolar and low-nanomolar activities against wild-type HIV-1 and key variants that also show much improved solubility and lower cytotoxicity than recently approved drugs in the class.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, United States.
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Abstract
Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) HIV infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (lamivudine, interferons, nucleoside analogues, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (iii) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (ribavirin, interferons, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors), (iv) herpesvirus infections (5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, entry inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and acyclic guanosine analogues), (v) influenza virus infections (ribavirin, matrix 2 protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors), (vi) human cytomegalovirus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and oligonucleotides), (vii) varicella-zoster virus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, nucleoside analogues, 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, and antibodies), (viii) respiratory syncytial virus infections (ribavirin and antibodies), and (ix) external anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus infections (imiquimod, sinecatechins, and podofilox). Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs approved over the past 50 years, shedding light on the development of effective antiviral treatments against current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Qu S, Kim G, Yu J, Sahu PK, Choi Y, Naik SD, Jeong LS. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of 5′-Homo-2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydro-4′-selenonucleosides (5′-Homo-4′-Se-d4 Ns). ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Qu
- College of Pharmacy; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Pramod K. Sahu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Yoojin Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Siddhi D. Naik
- College of Pharmacy; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
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Efficacy of Antiviral Drugs against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Vet Sci 2015; 2:456-476. [PMID: 29061953 PMCID: PMC5644647 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is one of the most common infectious agents affecting cats worldwide .FIV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share many properties: both are lifelong persistent lentiviruses that are similar genetically and morphologically and both viruses propagate in T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and neural cells. Experimentally infected cats have measurable immune suppression, which sometimes progresses to an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A transient initial state of infection is followed by a long latent stage with low virus replication and absence of clinical signs. In the terminal stage, both viruses can cause severe immunosuppression. Thus, FIV infection in cats has become an important natural model for studying HIV infection in humans, especially for evaluation of antiviral compounds. Of particular importance for chemotherapeutic studies is the close similarity between the reverse transcriptase (RT) of FIV and HIV, which results in high in vitro susceptibility of FIV to many RT-targeted antiviral compounds used in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date review of studies on antiviral treatment of FIV, focusing on commercially available compounds for human or animal use.
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De Clercq E. Curious discoveries in antiviral drug development: the role of serendipity. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:698-719. [PMID: 25726922 DOI: 10.1002/med.21340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drug development has often followed a curious meandrous route, guided by serendipity rather than rationality. This will be illustrated by ten examples. The polyanionic compounds (i) polyethylene alanine (PEA) and (ii) suramin were designed as an antiviral agent (PEA) or known as an antitrypanosomal agent (suramin), before they emerged as, respectively, a depilatory agent, or reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (ddNs analogues) (iii) have been (and are still) used in the "Sanger" DNA sequencing technique, although they are now commercialized as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in the treatment of HIV infections. (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (iv) was discovered as a selective anti-herpes simplex virus compound and is now primarily used for the treatment of varicella-zoster virus infections. The prototype of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(S)-HPMPA], (v) was never commercialized, although it gave rise to several marketed products (cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir). 1-[2-(Hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (vi) and TIBO (tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)]-one and -thione) (vii) paved the way to a number of compounds (i.e., nevirapine, delavirdine, etravirine, and rilpivirine), which are now collectively called non-NRTIs. The bicyclam AMD3100 (viii) was originally described as an anti-HIV agent before it became later marketed as a stem cell mobilizer. The S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors (ix), while active against a broad range of (-)RNA viruses and poxviruses may be particularly effective against Ebola virus, and for (x) the O-ANP derivatives, the potential application range encompasses virtually all DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Abou Assi H, Martínez-Montero S, Dixit DM, Chua Z, Bohle DS, Damha MJ. Synthesis, Structure, and Conformational Analysis of Nucleoside Analogues Comprising Six-Membered 1,3-Oxathiane Sugar Rings. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Nucleoside Analogue Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Chang KY, Yang JR. Analysis and prediction of highly effective antiviral peptides based on random forests. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70166. [PMID: 23940542 PMCID: PMC3734225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine and predict antiviral peptides. Although antiviral peptides hold great potential in antiviral drug discovery, little is done in antiviral peptide prediction. In this study, we demonstrate that a physicochemical model using random forests outperform in distinguishing antiviral peptides. On the experimental benchmark, our physicochemical model aided with aggregation and secondary structural features reaches 90% accuracy and 0.79 Matthew's correlation coefficient, which exceeds the previous models. The results suggest that aggregation could be an important feature for identifying antiviral peptides. In addition, our analysis reveals the characteristics of the antiviral peptides such as the importance of lysine and the abundance of α-helical secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Y Chang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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19
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Sun J, Duan R, Li H, Wu J. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Triazolo-Fused 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleoside Analogs Prepared by an IntramolecularHuisgen1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Figueras A, Miralles-Llumà R, Flores R, Rustullet A, Busqué F, Figueredo M, Font J, Alibés R, Maréchal JD. Synthesis, Anti-HIV Activity Studies, and in silico Rationalization of Cyclobutane-Fused Nucleosides. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1044-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Park AY, Kim WH, Kang JA, Lee HJ, Lee CK, Moon HR. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure D- and L-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleosides and their antiviral evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3945-55. [PMID: 21658957 PMCID: PMC7126181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Based upon the fact that L-nucleosides have been generally known to be less cytotoxic than D-counterparts, L-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleoside derivatives with a fixed north conformation were designed and synthesized by employing a novel synthetic strategy starting from (R)-epichlorohydrin in order to search for new anti-HIV agents with high potency and less cytotoxicity. A tandem alkylation, γ-lactonization, a chemoselective reduction of ester in the presence of γ-lactone functional group, a RCM reaction, and a Mitsunobu coupling reaction were used as key reactions. D-Counterpart nucleosides were also prepared according to the same synthetic method. Among the synthesized carbanucleosides, D-thymine nucleoside, D-2 and L-thymine nucleoside, L-2 exhibited excellent anti-HIV-1 and -2 activities, in MT-4 cells, which were higher than those of ddI, an anti-AIDS drug. Whereas D-2 exhibited high cytotoxicity in MT-4 cell lines, L-2 did not show any discernible cytotoxicity in all cell lines tested, reflecting that L-2 may be a good candidate for an anti-AIDS drug. L-2 also showed weak anti-HSV-2 activity without cytotoxicity. However, none of the synthesized nucleosides exhibited antiviral activities against RNA viruses including coxsakie, influenza, corona and polio viruses, maybe due to their 2',3'-dideoxy structure. Potent antiviral effects of D-2 and L-2 indicate that nucleosides belonging to a class of D4Ns can be an excellent candidate for anti-DNA virus agents. This research strongly supports L-nucleosides of a class of D4Ns to be a very promising candidate for antiviral agents due to its low cytotoxicity and a good antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Kang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Pharmacology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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22
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Flores R, Rustullet A, Alibés R, Álvarez-Larena A, de March P, Figueredo M, Font J. Synthesis of Purine Nucleosides Built on a 3-Oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane Scaffold. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5369-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200775x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Flores
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Rustullet
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angel Álvarez-Larena
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro de March
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Font
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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Morales EHR, Román CA, Thomann JO, Meier C. Linear Synthesis of Chiral cycloSal-Pronucleotides. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medical School University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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25
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Kim WH, Park AY, Kang JA, Kim J, Kim JA, Lee HR, Chun P, Choi J, Lee CK, Jeong LS, Moon HR. First synthesis of 2′-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl nucleosides with a north conformation. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Ruman T, Długopolska K, Jurkiewicz A, Rydel K, Leś A, Rode W. The synthesis and NMR investigation on novel boron derivatives of stavudine. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:87-91. [PMID: 20074771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Preparation and spectroscopic properties of novel boron-containing derivatives of anti-HIV agent stavudine are presented, The new compounds, (5'-O-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaboronate)-2'-3'-didehydro-2'-3'-dideoxythymidine and 5'-O-(dihydroxyboronate)-2'-3'-didehydro-2'-3'-dideoxythymidine), were prepared by direct reaction between stavudine and reagents containing BH moieties - pinacolborane and borane-dimethylsulfide complexes, respectively. The boron coordination equilibrium of those compounds was analyzed by water titration monitored by NMR. Results of the DFT calculations and NMR experiments pointed to structural and electronic similarity of tetrahedral boron complexes to phosphate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ruman
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poland.
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27
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Synthesis of 3-vinyl-2,5-dihydrofuran ring system via enyne metathesis. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Martin JC, Hitchcock MJM, De Clercq E, Prusoff WH. Early nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV: a brief history of stavudine (D4T) and its comparison with other dideoxynucleosides. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:34-8. [PMID: 19854224 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The occasion of this 25th anniversary issue encouraged us to reminisce about the important history of the discovery of the dideoxynucleoside analogues for the treatment of HIV/AIDS and to chronicle our thoughts about a particular exciting and rewarding period of our scientific careers. Following the identification of the anti-HIV activity of zidovudine (AZT), we participated in the urgent quest to discover optimal treatments of HIV infection and AIDS. A number of previously synthesized nucleoside analogues were comparatively evaluated, and stavudine (D4T) emerged as a promising candidate for development. Following clinical evaluation, D4T became a mainstay of the initial antiretroviral combination therapy, prolonging and saving numerous lives. It has only recently been supplanted by better-tolerated treatments. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, vol. 85, issue 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Martin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States.
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30
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De Clercq E. In search of a selective therapy of viral infections. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:19-24. [PMID: 19852983 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is meant as an introductory chapter to the special issue of Antiviral Research on "Twenty-five years of antiretroviral drug development: progress and prospects", commemorating the first description of azidothymidine (AZT) as an antiretroviral agent. This has prompted me to highlight some of the hallmarks that played an important role in my own search of a selective therapy of viral infections: i.e., the induction of interferon by double-stranded RNA [such as poly(I).poly(C)], allowing the cloning and expression of beta-interferon; the discovery of the reverse transcriptase (RT) (and HIV as a retrovirus depending for its replication on RT), allowing the identification and development of a wide variety of RT inhibitors, nowadays used for the treatment of AIDS; the specificity of herpesvirus inhibitors such as acyclovir and BVDU, in the treatment of HSV and VZV infections; the role of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (tenofovir, adefovir and cidofovir) in the treatment of HIV, HBV and DNA virus infections; and that of the NNRTIs (leading from TIBO to rilpivirine) as an essential part of the current anti-HIV drug cocktails. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, vol. 85, issue 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Wolf S, Zismann T, Lunau N, Meier C. Reliable synthesis of various nucleoside diphosphate glycopyranoses. Chemistry 2009; 15:7656-64. [PMID: 19569136 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and high yielding synthetic pathway for the synthesis of the biologically highly important class of nucleoside diphosphate sugars (NDP-sugars) was developed by using various cycloSal-nucleotides 1 and 9 as active ester building blocks. The reaction with anomerically pure pyranosyl-1-phosphates 2 led to the target NDP-sugars 20-45 in a nucleophilic displacement reaction, which cleaves the cycloSal moiety in anomerically pure forms. As nucleosides cytidine, uridine, thymidine, adenosine, 2'-deoxy-guanosine and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine were used while the phosphates of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-NAc-glucosamine, D-NAc-galactosamine, D-fucose, L-fucose as well as 6-deoxy-D-gulose were introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wolf
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Impact of novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutations P119S and T165A on 4'-ethynylthymidine analog resistance profile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4640-6. [PMID: 19704131 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00686-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2',3'-Didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine (4'-Ed4T), a derivative of stavudine (d4T), has potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus and is much less inhibitory to mitochondrial DNA synthesis and cell growth than its progenitor, d4T. 4'-Ed4T triphosphate was a better reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor than d4T triphosphate, due to the additional binding of the 4'-ethynyl group at a presumed hydrophobic pocket in the RT active site. Previous in vitro selection for 4'-Ed4T-resistant viral strains revealed M184V and P119S/T165A/M184V mutations on days 26 and 81, respectively; M184V and P119S/T165A/M184V conferred 3- and 130-fold resistance to 4'-Ed4T, respectively. We investigated the relative contributions of these mutations, engineered into the strain NL4-3 background, to drug resistance, RT activity, and viral growth. Viral variants with single RT mutations (P119S or T165A) did not show resistance to 4'-Ed4T; however, M184V and P119S/T165A/M184V conferred three- and fivefold resistance, respectively, compared with that of the wild-type virus. The P119S/M184V and T165A/M184V variants showed about fourfold resistance to 4'-Ed4T. The differences in the growth kinetics of the variants were not more than threefold. The purified RT of mutants with the P119S/M184V and T165A/M184V mutations were inhibited by 4'-Ed4TTP with 8- to 13-fold less efficiency than wild-type RT. M184V may be the primary resistance-associated mutation of 4'-Ed4T, and P119S and T165A are secondary mutations. On the basis of our findings and the results of structural modeling, a virus with a high degree of resistance to 4'-Ed4T (e.g., more than 50-fold resistance) will be difficult to develop. The previously observed 130-fold resistance of the virus with P119S/T165A/M184V to 4'-Ed4T may be partly due to mutations both in the RT sequence and outside the RT sequence.
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Prajapati DG, Ramajayam R, Yadav MR, Giridhar R. The search for potent, small molecule NNRTIs: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5744-62. [PMID: 19632850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIDS has become the leading pandemic disease, and is the cause of death worldwide. Presently, HAART treatment, a combination of reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease inhibitors is also unsuccessful due to the virus getting resistant to the drugs because of mutational changes. Two types of RT inhibitors exist namely nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The NNRTIs which bind to an allosteric site on RT are an important arsenal of drugs against HIV-1. The specificity of NNRTIs towards HIV-1 has led to extensive structural and molecular modelling studies of enzyme complexes and chemical synthesis of second and third-generation NNRTIs. The major drawbacks of NNRTIs are generation of resistance and pharmacokinetic problems. By mutational studies of non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket (NNIBP) some amino acids which were found to play an important role in proper binding resulted less prone to mutation. In this review we present a chronological history of NNRTI development, also highlighting the need for small molecules belonging to the NNRTI class for the management of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval G Prajapati
- Pharmacy Department, Kalabhavan, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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34
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Eisenhuth R, Richert C. Convenient syntheses of 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, their 5'-monophosphates, and 3'-aminoterminal oligodeoxynucleotide primers. J Org Chem 2009; 74:26-37. [PMID: 19053612 DOI: 10.1021/jo8018889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5'-Protected 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides containing any of the four canonical nucleobases (A/C/G/T) were prepared via azides in five to six steps, starting from deoxynucleosides. For pyrimidines, the synthetic route involved nucleophilic opening of anhydronucleosides. For purines, an in situ oxidation/reduction sequence, followed by a Mitsunobu reaction with diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine and sodium azide, provided the 3'-azidonucleosides in high yield and purity. For solid-phase synthesis of aminoterminal oligonucleotides, aminonucleosides were linked to controlled pore glass through a novel hexafluoroglutaric acid linker. These supports gave 3'-aminoterminal primers in high yield and purity via conventional DNA chain assembly and one-step deprotection/release with aqueous ammonia. Primers thus prepared were successfully tested in enzyme-free chemical primer extension, an inexpensive methodology for genotyping and labeling. Protected 5'-monophosphates of 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides were also prepared, providing starting materials for the preparation of labeled or photolably protected monomers for chemical primer extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Eisenhuth
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Fossey C, Vu AH, Vidu A, Zarafu I, Laduree D, Schmidt S, Laumond G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis of prodrug-type anti-HIV agents conjugating a REVERSE transcriptase inhibitor to a HIV-1 integrase inhibitor by a spontaneously cleavable linker. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:591-607. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360701425386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Fossey C, Huynh NT, Vu AH, Vidu A, Zarafu I, Laduree D, Schmidt S, Laumond G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of hybrid-type prodrugs conjugating HIV integrase inhibitors with d4t by self-cleavable spacers containing an amino acid residue. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:608-19. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360701425402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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Tosh DK, Choi WJ, Kim HO, Lee Y, Pal S, Hou X, Choi J, Choi S, Jeong LS. Stereoselective Synthesis and Conformational Study of Novel 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-4′-selenonucleosides. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4259-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8003277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Hea Ok Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Shantanu Pal
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Xiyan Hou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Jungwon Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry,
The University of Suwon, Kyunggi 445-743, Korea
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38
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Colombeau L, Teste K, Hadj-Bouazza A, Chaleix V, Zerrouki R, Kraemer M, Catherine OS. Synthesis and biological activity of chloroethyl pyrimidine nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:110-20. [PMID: 18205066 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701795813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of chloroethyl pyrimidine nucleosides is presented. One of these new nucleosides analogues significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion as tested in vitro on the A431 vulvar epidermal carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Colombeau
- Université de Limoges, Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Limoges, France
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39
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Mechanism of inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by a stavudine analogue, 4'-ethynyl stavudine triphosphate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2035-42. [PMID: 18391035 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00083-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2',3'-Didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine (4'-Ed4T), a recently discovered nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor, exhibits 5- to 10-fold-higher activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and less cytotoxicity than does its parental compound d4T (stavudine). Using steady-state kinetic approaches, we have previously shown that (i) 4'-ethynyl-d4T triphosphate (4'-Ed4TTP) inhibits HIV-1 RT more efficiently than d4TTP does and (ii) its inhibition efficiency toward the RT M184V mutant is threefold less than that toward wild-type (wt) RT. In this study we used pre-steady-state kinetic approaches in an attempt to understand its mechanism of inhibition. With wt and the M184V mutant RTs, 4'-Ed4TTP has three- to fivefold-lower K(d) (dissociation constant) values than d4TTP, while d4TTP has up to eightfold-higher K(d) values than dTTP. Inhibition is more effective in DNA replication with RNA template than with DNA template. In general, the M184V mutant exhibits poorer binding for all three nucleoside triphosphates than does wt RT. The structural basis for the lower binding affinity of d4TTP than of dTTP could be the lack of hydrogen bonds from the missing 3'-hydroxyl group in d4TTP to the backbone amide of Y115 and also to the side chain of Q151. The structural basis for the higher binding affinity of 4'-Ed4TTP than of d4TTP could be the additional binding of the 4'-ethynyl group in a preformed hydrophobic pocket by A114, Y115, M184, F160, and part of D185.
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40
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Ilina T, Parniak MA. Inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:121-67. [PMID: 18086411 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ilina
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Sun J, Wu J, Yang H. Synthesis, Structure, and Conformation of 2′,3′-Fused Oxathiane and Thiomorpholine Uridines. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Kim CU, Luh BY, Misco PF, Martin JC. Phosphonate Isosteres of 2′,3′-Didehydro-2,3-dideoxynucleoside Monophosphates: Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319108046482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Choung Un Kim
- a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute 5 Research Parkway , Wallingford , CT , 06492-7660
| | - Bing Y. Luh
- a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute 5 Research Parkway , Wallingford , CT , 06492-7660
| | - Peter F. Misco
- a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute 5 Research Parkway , Wallingford , CT , 06492-7660
| | - John C. Martin
- a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute 5 Research Parkway , Wallingford , CT , 06492-7660
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43
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Wang F. Unsaturated didehydrodeoxycytidine drugs. 1. Impact of C=C positions in the sugar ring. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:9628-33. [PMID: 17658790 DOI: 10.1021/jp072014y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical names of a pair of recently synthesized antitumor drugs are given in the present study as 1',2'-didehydro-3',4'-deoxycytidine and 3',4'-didehydro-2',4'-deoxycytidine. The order of stabilities, geometries, and ionization potentials of the unsaturated sugar-modified cytidine derivatives is investigated quantum mechanically. Our density functional theory calculations based on the B3LYP/6-311++G** model reveal that 3',4'-didehydro-2',4'-deoxycytidine (SD-C2) is slightly more stable than its isomer, 1',2'-didehydro-3',4'-deoxycytidine, by an energy of 5.28 kJ x mol(-1) in isolation. The isomers structurally differ by only the C=C location in the sugar ring. However, the compounds exhibit an unusual orientation with a less puckered sugar ring; that is, 3',4'-didehydro-2',4'-deoxycytidine is determined to be a beta-nucleoside, which is a C1'-endo, north conformer with an anticlinal sugar ring, whereas 1',2'-didehydro-3',4'-deoxycytidine is neither an alpha-nucleoside nor a beta-nucleoside but is a C4'-endo, south conformer with an antiperiplanar sugar ring. The present study further indicates that the C=C double bond location imposes significant effects on their ionization potentials (IPs) and other important molecular properties such as molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). In addition, inner shell binding energy spectral variations with respect to the C=C bond exhibit more site dependence. The valence shell binding energy spectral changes are, on the other hand, significant and delocalized. The latter indicates that such changes in valence space are not isolated effects but are within the entire nucleoside. Finally, the present study suggests that the nearly 0.6 eV difference in the first ionization potentials (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the isomers is sufficiently large to identify them by further spectroscopic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, 3122, Australia.
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Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic has existed for >25 years. Extensive work globally has provided avenues to combat viral infection, but the disease continues to rage on in the human population and infected approximately 4 million people in 2006 alone. In this review, we provide a brief history of HIV/AIDS, followed by analysis of one therapeutic target of HIV-1: its reverse transcriptase (RT). We discuss the biochemical characterization of RT in order to place emphasis on possible avenues of inhibition, which now includes both nucleoside and non-nucleoside modalities. Therapies against RT remain a cornerstone of anti-HIV treatment, but the virus eventually resists inhibition through the selection of drug-resistant RT mutations. Current inhibitors and associated resistance are discussed, with the hopes that new therapeutics can be developed against RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Basavapathruni
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
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45
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Khalil NSAM. First synthesis and antimicrobial activity Of N- and S-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-1,2,4-triazoles. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 26:361-77. [PMID: 17479432 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701296986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Arabinosylation of some 4-amino- and 4-arylideneamino-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]-triazole-3-thiones with 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-L-arabinopyranosyl bromide led to an efficient synthetic approach to the corresponding N-and S-alpha-L-arabinopyranosides. Structure assignment of these two regiosiomers was based on chemical and spectroscopic evidences. Antimicrobial activities of two selected regioisomeric N-and S-alpha-L-arabinopyranosides were compared. The N-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside showed higher inhibitory effect than its regioisomeric S-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium italicum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S A M Khalil
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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46
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Hsu CH, Hu R, Dutschman GE, Yang G, Krishnan P, Tanaka H, Baba M, Cheng YC. Comparison of the phosphorylation of 4'-ethynyl 2',3'-dihydro-3'-deoxythymidine with that of other anti-human immunodeficiency virus thymidine analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1687-93. [PMID: 17353236 PMCID: PMC1855562 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01432-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine analogs, including 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-deoxythymidine (D4T), are important antiretroviral agents. To exert antiretroviral activity, these analogs undergo a stepwise phosphorylation intracellularly to the active triphosphate metabolites. We previously reported that 4'-substituted D4T with an ethynyl group (i.e., 4'-ethynyl D4T) increased the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity and was active against multidrug-resistant HIV strains. 4'-Ethynyl D4T is a better substrate for phosphorylation by human thymidine kinase 1 than D4T is. In this report, we first studied the enzymes involved in the phosphorylation of 4'-ethynyl D4T from monophosphate to triphosphate metabolites. The 4'-ethynyl D4TMP is phosphorylated by recombinant human TMP kinase with a K(m) of 19 +/- 4 microM and a k(cat) of 0.007 +/- 0.001 s(-1); the relative efficiency is about 9 and 15% of those of D4TMP and AZTMP, respectively. Several enzymes from crude cellular extracts, including nucleoside diphosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, could phosphorylate 4'-ethynyl D4T-diphosphate. The relative phosphorylation efficiencies of 4'-ethynyl D4TDP were about 3 to 25% of those of D4TDP and were generally similar to those of AZTDP. In T-lymphoid cell lines, there was a preponderant accumulation of 4'-ethynyl D4TMP, suggesting that TMP kinase could be the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of 4'-ethynyl D4T. Although the same enzymes are involved in the stepwise phosphorylation of thymidine analogs, their behaviors in phosphorylating metabolites of 4'-ethynyl D4T are different from those of D4T and AZT. Qualitatively, the metabolism of 4'-ethynyl D4T is more similar to that of AZT than to that of its progenitor, D4T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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47
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Yang G, Dutschman GE, Wang CJ, Tanaka H, Baba M, Anderson KS, Cheng YC. Highly selective action of triphosphate metabolite of 4'-ethynyl D4T: a novel anti-HIV compound against HIV-1 RT. Antiviral Res 2006; 73:185-91. [PMID: 17109975 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2',3'-Didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine (4'-Ed4T), is a recently discovered nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) showing a 5- to 10-fold greater anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity and less cellular and mitochondrial toxicity than its parental compound, stavudine (D4T). It is also active against a variety of NRTI-resistant HIV-1 mutants under non-cytotoxic concentrations. In this study, the effects of 4'-Ed4TTP, which is the triphosphate metabolite of 4'-Ed4T, on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity were investigated. We found that 4'-Ed4TTP was a substrate of HIV-1 RT serving as a DNA chain terminator, and it inhibited the DNA polymerase activity of RT more efficiently than D4TTP. The value of Ki(4'-Ed4TTP)/Km(dTTP) is 0.15 for DNA/RNA primer/template duplex (P/T), but 0.7 for DNA/DNA P/T, suggesting 4'-Ed4TTP inhibits RT more efficiently during RNA-dependent DNA synthesis than DNA-dependent DNA synthesis. 4'-Ed4TTP was also found to inhibit the 3TC (Lamivudine)-resistant RT mutant, M184V, with 3-fold less efficiency than the wild type (wt) RT. 4'-Ed4TTP showed much less inhibitory effects toward major host DNA polymerases. Overall, our results suggest that 4'-Ed4TTP is the active form for anti-HIV-1 activity via its inhibitory effect against RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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48
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Lipka E, Len C, Rabiller C, Bonte JP, Vaccher C. Enantioseparation of cis and trans nucleosides, aromatic analogues of stavudine, by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1132:141-7. [PMID: 16965783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 1-4 are diastereoisomeric thymine derivatives of isochroman aromatic analogues of stavudine, an approved drug. Both capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were used to separate these species with high resolution and thus permit the determination of enantiomeric excess. Chiral selectivity was developed using anionic (highly sulfated) cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in CE and amylose, cellulose and cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases by HPLC. The HPLC method was found to be more efficient than the CE method and was applied, after validation (repeatability, limit of detection, limit of quantification) to follow and quantify the kinetics of a stereoselective esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lipka
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, EA 4034, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, B.P. 83, 3 Rue du Pr. Laguesse, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
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Sriharsha SN, Satish S, Shashikanth S, Raveesha KA. Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel 1,3-thiazolidine pyrimidine nucleoside analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7476-81. [PMID: 16890445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new class of 1,3-thiazolidine nucleoside analogues in which furanose oxygen atom was replaced with nitrogen atom and 2'-carbon atom with sulfur atom is described. N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-acyloxy-4-trityloxymethyl-1,3-thiazolidine was coupled with the pyrimidine bases like uracil, thymine, etc. in the presence of lewis acids stannic chloride or trimethyl silyl triflate following Vorbruggen procedure. The antibacterial activity of the novel 1,3-thiazolidine pyrimidine nucleoside analogues is highlighted. All compounds (7a-e) with free NH group in the pyrimidine moiety showed significant biological activity against all the standard strains used and in that compounds 7d and 7e showed significant activity against 14 human pathogens tested.
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50
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Oh CH, Kim JW, Hong JH. Simple synthesis and anti-HIV activity of novel 3'-vinyl branched apiosyl pyrimidine nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:871-8. [PMID: 16901819 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600793869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel vinyl branched apiosyl nucleosides were synthesized in this study. Apiosyl sugar moiety was constructed by sequential ozonolysis and reductions. The bases (uracil and thymine) were efficiently coupled by glycosyl condensation procedure (persilyated base and TMSOTf). The antiviral activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against the HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, and HCMV. Compound 10beta displayed moderate anti-HIV activity (EC50 = 17.3 microg/mL) without exhibiting any cytotoxicity up to 100 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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