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Miao Y, Bai Y, Miao J, Murray AA, Lin J, Dong J, Qu Z, Zhang RY, Nguyen QD, Wang S, Yu J, Nguele Meke F, Zhang ZY. Off-target autophagy inhibition by SHP2 allosteric inhibitors contributes to their antitumor activity in RAS-driven cancers. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e177142. [PMID: 38842946 PMCID: PMC11291269 DOI: 10.1172/jci177142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of RAS/MAPK signaling is common in cancer, and efforts to inhibit pathway components have yielded drugs with promising clinical activities. Unfortunately, treatment-provoked adaptive resistance mechanisms inevitably develop, limiting their therapeutic potential. As a central node essential for receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated RAS activation, SHP2 has emerged as an attractive cancer target. Consequently, many SHP2 allosteric inhibitors are now in clinical testing. Here we discovered a previously unrecognized off-target effect associated with SHP2 allosteric inhibitors. We found that these inhibitors accumulate in the lysosome and block autophagic flux in an SHP2-independent manner. We showed that off-target autophagy inhibition by SHP2 allosteric inhibitors contributes to their antitumor activity. We also demonstrated that SHP2 allosteric inhibitors harboring this off-target activity not only suppress oncogenic RAS signaling but also overcome drug resistance such as MAPK rebound and protective autophagy in response to RAS/MAPK pathway blockage. Finally, we exemplified a therapeutic framework that harnesses both the on- and off-target activities of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors for improved treatment of mutant RAS-driven and drug-resistant malignancies such as pancreatic and colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Jinmin Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | | | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Zihan Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ruo-Yu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Quyen D. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jingmei Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | | | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Institute for Cancer Research and
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Li X, Jusko WJ. Utility of Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Assessing Fractional Distribution, Oral Absorption, and Series-Compartment Models of Hepatic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1403-1418. [PMID: 37460222 PMCID: PMC10506700 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models are physiologically relevant, require less information than full PBPK models, and offer flexibility in pharmacokinetics (PK). The well-stirred hepatic model (WSM) is commonly used in PBPK, whereas the more plausible dispersion model (DM) poses computational complexities. The series-compartment model (SCM) mimics the DM but is easier to operate. This work implements the SCM and mPBPK models for assessing fractional tissue distribution, oral absorption, and hepatic clearance using literature-reported blood and liver concentration-time data in rats for compounds mainly cleared by the liver. Further handled were various complexities, including nonlinear hepatic binding and metabolism, differing absorption kinetics, and sites of administration. The SCM containing one to five (n) liver subcompartments yields similar fittings and provides comparable estimates for hepatic extraction ratio (ER), prehepatic availability (Fg ), and first-order absorption rate constants (ka ). However, they produce decreased intrinsic clearances (CLint ) and liver-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kph ) with increasing n as expected. Model simulations demonstrated changes in intravenous and oral PK profiles with alterations in Kph and ka and with hepatic metabolic zonation. The permeability (PAMPA P) of the various compounds well explained the fitted fractional distribution (fd ) parameters. The SCM and mPBPK models offer advantages in distinguishing systemic, extrahepatic, and hepatic clearances. The SCM allows for incorporation of liver zonation and is useful in assessing changes in internal concentration gradients potentially masked by similar blood PK profiles. Improved assessment of intraorgan drug concentrations may offer insights into active moieties driving metabolism, biliary excretion, pharmacodynamics, and hepatic toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the series-compartment model are useful in assessing oral absorption and hepatic clearance. They add flexibility in accounting for various drug- or system-specific complexities, including fractional distribution, nonlinear binding and saturable hepatic metabolism, and hepatic zonation. These models can offer improved insights into the intraorgan concentrations that reflect physiologically active moieties often driving disposition, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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3
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Li X, Jusko WJ. Assessing Liver-to-Plasma Partition Coefficients and In Silico Calculation Methods: When Does the Hepatic Model Matter in PBPK?. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2022-000994. [PMID: 36195337 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary models used in pharmacokinetics (PK) to assess hepatic clearance (CLh ) are the well-stirred (WSM), parallel tube (PTM), and dispersion model (DM) that differ in their internal flow patterns and assumed unbound liver concentrations. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models require a hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint ) and tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp ). Given measured systemic and liver concentration-time profiles, these hepatic models perform similarly but yield model-specific CLint and Kp estimates. This work provides mathematical relationships for the three basic hepatic models and assesses their corresponding PBPK-relevant Kp values with literature-reported single-dose blood and liver concentration-time data of 14 compounds. Model fittings were performed with an open-loop approach where the CLh and extraction ratio (ER) were first estimated from fitting the blood data yielding CLint values for the three hepatic models. The pre-fitted blood data served as forcing input functions to obtain PBPK-operative Kp estimates that were compared with those obtained by the tissue/plasma area ratio (AR), Chen & Gross (C&G) and published in silico methods. The CLint and Kp values for the hepatic models increased with the ER and both showed a rank order being WSM > DM > PTM. Drugs with low ER showed no differences as expected. With model-specific CLint and Kp values, all hepatic models predict the same steady-state Kp (Kp ss ) that is comparable to those from the AR and C&G methods and reported by direct measurement. All in silico methods performed poorly for most compounds. Hepatic model selection requires cautious application and interpretation in PBPK modeling. Significance Statement The three hepatic models generate different single-dose (non-steady-state) values of CLint and Kp in PBPK models especially for drugs with high ER; however, all Kp ss values expected from constant rate infusion studies were the same. These findings are relevant when using these models for IVIVE where a model-dependent CLint is used to correct measured tissue concentrations for depletion by metabolism. This model-dependency may also have an impact when assessing the PK/pharmacodynamic relationships when effects relate to assumed hepatic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
| | - William J Jusko
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
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4
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Dungan CM, Murach KA, Zdunek CJ, Tang ZJ, Nolt GL, Brightwell CR, Hettinger Z, Englund D, Liu Z, Fry CS, Filareto A, Franti M, Peterson CA. Deletion of SA β-Gal+ cells using senolytics improves muscle regeneration in old mice. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13528. [PMID: 34904366 PMCID: PMC8761017 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic deletion of senescent cells leads to robust improvements in cognitive, cardiovascular, and whole-body metabolism, but their role in tissue reparative processes is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that senolytic drugs would enhance regeneration in aged skeletal muscle. Young (3 months) and old (20 months) male C57Bl/6J mice were administered the senolytics dasatinib (5 mg/kg) and quercetin (50 mg/kg) or vehicle bi-weekly for 4 months. Tibialis anterior (TA) was then injected with 1.2% BaCl2 or PBS 7- or 28 days prior to euthanization. Senescence-associated β-Galactosidase positive (SA β-Gal+) cell abundance was low in muscle from both young and old mice and increased similarly 7 days following injury in both age groups, with no effect of D+Q. Most SA β-Gal+ cells were also CD11b+ in young and old mice 7- and 14 days following injury, suggesting they are infiltrating immune cells. By 14 days, SA β-Gal+/CD11b+ cells from old mice expressed senescence genes, whereas those from young mice expressed higher levels of genes characteristic of anti-inflammatory macrophages. SA β-Gal+ cells remained elevated in old compared to young mice 28 days following injury, which were reduced by D+Q only in the old mice. In D+Q-treated old mice, muscle regenerated following injury to a greater extent compared to vehicle-treated old mice, having larger fiber cross-sectional area after 28 days. Conversely, D+Q blunted regeneration in young mice. In vitro experiments suggested D+Q directly improve myogenic progenitor cell proliferation. Enhanced physical function and improved muscle regeneration demonstrate that senolytics have beneficial effects only in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M. Dungan
- Department of Physical TherapyCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- Department of Physical TherapyCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Present address:
Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, and Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | | | - Zuo Jian Tang
- Computational BiologyGCBDSBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.RidgefieldConnecticutUSA
| | - Georgia L. Nolt
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Camille R. Brightwell
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical NutritionCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Zachary Hettinger
- Department of Physical TherapyCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Davis A. Englund
- Department of Physical TherapyCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Zheng Liu
- Computational BiologyGCBDSBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.RidgefieldConnecticutUSA
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical NutritionCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Antonio Filareto
- Regenerative MedicineBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.RidgefieldConnecticutUSA
| | - Michael Franti
- Regenerative MedicineBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.RidgefieldConnecticutUSA
| | - Charlotte A. Peterson
- Department of Physical TherapyCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- The Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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5
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A carbon dots-based ratiometric fluorescence probe for monitoring intracellular pH and bioimaging. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Liu X, Jusko WJ. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics of Lysosomotropic Chloroquine in Rat and Human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:261-272. [PMID: 33277347 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A semimechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for chloroquine (CQ), a highly lysosomotropic weak base, was applied to digitized rat and human concentration versus time data. The PBPK model in rat featured plasma and red blood cell (RBC) concentrations, extensive and apparent nonlinear tissue distribution, fitted hepatic and renal intrinsic clearances, and a plasma half-life of about 1 day. Tissue-to-plasma CQ ratios at 50 hours after dosing were highest in lung, kidney, liver, and spleen (182-318) and lower in heart, muscle, brain, eye, and skin (11-66). The RBC-to-plasma ratio of 11.6 was assumed to reflect cell lipid partitioning. A lysosome-based extended model was used to calculate subcellular CQ concentrations based on tissue mass balances, fitted plasma, interstitial and free cytosol concentrations, and literature-based pH and pKa values. The CQ tissue component concentrations ranked as follows: lysosome > > acidic phospholipid > plasma = interstitial = cytosol ≥ neutral lipids. The extensive lysosome sequestration appeared to change over time and was attributed to lowering pH values caused by proton pump influx of hydrogen ions. The human-to-rat volume of distribution (Vss) ratio of 7 used to scale rat tissue partitioning to human along with estimation of hepatic clearance allowed excellent fitting of oral-dose PK (150-600 mg) of CQ with a 50-day half-life in humans. The prolonged PK of chloroquine was well characterized for rat and human with this PBPK model. The calculated intratissue concentrations and lysosomal effects have therapeutic relevance for CQ and other cationic drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Sequestration in lysosomes is a major factor controlling the pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of chloroquine and other cationic drugs. This report provides comprehensive physiologic modeling of chloroquine distribution in tissues and overall disposition in rat and human that reveals expected complexities and inferences related to its subcellular association with various tissue components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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7
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Klouda CB, Stone WL. Oxidative Stress, Proton Fluxes, and Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Treatment for COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E894. [PMID: 32967165 PMCID: PMC7555760 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been proposed as treatments for COVID-19. These drugs have been studied for many decades, primarily in the context of their use as antimalarials, where they induce oxidative stress-killing of the malarial parasite. Less appreciated, however, is evidence showing that CQ/HCQ causes systemic oxidative stress. In vitro and observational data suggest that CQ/HCQ can be repurposed as potential antiviral medications. This review focuses on the potential health concerns of CQ/HCQ induced by oxidative stress, particularly in the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 disease. The pathophysiological role of oxidative stress in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been well-documented. Additional oxidative stress caused by CQ/HCQ during ARDS could be problematic. In vitro data showing that CQ forms a complex with free-heme that promotes lipid peroxidation of phospholipid bilayers are also relevant to COVID-19. Free-heme induced oxidative stress is implicated as a systemic activator of coagulation, which is increasingly recognized as a contributor to COVID-19 morbidity. This review will also provide a brief overview of CQ/HCQ pharmacology with an emphasis on how these drugs alter proton fluxes in subcellular organelles. CQ/HCQ-induced alterations in proton fluxes influence the type and chemical reactivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L. Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
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8
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Zhang S, Ji X, Liu J, Wang Q, Jin L. One-step synthesis of yellow-emissive carbon dots with a large Stokes shift and their application in fluorimetric imaging of intracellular pH. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117677. [PMID: 31675656 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new nanoprobe based on yellow-emissive carbon dots (Y-CDs) was developed for sensing full-range intracellular pH values. By using o-phenylenediamine as the raw material, Y-CDs with a quantum yield of 31% were prepared through a one-pot solvothermal carbonization method. The Y-CDs exhibited a distinctive fluorescence emission peak at 570 nm with excitation at 450 nm, showing a very large Stokes shift (120 nm). Notably, the nanoprobe revealed a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and pH value within the range of pH 4.0 to 8.2, exhibiting the ability of this probe to monitor full-range intracellular pH variations. In addition, the nanosensor possessed excellent photostability and fluorescence reversibility in pH measurements and showed excellent selective detection of the influences of other biological species. The CD-based nanoprobe was successfully used to perform quantitative fluorescence imaging of intracellular pH variation, demonstrating its promise for application in cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China.
| | - Lingxia Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
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9
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Breiden B, Sandhoff K. Emerging mechanisms of drug-induced phospholipidosis. Biol Chem 2019; 401:31-46. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Drug-induced phospholipidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of phospholipids. Its cellular mechanism is still not well understood, but it is known that cationic amphiphilic drugs can induce it. These drugs have a hydrophilic amine head group that can be protonated in the endolysosomal compartment. As cationic amphiphiles, they are trapped in lysosomes, where they interfere with negatively charged intralysosomal vesicles, the major platforms of cellular sphingolipid degradation. Metabolic principles observed in sphingolipid and phospholipid catabolism and inherited sphingolipidoses are of great importance for lysosomal function and physiological lipid turnover at large. Therefore, we also propose intralysosomal vesicles as major platforms for degradation of lipids and phospholipids reaching them by intracellular pathways like autophagy and endocytosis. Phospholipids are catabolized as components of vesicle surfaces by protonated, positively charged phospholipases, electrostatically attracted to the negatively charged vesicles. Model experiments suggest that progressively accumulating cationic amphiphilic drugs inserting into the vesicle membrane with their hydrophobic molecular moieties disturb and attenuate the main mechanism of lipid degradation as discussed here. By compensating the negative surface charge, cationic enzymes are released from the surface of vesicles and proteolytically degraded, triggering a progressive lipid storage and the formation of inactive lamellar bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institut , Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institut , Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
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10
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Iwasawa T, Shinomiya T, Ota N, Shibata N, Nakata K, Shiina I, Nagahara Y. Novel Ridaifen-B Structure Analog Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy Depending on Pyrrolidine Side Chain. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:401-410. [PMID: 30828072 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ridaifen (RID)-B is an analog derived from tamoxifen (TAM). TAM has an antitumor effect by acting as an antagonist to estrogen receptor (ER). However, TAM is known to also induces apoptosis in cancer cells that do not have ER. We clarified that RID-B induces cell death at a lower concentration than TAM, and causes ER-independent apoptosis and autophagy. Based on the results of previous studies, we assumed that RID-B had a unique target different from ER and examined structural activity correlation to determine what kinds of structural features are related to RID-B activity. As a result, we found there was activity even without one of phenyl groups (Ar3) in RID-B and revealed that two pyrrolidine side chains peculiar to RID-B are related to the action. Furthermore, analogs with shorter alkyl side chains induced autophagy, but analogs with certain length of alkyl side chains induced apoptosis. Also, although there is no doubt that RID-B induces apoptosis by causing mitochondrial injury, our results suggested that such injury induced mitochondria-selective autophagy. We revealed that RID-B induce mitophagy and that this mitophagy is a defense mechanism against RID-B. Our results suggest that autophagy was induced against apoptosis caused by mitochondrial dysfunction in RID-B, so the combination of autophagy inhibitor and anticancer-drug can be effective for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Iwasawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo Denki University
| | - Takahisa Shinomiya
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo Denki University
| | - Nozomi Ota
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Kenya Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University
| | | | - Yukitoshi Nagahara
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo Denki University
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11
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Schmitt MV, Lienau P, Fricker G, Reichel A. Quantitation of Lysosomal Trapping of Basic Lipophilic Compounds Using In Vitro Assays and In Silico Predictions Based on the Determination of the Full pH Profile of the Endo-/Lysosomal System in Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:49-57. [PMID: 30409837 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal sequestration may affect the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of new basic lipophilic drug candidates potentially impacting their intracellular concentrations and tissue distribution. It may also be involved in drug-drug interactions, drug resistance, and phospholipidosis. However, currently there are no assays to evaluate the lysosomotropic behavior of compounds in a setting fully meeting the needs of drug discovery. We have, therefore, integrated a set of methods to reliably rank order, quantify, and calculate the extent of lysosomal sequestration in rat hepatocytes. An indirect fluorescence-based assay monitors the displacement of the fluorescence probe LysoTracker Red by test compounds. Using a lysosomal-specific evaluation algorithm allows one to generate IC50 values at lower than previously reported concentrations. The concentration range directly agrees with the concentration dependency of the lysosomal drug content itself directly quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and thus permits a quantitative link between the indirect and the direct trapping assay. Furthermore, we have determined the full pH profile and corresponding volume fractions of the endo-/lysosomal system in plated rat hepatocytes, enabling a more accurate in silico prediction of the extent of lysosomal trapping based only on pK a values as input, allowing early predictions even prior to chemical synthesis. The concentration dependency-i.e., the saturability of the trapping-can then be determined by the IC50 values generated in vitro. Thereby, a more quantitative assessment of the susceptibility of basic lipophilic compounds for lysosomal trapping is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian V Schmitt
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Gert Fricker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Andreas Reichel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
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12
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Zhang X, Yang L, Liu Y, Song Z, Zhao J, Chen D, Yu H, Li R, Wang Y, Yang K, Chen Y, Xia M, Zhang LW. Detection of nanocarrier potentiation on drug induced phospholipidosis in cultured cells and primary hepatocyte spheroids by high content imaging and analysis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 348:54-66. [PMID: 29678448 PMCID: PMC6716368 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to develop nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery over the last decade, while it remains unclear how the strength of adverse drug effect will be altered when a drug is loaded on the nanocarrier. Drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIP) is characterized with excessive accumulation of phospholipids in cells and is common for cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD). Previously, we have reported that PEGylated graphene oxide (PEG-GO) loaded with several CAD can potentiate DIP. In current study, we extended our study on newly identified phospholipidosis (PLD) inducers that had been identified from the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC), to investigate if PEO-GO loaded with these CAD can alter DIP. Twenty-two CAD were respectively loaded on PEG-GO and incubated with RAW264.7, a macrophage cell line. The results showed that when a CAD was loaded on PEG-GO, its strength of PLD induction can be enhanced, unchanged or attenuated. PEG-GO loaded with Ifenprodil exhibited the highest PEG-GO potentiation effect compared to Ifenprodil treatment alone in RAW264.7 cells, and this effect was confirmed in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, another cell line model for PLD induction. Primary hepatocyte culture and spheroids mimicking in vivo conditions were used to further validate nanocarrier potentiation on DIP by Ifenprodil. Stronger phospholipid accumulation was found in PEG-GO/Ifenprodil treated hepatocytes or spheroids than Ifenprodil treatment alone. Therefore, evidences were provided by us that nanocarriers may increase the adverse drug effects and guidance by regulatory agencies need to be drafted for the safe use of nanotechnology in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liecheng Yang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongming Liu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yangyun Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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13
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Zhang L, Chen X, Wu J, Ding S, Wang X, Lei Q, Fang W. Palladium nanoparticles induce autophagy and autophagic flux blockade in Hela cells. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Size-dependent autophagy and autophagic flux blockade in Hela cells by palladium nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Xuerui Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jianzhou Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Shiping Ding
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Xu Wang
- Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Qunfang Lei
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Wenjun Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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14
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Assmus F, Houston JB, Galetin A. Incorporation of lysosomal sequestration in the mechanistic model for prediction of tissue distribution of basic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:419-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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First-Generation Antipsychotic Haloperidol Alters the Functionality of the Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Compartment in Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:404. [PMID: 26999125 PMCID: PMC4813259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
First- and second-generation antipsychotics (FGAs and SGAs, respectively), have the ability to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and also to interrupt the intracellular cholesterol trafficking, interfering with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol egress from late endosomes/lysosomes. In the present work, we examined the effects of FGA haloperidol on the functionality of late endosomes/lysosomes in vitro. In HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells incubated in the presence of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanineperchlorate (DiI)-LDL, treatment with haloperidol caused the enlargement of organelles positive for late endosome markers lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) and LBPA (lysobisphosphatidic acid), which also showed increased content of both free-cholesterol and DiI derived from LDL. This indicates the accumulation of LDL-lipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment caused by haloperidol. In contrast, LDL traffic through early endosomes and the Golgi apparatus appeared to be unaffected by the antipsychotic as the distribution of both early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) and coatomer subunit β (β-COP) were not perturbed. Notably, treatment with haloperidol significantly increased the lysosomal pH and decreased the activities of lysosomal protease and β-d-galactosidase in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that the alkalinization of the lysosomes' internal milieu induced by haloperidol affects lysosomal functionality.
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16
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He J, Johnson JL, Monfregola J, Ramadass M, Pestonjamasp K, Napolitano G, Zhang J, Catz SD. Munc13-4 interacts with syntaxin 7 and regulates late endosomal maturation, endosomal signaling, and TLR9-initiated cellular responses. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:572-87. [PMID: 26680738 PMCID: PMC4751605 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate late endosomal maturation and function are not completely elucidated, and direct evidence of a calcium sensor is lacking. Here we identify a novel mechanism of late endosomal maturation that involves a new molecular interaction between the tethering factor Munc13-4, syntaxin 7, and VAMP8. Munc13-4 binding to syntaxin 7 was significantly increased by calcium. Colocalization of Munc13-4 and syntaxin 7 at late endosomes was demonstrated by high-resolution and live-cell microscopy. Munc13-4-deficient cells show increased numbers of significantly enlarged late endosomes, a phenotype that was mimicked by the fusion inhibitor chloroquine in wild-type cells and rescued by expression of Munc13-4 but not by a syntaxin 7-binding-deficient mutant. Late endosomes from Munc13-4-KO neutrophils show decreased degradative capacity. Munc13-4-knockout neutrophils show impaired endosomal-initiated, TLR9-dependent signaling and deficient TLR9-specific CD11b up-regulation. Thus we present a novel mechanism of late endosomal maturation and propose that Munc13-4 regulates the late endocytic machinery and late endosomal-associated innate immune cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jennifer L Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jlenia Monfregola
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mahalakshmi Ramadass
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kersi Pestonjamasp
- Cancer Center Microscopy Shared Resource, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sergio D Catz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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17
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Maintenance of luminal pH and protease activity in lysosomes/late endosomes by vacuolar ATPase in chlorpromazine-treated RAW264 cells accumulating phospholipids. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:67-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Triggered rapid degradation of nanoparticles for gene delivery. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2012; 2012:291219. [PMID: 22778965 PMCID: PMC3388356 DOI: 10.1155/2012/291219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective gene delivery tools offer the possibility of addressing multiple diseases; current strategies rely on viruses or polyplexes. Encapsulation of DNA within nanoparticles is an attractive alternative method for gene delivery. We investigated the use of our recently developed Logic Gate Nanoparticle for gene delivery. The nanoparticles, composed of a dual pH response random copolymer (poly-β-aminoester ketal-2), can undergo a two-step “in series” response to endosomal pH. The first sep is a hydrophobic-hydrophilic switch, which is followed immediately by rapid degradation. Rapid fragmentation is known to increase cytoplasmic delivery from nanoparticles. Therefore, we hypothesized that our Logic Gate Nanoparticles would enable increased gene delivery and expression relative to nanoparticles that degrade more slowly such as PLGA-based nanoparticles. Passive nanoparticle entry into cells was demonstrated by delivering Cy5-labeled pDNA encoding EGFP into HCT116, a colon carcinoma cell line. Flow cytometry analysis showed that cells are positive for Cy5-DNA-nanoparticles and produced EGFP expression superior to PLGA nanoparticles. Inhibition of V-ATPases using bafilomycin A1 demonstrates that expression of EGFP is dependent on low endosomal pH. The advanced Logic Gate Nanoparticles offer new therapeutic possibilities in gene delivery and other applications where rapid release is important.
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19
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Ma X, Wu Y, Jin S, Tian Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Yu L, Liang XJ. Gold nanoparticles induce autophagosome accumulation through size-dependent nanoparticle uptake and lysosome impairment. ACS NANO 2011; 5:8629-39. [PMID: 21974862 DOI: 10.1021/nn202155y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of nanotechnology calls for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of nanomaterials on biological systems. Autophagy is a lysosome-based degradative pathway which plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that nanoparticles from various sources can induce autophagosome accumulation in treated cells. However, the underlying mechanism is still not clear. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials and have been reported to induce autophagosome accumulation. In this study, we found that AuNPs can be taken into cells through endocytosis in a size-dependent manner. The internalized AuNPs eventually accumulate in lysosomes and cause impairment of lysosome degradation capacity through alkalinization of lysosomal pH. Consistent with previous studies, we found that AuNP treatment can induce autophagosome accumulation and processing of LC3, an autophagosome marker protein. However, degradation of the autophagy substrate p62 is blocked in AuNP-treated cells, which indicates that autophagosome accumulation results from blockade of autophagy flux, rather than induction of autophagy. Our data clarify the mechanism by which AuNPs induce autophagosome accumulation and reveal the effect of AuNPs on lysosomes. This work is significant to nanoparticle research because it illustrates how nanoparticles can potentially interrupt the autophagic pathway and has important implications for biomedical applications of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ma
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Division of Nanomedicine and Nanobiology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China
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20
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Varkouhi AK, Scholte M, Storm G, Haisma HJ. Endosomal escape pathways for delivery of biologicals. J Control Release 2011; 151:220-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Lawson C, Collins L. Delivery Systems for Gene Transfer. Genomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470711675.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Endolysosomal phospholipidosis and cytosolic lipid droplet storage and release in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1791:524-39. [PMID: 19146988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge of endolysosomal and cytoplasmic lipid storage in macrophages induced by oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL), enzymatically degraded LDL (E-LDL) and other atherogenic lipoprotein modifications, and their relation to the adapter protein 3 (AP-3) dependent ABCA1 and ABCG1 cellular lipid efflux pathways. We compare endolysosomal lipid storage caused either through drug induced phospholipidosis, inheritable endolysosomal and cytosolic lipid storage disorders and Ox-LDL or E-LDL induced phagosomal uptake and cytosolic lipid droplet storage in macrophages. Ox-LDL is resistant to rapid endolysosomal hydrolysis and is trapped within the endolysosomal compartment generating lamellar bodies which resemble the characteristics of phospholipidosis. Various inherited lysosomal storage diseases including sphingolipidosis, glycosphingolipidosis and cholesterylester storage diseases also present a phospholipidosis phenotype. In contrast E-LDL resembling coreless unesterified cholesterol enriched LDL-particles, with a multilamellar, liposome-like structure, lead to rapid phagosomal degradation and cytosolic lipid droplet accumulation. As a consequence the uptake of E-LDL through type I and type II phagocytosis leads to increased lipid droplet formation and moderate upregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 while uptake of Ox-LDL leads to a rapid expansion of the lysosomal compartment and a pronounced upregulation of the ABCA1/ABCG1/AP-3 lipid efflux pathway.
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23
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Anderson N, Borlak J. Drug-induced phospholipidosis. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5533-40. [PMID: 16979167 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced phospholipidosis is characterized by intracellular accumulation of phospholipids with lamellar bodies, most likely from an impaired phospholipid metabolism of the lysosome. Organs affected by phospholipidosis exhibit inflammatory reactions and histopathological changes. Despite significant advances in the understanding of drug-altered lipid metabolism, the relationship between impaired phospholipid metabolism and drug-induced toxicity remains enigmatic. Here we review molecular features of inheritable lysosomal storage disorders as a molecular mimicry of drug-induced phospholipidosis for an improved understanding of adverse drug reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Anderson
- Medical School of Hannover, Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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24
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Collins L, Asuni AA, Anderton BH, Fabre JW. Efficient gene delivery to primary neuron cultures using a synthetic peptide vector system. J Neurosci Methods 2003; 125:113-20. [PMID: 12763237 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A bi-functional, 31 amino acid synthetic peptide (polylysine-molossin) was evaluated for gene delivery to primary cultures of rat cerebral cortex neurons. Polylysine-molossin consists of an amino terminal domain of 16 lysines for electrostatic binding of DNA, and a 15 amino acid, integrin-binding domain at the carboxyl terminal. High levels of gene delivery were obtained with 20-30 microM chloroquine, with a synthetic fusogenic peptide at an optimal DNA:polylysine-molossin:fusogenic peptide w/w ratio of 1:3:0.2, and with the addition of low concentrations of Lipofectamine 2000 at an optimal DNA:polylysine-molossin:Lipofectamine 2000 w/w ratio of 1:3:0.5. With the best combination, >30% of neurons strongly expressed the beta-galactosidase reporter gene, with no observable toxicity. DNA concentrations >2 microgram/ml were essential for efficient gene delivery. This synthetic peptide provides a safe, readily standardised and flexible DNA vector system well suited to ex vivo gene delivery to neurons for experimental and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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25
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Djehiche B, Segalen J, Chambon Y. Inhibition of autophagy of fetal rabbit gonoducts by puromycin, tunicamycin and chloroquin in organ culture. Tissue Cell 1996; 28:115-21. [PMID: 8907731 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(96)80050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
At the end of ambisexual stage, mullerian or wolffian ducts are programmed to die. Cell degeneration is initialized by an appearance of lysosomes, subsequently involved in invading autophagic vacuoles. In an organ culture assay, performed for 6 days, treatments by puromycin, tunicamycin and chloroquine, known to act on synthesis, transport and activation of lysosomal enzymes, were applied to inhibit the duct regression. Four situations were studied: female genital tract of 17 day post coitum (d.p.c.) cultured with differentiated testis of 19 d.p.c.; male genital ducts of 17 d.p.c. cultured without testis; female and male genital tracts of 17 d.p.c. cultured alone as controls. The stabilization of the mullerian duct cultured with testis and of the wolffian duct cultured without testis was obtained. Ultrastructuraly, the lysosomes were scarce or absent and no autophagic vacuoles were observed. In preventing the formation of lysosomes, it was possible to avoid the duct cell autophagy and to comfirm the existence of a wolffian lysosomal system spontaneously active when testosterone is absent, while a mullerian one spontaneously inactive when AMH is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Djehiche
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogenetique, Faculte de Medecine, France
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26
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Abstract
Lysosomes, endosomes, and a variety of other intracellular organelles are acidified by a family of unique proton pumps, termed the vacuolar H(+)-ATPases, that are evolutionarily related to bacterial membrane proton pumps and the F1-F0 H(+)-ATPases that catalyze ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The electrogenic vacuolar H(+)-ATPase is responsible for generating electrical and chemical gradients across organelle membranes with the magnitude of these gradients ultimately determined by both proton pump regulatory mechanisms and, more importantly, associated ion and organic solute transporters located in vesicle membranes. Analogous to Na+, K(+)-ATPase on the cell membrane, the vacuolar proton pump not only acidifies the vesicle interior but provides a potential energy source for driving a variety of coupled transporters, many of them unique to specific organelles. Although the basic mechanism for organelle acidification is now well understood, it is already apparent that there are many differences in both the function of the proton pump and the associated transporters in different organelles and different cell types. These differences and their physiologic and pathophysiologic implications are exciting areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Van Dyke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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27
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Findeis MA, Merwin JR, Spitalny GL, Chiou HC. Targeted delivery of DNA for gene therapy via receptors. Trends Biotechnol 1993; 11:202-5. [PMID: 7763812 DOI: 10.1016/0167-7799(93)90115-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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