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Tchernychev B, Nitschke Y, Chu D, Sullivan C, Flaman L, O’Brien K, Howe J, Cheng Z, Thompson D, Ortiz D, Rutsch F, Sabbagh Y. Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by ENPP1: The Role of CD73 and the Adenosine Signaling Axis. Cells 2024; 13:1128. [PMID: 38994980 PMCID: PMC11240470 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) ectoenzyme regulates vascular intimal proliferation and mineralization of bone and soft tissues. ENPP1 variants cause Generalized Arterial Calcification of Infancy (GACI), a rare genetic disorder characterized by ectopic calcification, intimal proliferation, and stenosis of large- and medium-sized arteries. ENPP1 hydrolyzes extracellular ATP to pyrophosphate (PPi) and AMP. AMP is the precursor of adenosine, which has been implicated in the control of neointimal formation. Herein, we demonstrate that an ENPP1-Fc recombinant therapeutic inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro and in vivo. Addition of ENPP1 and ATP to cultured VSMCs generated AMP, which was metabolized to adenosine. It also significantly decreased cell proliferation. AMP or adenosine alone inhibited VSMC growth. Inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 decreased adenosine accumulation and suppressed the anti-proliferative effects of ENPP1/ATP. Addition of AMP increased cAMP synthesis and phosphorylation of VASP at Ser157. This AMP-mediated cAMP increase was abrogated by CD73 inhibitors or by A2aR and A2bR antagonists. Ligation of the carotid artery promoted neointimal hyperplasia in wild-type mice, which was exacerbated in ENPP1-deficient ttw/ttw mice. Prophylactic or therapeutic treatments with ENPP1 significantly reduced intimal hyperplasia not only in ttw/ttw but also in wild-type mice. These findings provide the first insight into the mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect of ENPP1 and broaden its potential therapeutic applications beyond enzyme replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Tchernychev
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- INTEC Network of Ectopic Calcification, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Di Chu
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Caitlin Sullivan
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Lisa Flaman
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kevin O’Brien
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jennifer Howe
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - David Thompson
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- INTEC Network of Ectopic Calcification, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Sabbagh
- Research and Development, Inozyme Pharma, 321 Summer St, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02201, USA; (B.T.); (D.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (K.O.); (J.H.); (Z.C.); (D.T.); (D.O.); (Y.S.)
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Fu Q, Wang Y, Yan C, Xiang YK. Phosphodiesterase in heart and vessels: from physiology to diseases. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:765-834. [PMID: 37971403 PMCID: PMC11281825 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Both cyclic nucleotides are critical secondary messengers in the neurohormonal regulation in the cardiovascular system. PDEs precisely control spatiotemporal subcellular distribution of cyclic nucleotides in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, playing critical roles in physiological responses to hormone stimulation in the heart and vessels. Dysregulation of PDEs has been linked to the development of several cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Targeting these enzymes has been proven effective in treating cardiovascular diseases and is an attractive and promising strategy for the development of new drugs. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the complex regulation of PDE isoforms in cardiovascular function, highlighting the divergent and even opposing roles of PDE isoforms in different pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, California, United States
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Puertas-Umbert L, Alonso J, Hove-Madsen L, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. PDE4 Phosphodiesterases in Cardiovascular Diseases: Key Pathophysiological Players and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17017. [PMID: 38069339 PMCID: PMC10707411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger critically involved in the control of a myriad of processes with significant implications for vascular and cardiac cell function. The temporal and spatial compartmentalization of cAMP is governed by the activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a superfamily of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. Through the fine-tuning of cAMP signaling, PDE4 enzymes could play an important role in cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmogenesis, while it decisively influences vascular homeostasis through the control of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and contraction, as well as regulating endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, monocyte/macrophage activation and cardiomyocyte function. This review summarizes the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding the contribution of the PDE4 subfamily to cardiovascular function and underscores the intricate challenges associated with targeting PDE4 enzymes as a therapeutic strategy for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Alonso
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Luo L, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Hsu CG, Korshunov VA, Long X, Knight PA, Berk BC, Yan C. Role of PDE10A in vascular smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and pathological vascular remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2703-2717. [PMID: 34550322 PMCID: PMC9890476 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Intimal hyperplasia is a common feature of vascular remodelling disorders. Accumulation of synthetic smooth muscle cell (SMC)-like cells is the main underlying cause. Current therapeutic approaches including drug-eluting stents are not perfect due to the toxicity on endothelial cells and novel therapeutic strategies are needed. Our preliminary screening for dysregulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in growing SMCs revealed the alteration of PDE10A expression. Herein, we investigated the function of PDE10A in SMC proliferation and intimal hyperplasia both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS RT-qPCR, immunoblot, and in situ proximity ligation assay were performed to determine PDE10A expression in synthetic SMCs and injured vessels. We found that PDE10A mRNA and/or protein levels are up-regulated in cultured SMCs upon growth stimulation, as well as in intimal cells in injured mouse femoral arteries. To determine the cellular functions of PDE10A, we focused on its role in SMC proliferation. The anti-mitogenic effects of PDE10A on SMCs were evaluated via cell counting, BrdU incorporation, and flow cytometry. We found that PDE10A deficiency or inhibition arrested the SMC cell cycle at G1-phase with a reduction of cyclin D1. The anti-mitotic effect of PDE10A inhibition was dependent on cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα (PKGIα), involving C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) and particulate guanylate cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2). In addition, the effects of genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of PDE10A on neointimal formation were examined in a mouse model of femoral artery wire injury. Both PDE10A knockout and inhibition decreased injury-induced intimal thickening in femoral arteries by at least 50%. Moreover, PDE10A inhibition decreased ex vivo remodelling of cultured human saphenous vein segments. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that PDE10A contributes to SMC proliferation and intimal hyperplasia at least partially via antagonizing CNP/NPR2/cGMP/PKG1α signalling and suggest that PDE10A may be a novel drug target for treating vascular occlusive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yujun Cai
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yishuai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chia G Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Vyacheslav A Korshunov
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Department of Vascular Biology Center and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peter A Knight
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bradford C Berk
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chen Yan
- Corresponding author. Tel: 585-276-7704, E-mail:
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Smith SA, Newby AC, Bond M. Ending Restenosis: Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by cAMP. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111447. [PMID: 31744111 PMCID: PMC6912325 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation contributes towards restenosis after angioplasty, vein graft intimal thickening and atherogenesis. The second messenger 3′ 5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays an important role in maintaining VSMC quiescence in healthy vessels and repressing VSMC proliferation during resolution of vascular injury. Although the anti-mitogenic properties of cAMP in VSMC have been recognised for many years, it is only recently that we gained a detailed understanding of the underlying signalling mechanisms. Stimuli that elevate cAMP in VSMC inhibit G1-S phase cell cycle progression by inhibiting expression of cyclins and preventing S-Phase Kinase Associated Protein-2 (Skp2-mediated degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Early studies implicated inhibition of MAPK signalling, although this does not fully explain the anti-mitogenic effects of cAMP. The cAMP effectors, Protein Kinase A (PKA) and Exchange Protein Activated by cAMP (EPAC) act together to inhibit VSMC proliferation by inducing Cyclic-AMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB) activity and inhibiting members of the RhoGTPases, which results in remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton. Cyclic-AMP induced actin remodelling controls proliferation by modulating the activity of Serum Response Factor (SRF) and TEA Domain Transcription Factors (TEAD), which regulate expression of genes required for proliferation. Here we review recent research characterising these mechanisms, highlighting novel drug targets that may allow the anti-mitogenic properties of cAMP to be harnessed therapeutically to limit restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Bond
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-117-3423586
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The Therapeutic Potential of Anti-Inflammatory Exerkines in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061260. [PMID: 28608819 PMCID: PMC5486082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many cardiovascular (CVD) medications, such as antithrombotics, statins, and antihypertensives, have been identified to treat atherosclerosis, at most, many of these therapeutic agents only delay its progression. A growing body of evidence suggests physical exercise could be implemented as a non-pharmacologic treatment due to its pro-metabolic, multisystemic, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Specifically, it has been discovered that certain anti-inflammatory peptides, metabolites, and RNA species (collectively termed “exerkines”) are released in response to exercise that could facilitate these benefits and could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. However, much of the relationship between exercise and these exerkines remains unanswered, and there are several challenges in the discovery and validation of these exerkines. This review primarily highlights major anti-inflammatory exerkines that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. To provide some context and comparison for the therapeutic potential of exerkines, the anti-inflammatory, multisystemic benefits of exercise, the basic mechanisms of atherosclerosis, and the limited efficacies of current anti-inflammatory therapeutics for atherosclerosis are briefly summarized. Finally, key challenges and future directions for exploiting these exerkines in the treatment of atherosclerosis are discussed.
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Althoff TF, Offermanns S. G-protein-mediated signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells — implications for vascular disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:973-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
The view of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease has emerged from observations of immune activation and inflammatory signalling in human atherosclerotic lesions, from the definition of inflammatory biomarkers as independent risk factors for cardiovascular events, and from evidence of low-density lipoprotein-induced immune activation. Studies in animal models of hyperlipidaemia have also supported the beneficial effects of countering inflammation to delay atherosclerosis progression. Specific inflammatory pathways with relevance to human diseases have been identified, and inhibitors of these pathways are either already in use for the treatment of other diseases, or are under development and evaluation. These include 'classic' drugs (such as allopurinol, colchicine, and methotrexate), biologic therapies (for example tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and IL-1 neutralization), as well as targeting of lipid mediators (such as phospholipase inhibitors and antileukotrienes) or intracellular pathways (inhibition of NADPH oxidase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, or phosphodiesterase). The evidence supporting the use of anti-inflammatory therapies for atherosclerosis is mainly based on either observational or small interventional studies evaluating surrogate markers of disease activity. Nevertheless, these data are crucial to understand the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, and to design randomized controlled studies to evaluate the effect of specific anti-inflammatory strategies on cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu L, Xu X, Li J, Li X, Sheng W. Lentiviral-Mediated shRNA Silencing of PDE4D Gene Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011:534257. [PMID: 21776361 PMCID: PMC3137982 DOI: 10.4061/2011/534257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) is a member of the large superfamily of phosphodiesterases. PDE4D polymorphisms have been found to associate with ischemic stroke. Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, infection of VSMCs with lentivrius particles carrying shRNA direct against PDE4D significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced VSMC proliferation and migration, and the inhibitory effects were not associated with global intracellular cAMP level. Our results implicate that PDE4D has an important role in VSMC proliferation and migration which may explain its genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, China
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Abou-Tarboush FM, Abdel-Samad MF, Al-Meteri MH. Developmental toxicity of orally administered sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in SWR/J mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 18:135-9. [PMID: 23961116 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal adult inbred SWR/J mice were used to investigate the teratogenic and other possible toxic effects of various dose levels of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on fetuses. Multiple dose levels of 6.5, 13.0, 19.5, 26.0, 32.5 or 40.0 mg of sildenafil citrate/kg body weight (which correspond to the multiples of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of human 50 mg Viagra, respectively) were orally administered into pregnant mice on days 7-9, 10-12 or 13-15 of gestation. On day 17 of pregnancy, all fetuses were removed and examined for toxic phenomena (embryo-fetal toxicity) and for external, internal and skeletal malformations. A total of 285 pregnant mice were used in the present study. None of the dams treated with sildenafil citrate at any of the oral dose levels used in the present study died during the experimental period and all dams treated with the drug failed to reveal overt signs of maternal toxicity. Moreover, the results of the present study clearly demonstrate that none of the multiple oral dose levels of the drug at any time interval used has induced any external, internal or skeletal malformations in the fetuses obtained from treated females. However, the dose level of 40 mg/kg body weight of sildenafil citrate has a growth suppressing effect on alive fetuses when it was administered at all the time intervals used in the present study. Furthermore, the dose levels 26.0, 32.5 and 40 mg/kg of the drug have embryo-fetal toxicity when the drug is applied on days 13-15 of gestation. The possible mechanisms involved in the embryo-fetal toxicity and fetal growth suppressing effects of sildenafil citrate were discussed. The results of this study have important implications for the widespread use of this drug.
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Sadeghian H, Seyedi SM, Saberi MR, Nick RS, Hosseini A, Bakavoli M, Mansouri SMT, Parsaee H. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-hydroxy-4-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as inotropic agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 24:918-29. [PMID: 19555170 DOI: 10.1080/14756360802448063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective PDE3 inhibitors improve cardiac contractility and may be used in congestive heart failure. However, their proarrhythmic potential is the most important side effect. In this research we designed, synthesized and evaluated the potential cardiotonic activity of thirteen PDE3 inhibitors (4-[(4-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-quinolinyl)oxy]butanamide analogs) using the spontaneously beating atria model. The design strategy was based on the structure of cilostamide, a selective PDE3 inhibitor. In each experiment, atrium of reserpine-treated rat was isolated and the contractile and chronotropic effects of a synthetic compounds were assessed. All experiments were carried out in comparison with IBMX, amrinone and cilostamide as standard compounds. The results showed that, among the new compounds, the best pharmacological profile was obtained with the compound 6-[4-(4-methylpiperazine-1-yl)-4-oxobutoxy]-4-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one, 4j, which displayed selectivity for increasing the force of contraction (165 +/- 4% change over the control) rather than the frequency rate (115 +/- 7% change over the control) at 100 microM and potent inhibitory activity of PDE3 with IC(50) = 0.20 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sadeghian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IR Iran
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Nikpour M, Sadeghian H, Saberi MR, Nick RS, Seyedi SM, Hosseini A, Parsaee H, Bozorg ATD. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-(benzyloxy)-4-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as PDE3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:855-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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FUJIWARA Y, KITAGAWA T, SHINKAI Y, KAJI T, SATOH M. Cilostazol Induces Metallothionein Expression in Vascular Cells. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2009; 129:1415-22. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki FUJIWARA
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Takahiro KITAGAWA
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yasuhiro SHINKAI
- Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Toshiyuki KAJI
- Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Masahiko SATOH
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
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14
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Glenn DR, McClure N, Cosby SL, Stevenson M, Lewis SE. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) impairs fertilization and early embryo development in mice. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:893-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Liu H, Manganiello V, Waleh N, Clyman RI. Expression, activity, and function of phosphodiesterases in the mature and immature ductus arteriosus. Pediatr Res 2008; 64:477-81. [PMID: 18552705 PMCID: PMC2613857 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181827c2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A patent ductus arteriosus is due in large part to increased sensitivity of the premature ductus to PGE2. After PGE2 stimulation, cAMP concentrations are higher in the immature than in the mature ductus. cAMP concentrations depend on the rates of adenyl cyclase production and phosphodiesterase (PDE)-mediated degradation. We used ductus from immature (n = 25) and mature (n = 21) fetal sheep to investigate whether a developmental increase in PDE activity could explain the diminished cAMP accumulation that follows PGE2 stimulation in the mature ductus. With advancing gestation, mRNA expression of the smooth muscle PDE isoforms (PDE1A, 1B, 1C, 3A, 3B, 4D, and 5A) increased in the ductus as did their hydrolytic activities. Selective inhibitors of PDE1, PDE3, and PDE4 relaxed the mature and immature ductus in the presence of inhibitors of prostaglandin and nitric oxide production. The mature ductus required higher concentrations of each of the PDE inhibitors to inhibit its tension to the same extent as in the immature ductus. There were no developmental changes in PDE expression in the fetal aorta. In conclusion, we observed a developmental increase in cAMP and cGMP PDE activity that contributes to the decreased sensitivity of the late-gestation ductus arteriosus to vasodilators like PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanguan Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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16
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Zhao H, Guan Q, Smith CJ, Quilley J. Increased phosphodiesterase 3A/4B expression after angioplasty and the effect on VASP phosphorylation. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Demoliou-Mason CD. Overview: Cardiovascular & Renal; Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.5.5.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Park SW, Cha IH, Kim CH, Jeon HJ, Park JH, Hong SJ, Lee IS. improved patency of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: the efficacy of cilostazol for the prevention of pseudointimal hyperplasia in swine TIPS models. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30:719-24. [PMID: 17450400 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-007-9001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of oral administration of cilostazol to inhibit pseudointimal/intimal hyperplasia in swine TIPS models. METHODS Successful TIPS creation was carried out in 11 of 12 healthy young pigs (20-25 kg). In the treatment group (n = 6), both cilostazol and aspirin were administered daily, from the first day of TIPS creation. The control group (n = 5) was administered only aspirin. The animals were followed-up for 2 weeks and then killed. The specimen (including portal vein, hepatic parenchymal tract, hepatic vein, and inferior vena cava) and stents were carefully bisected in a longitudinal fashion. The control group was compared with the treatment group by means of a gross and histologic evaluation of the degree of pseudointimal/intimal hyperplasia in the shunt. RESULTS At the gross evaluation, the control group showed considerably more pseudointimal/intimal hyperplasia than the treatment group. Using microscopic evaluation, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the mean maximum pseudointimal/intimal hyperplasia thickness between the control group (2.97 +/- 0.33 mm) and treatment group (0.73 +/- 0.27 mm). CONCLUSION Oral administration of cilostazol may have been effective in reducing pseudointimal/intimal hyperplasia in swine TIPS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Park
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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19
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Abstract
This article briefly reviews the background of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, describes the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase pathway and its role in modulating pulmonary vascular tone and remodeling, and describes three approaches that target the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in the treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Klinger
- Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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20
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Dolci S, Belmonte A, Santone R, Giorgi M, Pellegrini M, Carosa E, Piccione E, Lenzi A, Jannini EA. Subcellular localization and regulation of type-1C and type-5 phosphodiesterases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:837-46. [PMID: 16455054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the subcellular localization of PDE5 in in vitro human myometrial cells. We demonstrated for the first time that PDE5 is localized in discrete cytoplasmic foci and vesicular compartments corresponding to centrosomes. We also found that PDE5 intracellular localization is not cell- or species-specific, as it is conserved in different animal and human cells. PDE5 protein levels are strongly regulated by the mitotic activity of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as they were increased in quiescent, contractile myometrial cultures, and conditions in which proliferation was inhibited. In contrast, PDE1C levels decreased in all conditions that inhibited proliferation. This mirrored the enzymatic activity of both PDE5 and PDE1C. Increasing cGMP intracellular levels by dbcGMP or sildenafil treatments did not block proliferation, while dbcAMP inhibited myometrial cell proliferation. Together, these results suggest that PDE5 regulation of cGMP intracellular levels is not involved in the control of SMC cycle progression, but may represent one of the markers of the contractile phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Dolci
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, 2nd University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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21
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Kim MJ, Park KG, Lee KM, Kim HS, Kim SY, Kim CS, Lee SL, Chang YC, Park JY, Lee KU, Lee IK. Cilostazol inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell growth by downregulation of the transcription factor E2F. Hypertension 2005; 45:552-6. [PMID: 15723965 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000158263.64320.eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal formation, the leading cause of restenosis, is caused by proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Patients with diabetes mellitus have higher restenosis rates after coronary angioplasty than nondiabetic patients. Cilostazol, a selective type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is currently used to treat patients with diabetic vascular complications. Cilostazol is a potent antiplatelet agent that inhibits VSMC proliferation. In the present study, we examine whether the antiproliferative effect of cilostazol on VSMCs is mediated by inhibition of an important cell cycle transcription factor, E2F. Cilostazol inhibited the proliferation of human VSMCs in response to high glucose in vitro and virtually abolished neointimal formation in rats subjected to carotid artery injury in vivo. Moreover, the compound suppressed high-glucose-induced E2F-DNA binding activity, and the expression of E2F1, E2F2, cyclin A, and PCNA proteins. These data suggest that the beneficial effects of cilostazol on high-glucose-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs are mediated by the downregulation of E2F activity and expression of its downstream target genes, including E2F1, E2F2, cyclin A, and PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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22
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Maurice DH, Palmer D, Tilley DG, Dunkerley HA, Netherton SJ, Raymond DR, Elbatarny HS, Jimmo SL. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, expression, and targeting in cells of the cardiovascular system. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:533-46. [PMID: 12920188 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.3.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cGMP regulate a myriad of cellular functions, such as metabolism, contractility, motility, and transcription in virtually all cell types, including those of the cardiovascular system. Considerable effort over the last 20 years has allowed identification of the cellular components involved in the synthesis of cyclic nucleotides, as well as effectors of cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling. More recently, a central role for cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) has also been elaborated in many cell types, including those involved in regulating the activities of the cardiovascular system. In this review, we introduce the PDE families whose members are expressed in cells of the cardiovascular system including cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Because cell behavior is a dynamic process influenced by numerous factors, we will attempt to emphasize how changes in the activity, expression, and targeting of PDE influence cyclic nucleotide-mediated regulation of the behavior of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H Maurice
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario Career Investigator, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Botterell Hall, A215, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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23
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Oida K, Ebata K, Kanehara H, Suzuki J, Miyamori I. Effect of cilostazol on impaired vasodilatory response of the brachial artery to ischemia in smokers. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 10:93-8. [PMID: 12740483 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial function of smokers is known to be impaired. This study investigated whether cilostazol could improve the vasodilatory response of the brachial artery to ischemia, an indicator of endothelial function, in ten male smokers. Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and endothelium-independent vasodilatation of the brachial artery were measured in 11 male non-smokers and 20 male smokers with matching age and weight. The results showed that the vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia was significantly smaller in the smokers (4.8 +/- 1.6%) when compared to that in the non-smokers (7.6 +/- 2.5%) (p = 0.0013). However, no significant difference in the vasodilatory response to isosorbide dinitrate was observed between the two groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in serum lipid, Lp (a), or blood homocysteine between the smokers and non-smokers. When 150 mg/day of cilostazol was administered for two weeks, the vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia significantly improved (4.2 +/- 1.2% to 7.8 +/- 3.5%, p = 0.0032). The increased vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia by cilostazol was reduced after cessation of the drug (4.5 +/- 1.5%). These findings suggest that cilostazol improves vascular endothelial dysfunction in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Oida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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24
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Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase families in intracellular signaling and diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 498:253-61. [PMID: 11900376 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1321-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Lugnier
- Pharmacologie et Physico-Chimie des Interactions Moléculaires et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 7034, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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25
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Dunkerley HA, Tilley DG, Palmer D, Liu H, Jimmo SL, Maurice DH. Reduced phosphodiesterase 3 activity and phosphodiesterase 3A level in synthetic vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for use of phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors in cardiovascular tissues. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:1033-40. [PMID: 11961121 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.5.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in situ function to control contraction and are said to express a contractile phenotype. However, during development or in response to vascular damage, VSMC proliferate and express a more synthetic phenotype. A survey of literature values for contractile and synthetic VSMC phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 and PDE4 activities identified a marked difference in the PDE3 and PDE4 activities of these cells. In this study, a comparison of PDE3 and PDE4 activities in contractile and synthetic VSMC demonstrates that a reduced PDE3/PDE4 activity ratio in synthetic VSMC correlates with a reduced PDE3 activity and is associated with marked reductions in PDE3A mRNA and protein levels. Because we show that similar reductions in PDE3 activity and PDE3A levels occur upon culture of human aortic VSMC and that this phenomenon associates with the phenotypic switch that occurs to VSMC in response to vascular damage, our findings are presented in the context that PDE3 inhibition might be expected to selectively alter functions of contractile VSMC.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Cardiovascular System/drug effects
- Cardiovascular System/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Gene Expression
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Vasoconstriction
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Dunkerley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Queen's University at Kingston, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Rybalkin SD, Rybalkina I, Beavo JA, Bornfeldt KE. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C promotes human arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ Res 2002; 90:151-7. [PMID: 11834707 DOI: 10.1161/hh0202.104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a key event in the formation of advanced atherosclerotic lesions and restenosis after angioplasty. Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) inhibit arterial SMC proliferation, and elevation of cyclic nucleotides reduces neointimal formation after angioplasty in animal models. Degradation of cAMP and cGMP is catalyzed by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). One of these, PDE1C, hydrolyzes cAMP and cGMP and is expressed in proliferating human SMCs but is absent in quiescent human aorta. Thus, PDE1C expression is low in cultured human SMCs made quiescent by attaching to fibrillar collagen type I. After release from the fibrillar collagen, PDE1C expression is induced and associated with traverse through S-phase of the cell cycle. Further, PDE1C is expressed in vivo in human fetal aorta containing proliferating SMCs, but not in newborn aorta in which SMC proliferation has ceased. Inhibition of PDE1C in SMCs isolated from normal aorta or from lesions of atherosclerosis using antisense oligonucleotides or a PDE1 inhibitor results in suppression of SMC proliferation. In conclusion, PDE1C expression is a marker of human SMC proliferation ex vivo and in vivo. Inhibition of PDE1C leads to inhibition of human SMC proliferation. Because PDE1C is absent in quiescent SMCs, PDE1C inhibitors may target proliferating SMCs in lesions of atherosclerosis or restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei D Rybalkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA
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27
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Liu H, Palmer D, Jimmo SL, Tilley DG, Dunkerley HA, Pang SC, Maurice DH. Expression of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) is regulated by both the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. A potential mechanism allowing for the coordinated regulation of PDE4D activity and expression in cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:26615-24. [PMID: 10851231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001634200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple families of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) have been described, and the regulated expression of these genes in cells is complex. Although cAMP is known to control the expression of certain PDE in cells, presumably reflecting a system of feedback on cAMP signaling, relatively little is known about the influence of non-cAMP signaling systems on PDE expression. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism by which activators of the protein kinase C (PKC)-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade regulate phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and assess the functional consequences of this effect. Whereas a prolonged elevation of cAMP in VSMC resulted in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent induction of expression of two PDE4D variants (PDE4D1 and PDE4D2), simultaneous activation of both the cAMP-PKA and PKC-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascades blunted this cAMP-mediated increase in PDE4D expression. By using biochemical, molecular biological, and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that this PDE4D-selective effect of activators of the PKC-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade was mediated through a mechanism involving altered PDE4D mRNA stability and markedly attenuated the cAMP-mediated desensitization that results from prolonged activation of the cAMP signaling system in cells. The data are presented in the context of activators of the PKC-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade having both short and long term effects on PDE4D activity and expression in cells that may influence cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, and Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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28
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Osinski MT, Schrör K. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-induced mitogenesis by phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors: role of protein kinase A in vascular smooth muscle cell mitogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:381-7. [PMID: 10856433 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and other mitogens plays an important role in restenosis following coronary angioplasty. Elevation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) concentration in SMC has been shown to inhibit SMC mitogenesis and could be obtained either directly by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase-coupled receptors or indirectly by inhibition of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) or the cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-inhibitable phosphodiesterase (PDE3). This study compared the effects of the selective PDE3 inhibitors trequinsin and quazinone with the selective PDE4 inhibitors Ro 20-1724 and rolipram on PDGF-induced DNA synthesis, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, cAMP levels, and protein kinase A (PKA) activation in SMC. Both PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors stimulated intracellular PKA activation as seen from phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). However, only PDE3 inhibitors, and not inhibitors of PDE4, reduced PDGF-induced DNA synthesis and inhibited p42/p44 MAP kinase phosphorylation. At antimitogenic concentrations, the PDE3 inhibitors had only minor effects on cAMP levels. In contrast, PDE4 inhibitors increased the forskolin-induced cellular cAMP concentration 13- to 17-fold above control. These data demonstrate that inhibitors of PDE3 are potent antimitogenic agents and that a general increase in cellular cAMP levels and PKA activation per se are not sufficient to inhibit PDGF-induced SMC mitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Osinski
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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29
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Inoue Y, Toga K, Sudo T, Tachibana K, Tochizawa S, Kimura Y, Yoshida Y, Hidaka H. Suppression of arterial intimal hyperplasia by cilostamide, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, in a rat balloon double-injury model. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:231-41. [PMID: 10807659 PMCID: PMC1572059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1999] [Revised: 02/04/2000] [Accepted: 02/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of cilostamide, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) selective inhibitor, on vascular intimal hyperplasia were evaluated using a single-balloon injury model and a double-injury model in which the rat common carotid artery was subjected to a second injury at a site injured 14 days previously. In the double-injury model, the second balloon injury caused more severe intimal hyperplasia (intima/media (IM) ratio, 1.88+/-0.10) than in the single-injury model (1.09+/-0.08). Histopathological study revealed that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were the predominant cell-type in the affected neointimal area. Oral administration of cilostamide for 2 weeks after the second injury suppressed intimal hyperplasia in the double-injury model (30 mg kg(-1) bid, 83% inhibition in terms of the IM ratio, P<0.05; 100 mg kg(-1) bid, 69% inhibition, P<0.05). Similar effects were also observed in the single-injury model with oral administration of cilostamide for 2 weeks (100 mg kg(-1) bid, 36% inhibition, P<0.01). Cilostamide inhibited DNA synthesis of cultured VSMC stimulated by foetal calf serum or different kinds of growth factors, but did not affect their migration stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. Cilostamide significantly increased the cyclic AMP concentration of VSMC dose-dependently. These results indicate that cilostamide suppresses intimal hyperplasia both in the single- and double-injury models of rat, presumably by inhibiting proliferation rather than migration of VSMC. It is suggested that PDE3 inhibitors might find application in preventing intimal hyperplasia following angioplasty such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or stent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Inoue
- Thrombosis and Vascular Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Toga
- Thrombosis and Vascular Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sudo
- Thrombosis and Vascular Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Kazue Tachibana
- Thrombosis and Vascular Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Shirou Tochizawa
- Thrombosis and Vascular Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yukio Kimura
- Thrombosis and Vascular Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yoji Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Hidaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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30
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Sudo T, Tachibana K, Toga K, Tochizawa S, Inoue Y, Kimura Y, Hidaka H. Potent effects of novel anti-platelet aggregatory cilostamide analogues on recombinant cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozyme activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:347-56. [PMID: 10644042 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory potential of novel anti-platelet aggregatory cilostamide analogues on phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozyme activities was investigated with recombinant PDE isozymes expressed in a baculovirus/ Sf9 expression system. The recombinant enzymes (PDE1-PDE5 and PDE7) showed Km values and sensitivities to selective inhibitors similar to those reported previously for native enzymes purified from tissues. The cyclooctylurea derivative OPC-33540 (6-[3-[3-cyclooctyl-3-[(1R*,2R*)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]ureido]-propoxy]-2(1H)-quinolinone) inhibited recombinant PDE3A (IC50 = 0.32 nM) more potently and selectively than the classical PDE3 inhibitors cilostamide, cilostazol, milrinone, and amrinone. The cyclopropylurea derivative OPC-33509 [(-)-6-[3-[3-cyclopropyl-3-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]ureido]-propoxy]-2(1H)-quinolinone] was less potent (IC50 = 0.10 microM) than OPC-33540, demonstrating that the cyclooctyl moiety was important for a potent inhibitory effect. In platelets, OPC-33540 potentiated cyclic AMP accumulation concentration-dependently in both the absence and the presence of 3 nM prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (doubling concentrations: 32.5 and 6.2 nM, respectively). OPC-33540 inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation potently (Ic50 = 27.8 nM). The anti-platelet aggregation effect also was stimulated in the presence of 3 nM PGE1 (IC50 = 6.0 nM). There was a good correlation between the IC50 values of PDE3 inhibitors in this study for recombinant PDE3A activity and their IC50 values for thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (r = 0.998). These data demonstrated that OPC-33540 is a highly selective and potent PDE3 inhibitor and a useful probe for identification of the intracellular functions of PDE3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sudo
- Thrombosis and Vascular Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan.
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31
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Barnette MS. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2000; 53:193-229. [PMID: 10616299 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8735-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are a family of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of the intracellular second messengers cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. PDE4 is a cyclic AMP specific PDE that is the major if not sole cyclic AMP metabolizing enzymes found in inflammatory and immune cells, and contributes significantly to cyclic AMP metabolism in smooth muscles. Based on its cellular and tissue distribution and the demonstration that selective inhibitors of this isozyme reduce bronchoconstriction in animals and suppress the activation of inflammatory cells, PDE4 has become an important molecular target for the development of novel therapies for asthma and COPD. This chapter will review the evidence demonstrating the ability of PDE4 inhibitors to modify airway obstruction, airway inflammation and airway remodelling and hyperreactivity, will present some preliminary findings obtained with theses compounds in clinical trials and and will discuss experimental approaches designed to identify novel compounds that maintain the beneficial activity of the initial selective PDE4 inhibitors but with a reduced tendency of elicit the gastrointestinal side effects observed with this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Barnette
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA
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32
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Cyclic nucleotides in smooth muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2590(00)08008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Hayashi S, Morishita R, Matsushita H, Nakagami H, Taniyama Y, Nakamura T, Aoki M, Yamamoto K, Higaki J, Ogihara T. Cyclic AMP inhibited proliferation of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, accompanied by induction of p53 and p21. Hypertension 2000; 35:237-43. [PMID: 10642304 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.35.1.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cAMP is an important second messenger that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of platelet aggregation and dilatation of blood vessels, little is known about the action of cAMP on the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Thus, we initially studied the effects of cAMP accumulation by using various cAMP stimulants, including a phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor (cilostazol) on human aortic VSMC growth. Accumulation of cAMP inhibited the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated VSMC growth in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01), whereas PDGF significantly stimulated the growth of human VSMCs. Thus, we focused on the role of cell cycle regulatory genes, especially on a negative regulator, an anti-oncogene, p53. The protein of p53 was potentiated by cilostazol as well as forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP, whereas PDGF decreased p53 expression. Upregulation of p53 protein by cAMP was further confirmed by the observation that the decrease in p21, a p53-inducible protein, by PDGF was significantly attenuated by cilostazol in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). These results revealed that accumulation of cAMP inhibited VSMC proliferation, which was at least in part due to an increase in p53-p21 expression. Because p53 and p21 have been reported to induce apoptosis, we examined apoptotic cells for cAMP accumulation. Incubation of VSMCs with cilostazol resulted in a significant increase in apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner compared with vehicle treatment as assessed by nuclear chromatic morphology (P<0.01); forskolin also stimulated apoptotic cells. Consistent with nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation in VSMCs treated with forskolin as well as 8-bromo-cAMP and cilostazol was significantly increased compared with DNA fragmentation in VSMCs treated with vehicle, whereas PDGF significantly decreased the rate of DNA fragmentation (P<0.01). Overall, these results demonstrated that cAMP inhibited the proliferation of human aortic VSMCs, accompanied by p53-p21-mediated apoptosis. Analogues of cAMP that have direct inhibitory effects on VSMC proliferation can be considered as potential antiproliferative drugs against VSMC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hayashi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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34
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Komalavilas P, Shah PK, Jo H, Lincoln TM. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways by cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in contractile vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:34301-9. [PMID: 10567406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.48.34301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exist in either a contractile or a synthetic phenotype in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms regulating phenotypic modulation are unknown. Previous studies have suggested that the serine/threonine protein kinase mediator of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling, the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) promotes modulation to the contractile phenotype in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). Because of the potential importance of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways in VSMC proliferation and phenotypic modulation, the effects of PKG expression in PKG-deficient and PKG-expressing adult RASMC on MAP kinases were examined. In PKG-expressing adult RASMC, 8-para-chlorophenylthio-cGMP activated extracellular signal- regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The major effect of PKG activation was increased activation by MAP kinase kinase (MEK). The cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP inhibited ERK1/2 activation in PKG-deficient and PKG-expressing RASMC but had no effect on JNK activity. The effects of PKG on ERK and JNK activity were additive with those of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), suggesting that PKG activates MEK through a pathway not used by PDGF. The stimulatory effects of cGMP on ERK and JNK activation were also observed in low-passaged, contractile RASMC still expressing endogenous PKG, suggesting that the effects of PKG expression were not artifacts of cell transfections. These results suggest that in contractile adult RASMC, NO-cGMP signaling increases MAP kinase activity. Increased activation of these MAP kinase pathways may be one mechanism by which cGMP and PKG activation mediate c-fos induction and increased proliferation of contractile adult RASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komalavilas
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA.
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35
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Hansen PR, Holm AM, Qi JH, Ledet T, Rasmussen LM, Andersen CB. Pentoxifylline inhibits neointimal formation and stimulates constrictive vascular remodeling after arterial injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 34:683-9. [PMID: 10547084 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199911000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease, and this agent can suppress inflammatory vascular damage. Inflammation has been implicated in vascular lesion formation, and we examined the effects of PTX in a model of arterial injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with intraperitoneal PTX (75 mg/kg/day) or saline starting 3 days before carotid balloon injury, and killed 24 h or 14 days later. Carotid arteries were analyzed by cross-sectional morphometry, immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and subjected to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Moreover, the effects of PTX on vascular smooth-muscle cell (VSMC) migration and production of collagen types I, IV, and VI were examined in vitro. At 14 days after balloon injury, PTX reduced the neointimal area (0.074+/-0.001 vs. 0.172+/-0.003 mm2; p<0.001), media area (0.143+/-0.001 vs. 0.176+/-0.001 mm2; p<0.01), intima/media ratio (0.50+/-0.02 vs. 0.99+/-0.12; p<0.001), and total vessel area (0.601+/-0.010 vs. 0.744+/-0.011 mm2; p<0.01). The lumen area, PCNA expression, and TUNEL were similar in the two treatment groups, whereas the neointimal cell density was increased by PTX (3,476+/-504 cells/mm2 vs. 2,215+/-232 cells/mm2; p<0.05). In vitro, PTX inhibited VSMC production of collagen type I in a concentration-dependent manner and did not influence VSMC migration. We conclude that PTX inhibits neointimal formation and induces constrictive vascular remodeling in the rat model of balloon injury by mechanisms involving decreased VSMC collagen type I production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Hansen
- Department of Medicine B2142, The Rigshospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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36
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Ekholm D, Mulloy JC, Gao G, Degerman E, Franchini G, Manganiello VC. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) 3 and 4 in normal, malignant, and HTLV-I transformed human lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:935-50. [PMID: 10509746 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular cyclic AMP, determined in part by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), regulates proliferation and immune functions in lymphoid cells. Total PDE, PDE3, and PDE4 activities were measured in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC-PHA), normal natural killer (NK) cells, Jurkat and Kit225-K6 leukemic T-cells, T-cell lines transformed with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I (a retrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and HTLV-II (a nonpathogenic retrovirus), normal B-cells, and B-cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). All cells exhibited PDE3 and PDE4 activities but in different proportions. In EBV-transformed B cells, PDE4 was much higher than PDE3. HTLV-I+ T-cells differed significantly from other T-lymphocyte-derived cells in also having a higher proportion of PDE4 activities, which apparently were not related to selective induction of any one PDE4 mRNA (judged by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) or expression of the HTLV-I regulatory protein Tax. In MJ cells (an HTLV-I+ T-cell line), Jurkat cells, and PBMC-PHA cells, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A strongly inhibited PDE activity. Growth of MJ cells was inhibited by herbimycin A and a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, and was arrested in G1 by rolipram, a specific PDE4 inhibitor. Proliferation of several HTLV-I+ T-cell lines, PBMC-PHA, and Jurkat cells was inhibited differentially by forskolin (which activates adenylyl cyclase), the selective PDE inhibitors cilostamide and rolipram, and the nonselective PDE inhibitors pentoxifylline and isobutyl methylxanthine. These results suggest that PDE4 isoforms may be functionally up-regulated in HTLV-I+ T-cells and may contribute to the virus-induced proliferation, and that PDEs could be therapeutic targets in immune/inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Adult
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- Benzoquinones
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed/enzymology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Products, tax/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Lactams, Macrocyclic
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Lymphocytes/enzymology
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- Quinones/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rifabutin/analogs & derivatives
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ekholm
- Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1434, USA
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37
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Shimizu E, Kobayashi Y, Oki Y, Kawasaki T, Yoshimi T, Nakamura H. OPC-13013, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type III, inhibitor, inhibits cell proliferation and transdifferentiation of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells. Life Sci 1999; 64:2081-8. [PMID: 10372650 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC; lipocytes; Ito cells) proliferate and are responsible for extracellular matrix synthesis during hepatic fibrogenesis. During activation, HSC undergo transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is an ubiquitous intracellular signaling molecule, and is upregulated by the activation of adenylate cyclase and downregulated via hydrolysis by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Recently, increased intracellular cyclic AMP has been shown to inhibit HSC activation. The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of inhibition of PDEs on cell proliferation and transdifferentiation in cultured rat HSC. Cell proliferation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation, and Western blot analysis was performed for detection of alpha-SMA, a phenotypic marker of transdifferentiation into myofibroblast. When the cells were exposed to 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 50-1000 microM), a nonselective PDE inhibitor, serum-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum inhibition of 66% at a concentration of 500 microM OPC-13013 (1-60 microM), a selective PDE III isoenzyme inhibitor, induced a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on serum-stimulated DNA synthesis that reached a maximum inhibition of 95% at a concentration of 60 microM, while neither 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (8-MMX), a PDE I isoenzyme inhibitor, nor Ro-20-1724, a PDE IV isoenzyme inhibitor, had an inhibitory effect. Western blot analysis revealed that IBMX or OPC-13013 decreased alpha-SMA expression, while other selective PDE isoenzyme inhibitors did not have a suppressive effect. IBMX, OPC-13013 or Ro-20-1724, but not 8-MMX augmented forskolin-induced increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels although cyclic AMP levels were not affected by treatment with any of these PDE inhibitors alone. These data indicate that inhibition of PDEs, especially PDE III isoenzyme, can produce an inhibitory effect on HSC activation. The PDE III isoenzyme may contribute to the regulation of HSC activation during fibrogenesis. In addition, OPC-13013 may have the potential to inhibit initiation and progression of hepatic fibrosis by interfering with HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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38
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Schmidt D, Dent G, Rabe KF. Selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29 Suppl 2:99-109. [PMID: 10421832 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Theophylline is commonly used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases. The identification and functional characterization of different phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes has led to the development of various isoenzyme-selective inhibitors as potential anti-asthma drugs. Considering the distribution of isoenzymes in target tissues, with high activity of PDE3 and PDE4 in airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells, selective inhibitors of these isoenzymes may add to the therapy of chronic airflow obstruction. However, initial data from clinical trials with selective PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors have been somewhat disappointing and have tempered the expectations considerably since these drugs had limited efficacy and their use was clinically limited through side effects. The improved understanding of the molecular biology of PDEs enabled the synthesis of novel drugs with an improved risk/benefit ratio. These 'second generation' selective drugs have produced more promising clinical results not only for the treatment of bronchial asthma but also for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schmidt
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Masu K, Ohno I, Yamaya M, Kawamura T, Sasaki H, Shirato K. Inhibition of tracheal smooth muscle cell proliferation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Allergol Int 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.1999.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Zurbonsen K, Michel A, Bonnet PA, Mathieu MN, Chevillard C. Antiproliferative, differentiating and apoptotic effects elicited by imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1999; 32:135-41. [PMID: 9888266 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(98)00097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The activity of two series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives on cell proliferation and differentiation and on apoptosis was examined in relation to their effects on phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and on purinoceptors. 2. In the first series SC-18 and SC-51 inhibited mitogen-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation in human lymphocytes. 3. The compounds of the new series PAB13, PAB23 and SCA40 inhibited the proliferation of the HEL cell line. 4. Nine imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives of the new series have been studied on the Dami cell proliferation. SCA41 and SCA44 inhibited cell growth, SCA40 and PAB40 were moderately effective, whereas PAB12 and PAB30 were devoid of effect. The antiproliferative effects of these six non-cytotoxic compounds could not be related to their action on PDE or on purinoceptors, but rather to their lipophilicity. Conversely, for PAB13, PAB15, and PAB23, the decrease in cell number was related to their cytotoxic and apoptotic effects through their cAMP-increasing and PDE-inhibitory potency, but unrelated to an effect on purinoceptors. 5. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives decreased the expression of Glycoprotein (GP)Ib in Dami cells while some of them enhanced that of GPIIb/IIIa. These effects appeared to involve inhibition of both cAMP- and cGMP-PDE. 6. These studies demonstrate the potential interest of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives in the query of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zurbonsen
- INSERM U.469, Organique Pharmaceutique Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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41
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Sakakibara H, Conti M, Weiner RI. Role of phosphodiesterases in the regulation of gonadotropin- releasing hormone secretion in GT1 cells. Neuroendocrinology 1998; 68:365-73. [PMID: 9873200 DOI: 10.1159/000054386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increases in the level of cAMP stimulate the secretion of GnRH from GT1 GnRH neuronal cells. We hypothesized that cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the enzymes that hydrolyze cAMP, may constitute a negative feedback signaling mechanism for GnRH regulation by decreasing the level of cAMP. GT1 cells were shown to express three PDEs by RT-PCR analysis: the cAMP-specific PDE4B and PDE4D and the calmodulin-dependent PDE1B. A splice variant of PDE4D, PDE4D3, which is activated when phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), was identified in GT1 cells by Western analysis. Consistent with PDEs negatively regulating GnRH secretion, treatment with the nonselective PDE inhibitor, IBMX, stimulated GnRH secretion 137% in 30-min static cultures. Furthermore, treatment with the PDE4-specific inhibitors Rolipram and RS-25344 increased GnRH secretion 48 and 125%, while treatment with the PDE1-specific inhibitor 8-MeoM-IBMX only caused a modest increase of 28%. In perifusion studies a rapid multi-fold stimulation of GnRH secretion was observed following treatment with IBMX, Rolipram or RS-25344. In conclusion, the level of PDE activity appears to be an important negative feedback signal for GnRH secretion. We hypothesize that activation of PDE4D3 by PKA may constitute a negative feedback signaling pathway which participates in the regulation of cAMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sakakibara
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, Calif., 94143-0556, USA
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42
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Johnson-Mills K, Arauz E, Coffey RG, Krzanowski JJ, Polson JB. Effect of CI-930 [3-(2H)-pyridazinone-4,5-dihydro-6-[4-(1H-imidazolyl) phenyl]-5-methyl-monohydrochloride] and rolipram on human coronary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56:1065-73. [PMID: 9776320 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine how selective inhibitors of certain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) families, namely CI-930 (PDE3 inhibitor; 3-(2H)-pyridazinone-4,5-dihydro-6-[4-(1H-imidazolyl) phenyl]-5-methyl monohydro chloride) and rolipram (PDE4 inhibitor), may affect human coronary artery smooth muscle cell (HCASMC) proliferation. CI-930- and rolipram-inhibitable PDEs accounted for most of the cyclic AMP hydrolyzing activity in HCASMC. Twenty micromolar CI-930 and 20 microM rolipram used individually attenuated proliferation of HCASMC from some, but not all donors, as measured by flow cytometry. The simultaneous addition of 10 microM CI-930 plus 10 microM rolipram caused greater attenuation. This attenuation represented a reduction of the number of cells entering the S phase of the cell cycle and not merely a delay in cell cycle traverse. No statistically significant elevation of cyclic AMP was detected following the addition of either PDE inhibitor individually, but the combination produced significant elevations. It is concluded that CI-930- and rolipram-inhibitable PDE isozymes are expressed in HCASMC and that selective inhibitors of these isozymes can attenuate HCASMC proliferation. The data suggest that selective PDE inhibitors may prevent restenosis in patients following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty because of their effect on HCASMC proliferation, and they may also be useful in retarding the progression of atherosclerosis in individuals at risk. PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors in combination are more effective than the inhibitors used individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Johnson-Mills
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612-4799, USA
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43
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Palmer D, Tsoi K, Maurice DH. Synergistic inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration by phosphodiesterase 3 and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Circ Res 1998; 82:852-61. [PMID: 9576105 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.82.8.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze cAMP or cGMP and terminate their signaling. Two important families of PDEs that regulate cAMP signaling in cardiovascular tissues are the cGMP-inhibited PDEs (PDE3) and the cAMP-specific PDEs (PDE4). In this study, we have used a combination of an in vitro motility assay and a sensitive method for the measurement of cAMP in order to determine the relative roles of PDE3 and of PDE4 in the regulation of cAMP-mediated inhibition of VSMC migration. Our data demonstrate that forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclases, causes concentration-dependent inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-induced VSMC migration. Incubation of cultured VSMCs with a PDE4-selective inhibitor, Ro 20-1724, markedly potentiated both the antimigratory effect and the increase in cAMP caused by forskolin. Cilostamide, a PDE3-selective compound, did not affect either the antimigratory activity of forskolin or its ability to increase cAMP. Cilostamide and Ro 20-1724 interacted synergistically to potentiate the inhibition of VSMC migration by forskolin and caused a supra-additive increase in cAMP. These data are consistent with an important role for both PDE3 and PDE4 in the regulation of cAMP-mediated inhibition of VSMC migration.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone/pharmacology
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta
- Becaplermin
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Palmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Houslay MD, Sullivan M, Bolger GB. The multienzyme PDE4 cyclic adenosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase family: intracellular targeting, regulation, and selective inhibition by compounds exerting anti-inflammatory and antidepressant actions. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1998; 44:225-342. [PMID: 9547887 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Houslay
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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45
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Tsuchikane E, Katoh O, Sumitsuji S, Fukuhara A, Funamoto M, Otsuji S, Tateyama H, Awata N, Kobayashi T. Impact of cilostazol on intimal proliferation after directional coronary atherectomy. Am Heart J 1998; 135:495-502. [PMID: 9506336 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8703(98)70327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cilostazol, a novel platelet aggregation inhibitor, inhibits intimal proliferation in animal models. We randomly assigned 41 patients with lesions suitable for directional coronary atherectomy to the cilostazol group (200 mg/day) or the aspirin (250 mg/day) group. Medication was started before directional coronary atherectomy and was continued to a 6-month follow-up. Serial quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound study were performed. Baseline characteristics were not different between the two groups. However, the minimal lumen diameter at follow-up was larger (2.33 +/- 0.60 mm vs 1.81 +/- 0.68 mm, p = 0.016) and the percent diameter stenosis (24.5% +/- 16.6% vs 40.9% +/- 21.0%, p = 0.010) was smaller in the cilostazol group. The change in vessel area was not different, but the percent plaque area at follow-up was smaller in the cilostazol group (55.7% +/- 11.2% vs 64.5% +/- 14.5%, p = 0.044). The restenosis rate was significantly lower in the cilostazol group (0% vs 26%, p = 0.020). We conclude that cilostazol appears to have an inhibitory effect on intimal proliferation after directional coronary atherectomy and may reduce restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tsuchikane
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka-city, Japan
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46
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Pueyo ME, Chen Y, D'Angelo G, Michel JB. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by cAMP in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 238:354-8. [PMID: 9473343 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell mitogen which stimulates angiogenesis. VEGF is regulated by multiple factors such as hypoxia, phorbol esters, and growth factors. However, data concerning the expression of VEGF in the different vascular cell types and its regulation by cAMP are not available. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of adenylate cyclase activation on VEGF mRNA expression in rat vascular cells in primary culture. Basal VEGF expression is greater in smooth muscle cells than in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. A 4-h treatment with forskolin (10(-5) M) induced a 2-fold stimulation of VEGF mRNA expression in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, but, in contrast, did not affect VEGF expression in endothelial cells. In smooth muscle cells, a pharmacologically induced increase in intracellular cAMP levels using iloprost or isoprenaline led to a rise in VEGF mRNA expression comparable to that induced by forskolin. Adenosine, which increases cAMP levels in smooth muscle cells, also increases VEGF expression. Moreover, the 2.2-fold stimulation of VEGF expression by adenosine was enhanced following a cotreatment with cobalt chloride (a hypoxia miming agent). The observed additive effect (4.3-fold increase) suggests that these two factors, hypoxia and adenosine, regulate VEGF mRNA expression in smooth muscle cells by independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Pueyo
- Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, INSERM U460, 16, rue H. Huchard, Paris, 75018, France.
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Torphy TJ. Phosphodiesterase isozymes: molecular targets for novel antiasthma agents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:351-70. [PMID: 9476844 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.2.9708012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T J Torphy
- Department of Pulmonary Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939, USA
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48
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Rybalkin SD, Bornfeldt KE, Sonnenburg WK, Rybalkina IG, Kwak KS, Hanson K, Krebs EG, Beavo JA. Calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE1C) is induced in human arterial smooth muscle cells of the synthetic, proliferative phenotype. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:2611-21. [PMID: 9366577 PMCID: PMC508463 DOI: 10.1172/jci119805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity among cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases provides multiple mechanisms for regulation of cAMP and cGMP in the cardiovascular system. Here we report that a calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE1C) is highly expressed in proliferating human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in primary culture, but not in the quiescent SMCs of intact human aorta. High levels of PDE1C were found in primary cultures of SMCs derived from explants of human newborn and adult aortas, and in SMCs cultured from severe atherosclerotic lesions. PDE1C was the major cAMP hydrolytic activity in these SMCs. PDE expression patterns in primary SMC cultures from monkey and rat aortas were different from those from human cells. In monkey, high expression of PDE1B was found, whereas PDE1C was not detected. In rat SMCs, PDE1A was the only detectable calmodulin-stimulated PDE. These findings suggest that many of the commonly used animal species may not provide good models for studying the roles of PDEs in proliferation of human SMCs. More importantly, the observation that PDE1C is induced only in proliferating SMCs suggests that it may be both an indicator of proliferation and a possible target for treatment of atherosclerosis or restenosis after angioplasty, conditions in which proliferation of arterial SMCs is negatively modulated by cyclic nucleotides.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/biosynthesis
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/biosynthesis
- Adult
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/enzymology
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1
- Enzyme Induction
- Haplorhini
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Phenotype
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Sudden Infant Death
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Rybalkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Zurbonsen K, Michel A, Vittet D, Bonnet PA, Chevillard C. Antiproliferative effects of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives on the Dami cell line. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:365-71. [PMID: 9278095 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is involved in cell proliferation and as previous data showed that imidazo[1,2-alpha]pyrazine derivatives (PAB12, PAB30, PAB40, SCA40, SCA41, and SCA44) inhibited cAMP breakdown by a phosphodiesterase (PDE)-inhibitory effect, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of these derivatives on proliferation of the Dami cell line in relation with their actions on cAMP content and on PDE isoenzymes isolated from Dami cells. SCA41 and SCA44 inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, while SCA40 and PAB40 induced a weak inhibition. Growth inhibitions were 40%, 91%, and 60% for SCA41, SCA44 (at 100 microM), and IBMX (at 100 microM), respectively, and could not be related to their effects on cAMP levels. In addition, although all compounds potentiated cAMP formation by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), no potentiations were observed when the antiproliferative effects of SCA41 and SCA44 were considered. Investigation of derivatives on PDE isoenzymes III, IV, and V indicated non-selective PDE inhibitory effects for SCA41 and SCA44, while SCA40 elicited preferences for type III, and PAB30 and PAB40 preferences for type IV isoenzymes. These effects could not totally explain the antiproliferative activity of the derivatives. The activation of P2 purinoceptors by imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine did not lead to their antiproliferative effects. Thus, the mechanism of the antiproliferative effects of the compounds remains to be determined. It does, however, depend on the chemical substitutions of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine skeleton and in particular on the 2-carbonitrile presence and the length of the 8-aminoaliphatic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zurbonsen
- INSERM U.300, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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50
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Zurbonsen K, Michel A, Vittet D, Bonnet PA, Chevillard C. Dissociation between phosphodiesterase inhibition and antiproliferative effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on the Dami cell line. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:1141-7. [PMID: 9175719 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors were shown to inhibit proliferation of various cell types. The present investigation was designed to study the activity of selective PDE inhibitors (8-MeoMIX, milrinone, trequinsin, rolipram, RO-201724, zaprinast, and MY-5445) on the proliferation of the Dami cell line in relation to their effects on cAMP levels and PDE isoenzymes isolated from Dami cells. All compounds, except 8-MeoMIX, elicited antiproliferative effects. Trequinsin, RO-201724, and MY-5445 (100 microM) were found to inhibit cell growth up to 60%, 83%, and 85%, respectively; milrinone, rolipram and zaprinast elicited only weak effects (19-21% at 100 microM). Their growth-inhibitory effects could not be related to their effects on cAMP levels. In addition, although PDE type III and IV inhibitors potentiated cAMP formation due to adenylycyclase activation, no potentiation could be observed when considering their antiproliferative effect. Separation and characterization of PDE of Dami cells revealed the existence of types III, IV, and V isoenzymes. The PDE inhibition found for the PDE inhibitors could not explain their antiproliferative effects. The lack of correlation with cAMP concentrations or PDE inhibition and the high concentrations needed to elicit antiproliferative effects suggest the implication of other parameters, such as cytotoxicity or lipophilicity, or other targets in addition to PDE for the PDE inhibitors tested. Lipophilicity did not seem to be of importance in antiproliferative effects. In contrast, cytotoxic effects, in particular those of trequinsin and MY-5445, could partially explain their negative action on cell growth.
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