1
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Kato Y. A strategy for addicting transgene-free bacteria to synthetic modified metabolites. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1086094. [PMID: 36846762 PMCID: PMC9950777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1086094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological containment is a safeguard technology to prevent uncontrolled proliferation of "useful but dangerous" microbes. Addiction to synthetic chemicals is ideal for biological containment, but this currently requires introduction of transgenes containing synthetic genetic elements for which environmental diffusion has to be prevented. Here, I designed a strategy for addicting transgene-free bacteria to synthetic modified metabolites, in which the target organism that can neither produce an essential metabolite nor use the extracellularly supplied metabolite, is rescued by a synthetic derivative that is taken up from a medium and converted into the metabolite in the cell. Because design of the synthetic modified metabolite is the key technology, our strategy differs distinctly from conventional biological containment, which mainly depends on genetic manipulation of the target microorganisms. Our strategy is particularly promising for containment of non-genetically modified organisms such as pathogens and live vaccines.
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2
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Wiemer AJ. Metabolic Efficacy of Phosphate Prodrugs and the Remdesivir Paradigm. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:613-626. [PMID: 32821882 PMCID: PMC7409933 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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Drugs that contain phosphates (and
phosphonates or phosphinates)
have intrinsic absorption issues and are therefore often delivered
in prodrug forms to promote their uptake. Effective prodrug forms
distribute their payload to the site of the intended target and release
it efficiently with minimal byproduct toxicity. The ability to balance
unwanted payload release during transit with desired release at the
site of action is critical to prodrug efficacy. Despite decades of
research on prodrug forms, choosing the ideal prodrug form remains
a challenge which is often solved empirically. The recent emergency
use authorization of the antiviral remdesivir for COVID-19 exemplifies
a new approach for delivery of phosphate prodrugs by parenteral dosing,
which minimizes payload release during transit and maximizes tissue
payload distribution. This review focuses on the role of metabolic
activation in efficacy during oral and parenteral dosing of phosphate,
phosphonate, and phosphinate prodrugs. Through examining prior structure–activity
studies on prodrug forms and the choices that led to development of
remdesivir and other clinical drugs and drug candidates, a better
understanding of their ability to distribute to the planned site of
action, such as the liver, plasma, PBMCs, or peripheral tissues, can
be gained. The structure–activity relationships described here
will facilitate the rational design of future prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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3
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McGuigan C, Cahard D, Salgado A, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidates as Potent Prodrugs of anti-HIV Nucleotides: Studies in the Amino Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogues AZT and d4T have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. All compounds were fully characterised by a range of methods and were subjected to evaluation in vitro of their anti-HIV efficacy. A notable feature of the current study was that any attempt to replace the amino acid moiety of the phosphoramidate with a simple amine lead to a marked, virtually total loss of activity. Such simple phenyl alkylamino phosphate derivatives of either d4T or AZT inhibit HIV replication at cytotoxic concentrations and have no detectable antiviral selectivity. This clearly highlights the vital role played by the amino acid in the antiviral efficacy of the blocked phosphoramidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - D. Cahard
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - A. Salgado
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Haloalkyl Phosphate Derivatives of AZT as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies in the Phosphate Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel haloalkyl phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT were prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials were designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action, which varied greatly with the structure of the phosphate moiety. By comparison to simple dialkyl phosphates, which are inactive against HIV-1, the introduction of halogen atoms into the alkyl (phosphate) chains led to anti-HIV activity. Although halogen substitution in just one alkyl chain was sufficient for biological activity, substitution in the second alkyl chain further enhanced activity. Conversely, stabilization of the second chain, by conversion to a phosphonate, led to a reduction in activity. In one case, the diastereo-isomers resulting from mixed stereochemistry at the phosphate centre were separated, and found to differ in activity by one order of magnitude. Lastly, the bis(mono- and di-chloroethyl) phosphates were prepared and found to display moderate anti-HIV activity.
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5
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McGuigan C, Bellevergue P, Jones BCNM, Mahmood N, Hay AJ, Petrik J, Karpas A. Alkyl Hydrogen Phosphonate Derivatives of the anti-HIV Agent AZT may be Less Toxic than the Parent Nucleoside Analogue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel alkyl hydrogen phosphonate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridite chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bioactive free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation has revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action. Short-chain (C1-C7) alkyl derivatives are more potent than the parent hydrogen phosphonate, whilst one long-chain (C18) compound is less active. In an assay that demonstrates the toxicity of the parent drug AZT, the alkyl H-phosphonates appear to be less cytotoxic, whilst retaining full antiviral activity. Lastly, the compounds are all poorly active in a cell line (JM) that is poorly responsive to AZT, indicating that they act as depot forms of the nucleoside rather than of the free nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - P. Bellevergue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - B. C. N. M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - J. Petrik
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
| | - A. Karpas
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
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6
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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7
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Romanowska J, Sobkowski M, Szymańska-Michalak A, Kołodziej K, Dąbrowska A, Lipniacki A, Piasek A, Pietrusiewicz ZM, Figlerowicz M, Guranowski A, Boryski J, Stawiński J, Kraszewski A. Aryl H-Phosphonates 17: (N-Aryl)phosphoramidates of Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues and Their Synthesis, Selected Properties, and Anti-HIV Activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6482-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Romanowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Sobkowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Krystian Kołodziej
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Lipniacki
- National Institute of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Piasek
- National Institute of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia M. Pietrusiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznań University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Life Science University, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Boryski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Stawiński
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kraszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
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8
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Khan SR, Nowak B, Plunkett W, Farquhar D. Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) thymidine 5'-phosphate is a cell membrane-permeable precursor of thymidine 5'-phosphate in thymidine kinase deficient CCRF CEM cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1307-13. [PMID: 15826601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) thymidine 5-phosphate (POM(2)-dTMP) has been investigated as a membrane-permeable prodrugs of dTMP. The growth inhibitory activity of POM(2)-TMP has been compared with thymidine (TdR) in wild type CCRF CEM cells (CEM) and a strain that lacks TdR kinase (CEM tk-). After 72 h incubation at 37 degrees C, TdR showed significant antiproliferative activity (IC(50)=27 microM) against CEM cells but was weakly effective (IC(50)=730 microM) against the mutant cell line. By comparison, bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) thymidine 5'-monophosphate (POM(2)-dTMP) was equally inhibitory (IC(50)=5 microM) to both cell lines. The growth inhibitory effects were reversed by deoxycytidine. Cellular [methyl-(3)H]dTTP pools increased linearly over 2h during incubation of CEM or CEM tk- with 5 microM POM(2)-[methyl-(3)H]dTMP. The incorporation of [methyl-(3)H]TdR into HClO(4)-insoluble cell residue by CEM tk- was <0.1% that of CEM and did not increase over 1h. In contrast, CEM tk- incorporated radioactivity from POM(2)-dTMP into acid insoluble residue at a rate 59% that of CEM. These results demonstrate that POM(2)-dTMP can penetrate into cells and serve as a source of dTMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed R Khan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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9
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Cebrat M, Kim CM, Thompson PR, Daugherty M, Cole PA. Synthesis and analysis of potential prodrugs of coenzyme A analogues for the inhibition of the histone acetyltransferase p300. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3307-13. [PMID: 12837541 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lys-CoA (1) is a selective inhibitor of p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) but shows poor pharmacokinetic properties because of its multiply charged phosphates. In an effort to overcome this limitation, truncated derivatives of 1 were designed, synthesized and tested as p300HAT inhibitors as well as substrates for the CoA biosynthetic bifunctional enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase-dephospho-CoA kinase (PPAT/DPCK). Lys-pantetheine (3) and Lys-phosphopantetheine (2) showed no detectable p300HAT inhibition whereas 3'-dephospho-Lys-CoA (5) was a modest p300 inhibitor with IC(50) of 1.6 microM (compared to IC(50) of approximately 50 nM for 1 blocking p300). Compound 2 was shown to be an efficient substrate for PPAT whereas 5 was a very poor DPCK substrate. Further analysis with 3'-dephospho-Me-SCoA (7) indicated that DPCK shows relatively narrow capacity to accept substrates with sulfur substitution. While these results suggest that truncated derivatives of 1 will be of limited value as lead agents for p300 blockade in vivo, they augur well for prodrug versions of CoA analogues that do not require 3'-phosphate substitution for efficient binding to their targets, such as the GCN-5 related N-acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cebrat
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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10
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Abstract
For treatment of congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia (CDG-Ia) membrane-permeant derivatives of mannose-1-phosphate are required. Employing biologically cleavable phosphate protecting groups advantageous precursor derivatives could be synthesized following a facile approach. Their enzymatic cleavages using esterase from porcine liver (E.C. 3.1.1.1) were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synke Rutschow
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Jiang T, Sweeney G, Rudolf MT, Klip A, Traynor-Kaplan A, Tsien RY. Membrane-permeant esters of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:11017-24. [PMID: 9556583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.18.11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-OH kinases and their products, D-3 phosphorylated phosphoinositides, are increasingly recognized as crucial elements in many signaling cascades. A reliable means to introduce these lipids into intact cells would be of great value for showing the physiological roles of this pathway and for testing the specificity of pharmacological inhibitors of the kinases. We have stereospecifically synthesized di-C8-PIP3/AM and di-C12-PIP3/AM, the heptakis(acetoxymethyl) esters of dioctanoyl- and dilauroylphosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, in 14 steps from myo-inositol. The ability of these uncharged lipophilic derivatives to deliver phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate across cell membranes was demonstrated on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and T84 colon carcinoma monolayers. Insulin stimulation of hexose uptake into adipocytes was inhibited by the kinase inhibitor wortmannin and was largely restored by di-C8-PIP3/AM, which had no effect in the absence of insulin. Thus phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate or a metabolite was necessary but not sufficient for stimulation of hexose transport. In T84 epithelial monolayers, di-C12-PIP3/AM mimicked epidermal growth factor in inhibiting chloride secretion and potassium efflux, suggesting that phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate was sufficient to modulate these fluxes and mediate epidermal growth factor's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0647, USA
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12
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Li W, Schultz C, Llopis J, Tsien RY. Membrane-permeant esters of inositol polyphosphates, chemical syntheses and biological applications. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Freeman S, Ross KC. 3 Prodrug Design for Phosphates and Phosphonates. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Gigg J, Gigg R. The one-pot esterification of phosphoric acids with silver carbonate and alkyl halides in refluxing toluene. Carbohydr Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)00084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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16
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Comments on nucleotide delivery forms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(96)80105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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17
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Schultz C, Burmester A, Stadler C. Synthesis, separation, and identification of different inositol phosphates. Subcell Biochem 1996; 26:371-413. [PMID: 8744272 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0343-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Schultz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany
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18
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McGuigan C, Davies M, Pathirana R, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of some novel diaryl phosphate derivatives of AZT. Antiviral Res 1994; 24:69-77. [PMID: 7944314 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel diaryl phosphate triester derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials were designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In particular, novel parasubstituted diaryl phosphate derivatives were prepared. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral effect, the magnitude of which varied considerably with the nature of the aryl substituent. In particular, strongly electron-withdrawing aryl substituents correlate with high anti-HIV potency in C8166 cells. Along with AZT, the compounds are poorly effective in JM cells, which appear to lack thymidine kinase, indicating the phosphates to act as pro-drugs of the nucleoside rather than of the free phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
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19
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Srinivas RV, Robbins BL, Connelly MC, Gong YF, Bischofberger N, Fridland A. Metabolism and in vitro antiretroviral activities of bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:2247-50. [PMID: 8257154 PMCID: PMC192261 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.10.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) [bis(pom)] derivatives of various acyclic nucleoside phosphonates--9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA), 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA), and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)diaminopurine (PMPDAP)--were found to exhibit 9- to 23-fold greater antiviral activity than their corresponding unmodified compounds. The cytotoxicity of the bis(pom) analogs was also increased by various degrees, thus altering the therapeutic indexes of these compounds. Metabolic studies using [3H]bis(pom)PMEA and [3H]PMEA as model compounds suggested a > 100-fold increase in the cellular uptake of the bis(pom) derivative and formation of active diphosphorylated metabolite. However, the bis(pom) derivatives were chemically unstable and highly susceptible to serum-mediated hydrolysis, factors which limit their potential utility for intracellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Srinivas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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20
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Schultz C, Vajanaphanich M, Harootunian A, Sammak P, Barrett K, Tsien R. Acetoxymethyl esters of phosphates, enhancement of the permeability and potency of cAMP. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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