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Woodrow JS, Sheats MK, Cooper B, Bayless R. Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071091. [PMID: 37048164 PMCID: PMC10093022 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic lower airway inflammation that results in airway remodeling, which can lead to a permanent decrease in lung function. The pathophysiology driving the development of asthma is complex and heterogenous. Animal models have been and continue to be essential for the discovery of molecular pathways driving the pathophysiology of asthma and novel therapeutic approaches. Animal models of asthma may be induced or naturally occurring. Species used to study asthma include mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, sheep, horse, and nonhuman primate. Some of the aspects to consider when evaluating any of these asthma models are cost, labor, reagent availability, regulatory burden, relevance to natural disease in humans, type of lower airway inflammation, biological samples available for testing, and ultimately whether the model can answer the research question(s). This review aims to discuss the animal models most available for asthma investigation, with an emphasis on describing the inciting antigen/allergen, inflammatory response induced, and its translation to human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Seymour Woodrow
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Bethanie Cooper
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Rosemary Bayless
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Guo X, Zheng M, Pan R, Zang B, Gao J, Ma H, Jin M. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) targets the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor and inhibits human bronchial smooth muscle activation induced by PAF. Food Funct 2019; 10:4661-4673. [PMID: 31292579 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main active ingredient of edible plant safflower. HSYA has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. The inflammatory response is the key mechanism responsible for asthma, and the pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor (PAF) is known to play a role in the pathology of bronchial asthma. In this study, we stimulated human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMCs) with PAF and examined the effects of HSYA on the resulting asthma-related process. PAF stimulation induced HBSMC activation, induced proliferation, increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and activated asthma-related signaling pathways. All these effects were significantly inhibited by treatment with HSYA (9, 27, 81 μmol L-1). The effects of HSYA were prevented by the addition of a PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonist or by PAFR gene silencing with small interfering RNA. These results suggest that HSYA may inhibit PAF-induced activation of HBSMCs by targeting the PAFR. Overall, these findings provide evidence that HSYA can be applied as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
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Fang Z, Huang C, Zhang JJ, Xie J, Dai S, Ge E, Xiang J, Yao H, Huang R, Bi X, Wang B, Zhong N, Lai K. Traffic-related air pollution induces non-allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation and cough hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:366-377. [PMID: 30415484 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of eosinophilia-related chronic cough such as non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis and cough variant asthma are still not clear. OBJECTIVE This study is to examine the potential role of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in eosinophilic inflammation and cough responses. METHODS Non-sensitized guinea-pigs were exposed to TRAP in an urban traffic tunnel or kept in a filtered air environment for 7 or 14 days. Reflexive cough was measured using citric acid and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) challenges, respectively. Spontaneous cough counting was determined using audio recording and a waveform analysis. Airway inflammation was evaluated using differential cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung histopathology. To further elucidate the relationship between airway inflammation and cough hypersensitivity, a subgroup of those exposed for 14 days received a dexamethasone treatment. RESULTS Compared to reflexive cough count (mean (95% confidence interval) in 10 minutes) provoked by the AITC challenge for the unexposed animals (3.1 (1.7-4.5)), those were increased significantly following both the 7-day (12.0 (6.8-17.2), P < 0.01) and the 14-day (12.0 (6.4-17.6), P < 0.01) TRAP exposure. The effect provoked by the citric acid challenge was more profound following the 14-day exposure (26.0 (19.5-32.5) vs 3.8 (1.5-6.0) for the control, P < 0.001). TRAP exposures enhanced spontaneous cough events, caused a significant increase of eosinophils and neutrophils in BALF and resulted in a dramatic eosinophilic infiltration in submucosal layer of trachea and bronchus, which can be inhibited significantly by dexamethasone treatment. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE TRAP exposures induced cough hypersensitivity and non-allergic eosinophilic inflammation of airways in guinea-pigs. This study highlights the potential mechanisms of eosinophilia-related chronic cough that can be induced by traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangfu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Global Health Institute, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jiaxing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouhui Dai
- Equipment Public Service Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erjia Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongquan Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Guo X, Zheng M, Pan R, Zang B, Jin M. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Suppresses Platelet Activating Factor-Induced Activation of Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:859. [PMID: 30123133 PMCID: PMC6085473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is a chemical component isolated from the Chinese medicine Carthamus tinctorius L. HSYA has numerous pharmacological effects, including protecting against and mitigating some respiratory diseases such as acute lung injury and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, its effect on asthma remains unclear. We previously found that HSYA attenuated ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in guinea pigs. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator of inflammation and an important factor in the pathological process of asthma. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of HSYA and its underlying mechanisms in PAF-induced human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs). PAF-activated cells were pretreated with HSYA and/or the PAF receptor inhibitor, ginkgolide B, and we observed changes in the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, monolayer permeability of HSAECs, and inflammatory signaling pathways. HSYA attenuated the PAF-induced increase in expression of inflammatory factors and destruction of cell-barrier function, and inhibited the expression of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor-κB activation induced by PAF. These findings suggest that HSYA may represent a potential new drug for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxia Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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Pałgan K, Bartuzi Z. Platelet activating factor in allergies. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 28:584-9. [PMID: 26486136 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015600598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-activating factor (PAF) produced and released by mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial cells, and even cardiac muscle cells plays an important role in inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. PAF has been shown to be an important mediator in anaphylaxis. Serum level of the factor correlates with the severity of systemic reactions. PAF is also involved in asthamatic patients' bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and inflammation of bronchi. Furthermore, increased plasma levels of PAF have been reported in patients with urticarial. Studies have shown that PAF increases the permeability of skin's capillaries and indices the development of wheals, flare, and inflammatory reactions in the skin.This review focuses on the actions of the PAF on the eosinophiles and mast cells. Following that pathophysiological mechanism of the PAF in anaphylaxis bronchial asthma and urticaria was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pałgan
- The Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartuzi
- The Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Borak J, Fields C, Andrews LS, Pemberton MA. Methyl methacrylate and respiratory sensitization: a critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:230-68. [PMID: 21401327 PMCID: PMC3072694 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.532768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a respiratory irritant and dermal sensitizer that has been associated with occupational asthma in a small number of case reports. Those reports have raised concern that it might be a respiratory sensitizer. To better understand that possibility, we reviewed the in silico, in chemico, in vitro, and in vivo toxicology literature, and also epidemiologic and occupational medicine reports related to the respiratory effects of MMA. Numerous in silico and in chemico studies indicate that MMA is unlikely to be a respiratory sensitizer. The few in vitro studies suggest that MMA has generally weak effects. In vivo studies have documented contact skin sensitization, nonspecific cytotoxicity, and weakly positive responses on local lymph node assay; guinea pig and mouse inhalation sensitization tests have not been performed. Cohort and cross-sectional worker studies reported irritation of eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract associated with short-term peaks exposures, but little evidence for respiratory sensitization or asthma. Nineteen case reports described asthma, laryngitis, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis in MMA-exposed workers; however, exposures were either not well described or involved mixtures containing more reactive respiratory sensitizers and irritants. The weight of evidence, both experimental and observational, argues that MMA is not a respiratory sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Borak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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Xue A, Wang J, Sieck GC, Wylam ME. Distribution of major basic protein on human airway following in vitro eosinophil incubation. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:824362. [PMID: 20339471 PMCID: PMC2843899 DOI: 10.1155/2010/824362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Major basic protein (MBP) released from activated eosinophils may influence airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) by either direct effects on airway myocytes or by an indirect effect. In this study, human bronchi, freshly isolated human eosinophils, or MBP purified from human eosinophil granules were incubated for studying eosinophil infiltration and MBP localization. Eosinophils immediately adhered to intact human airway as well as to cultured human airway myocytes and epithelium. Following incubation 18-24 h, eosinophils migrated into the airway media, including the smooth muscle layer, but had no specific recruitment to airway neurons. Eosinophils released significant amounts of MBP within the airway media, including areas comprising the smooth muscle layer. Most deposits of MBP were focally discrete and restricted by immunologic detection to a maximum volume of approximately 300 microm(3) about the eosinophil. Native MBP applied exogenously was immediately deposited on the surface of the airway, but required at least 1 h to become detected within the media of the airway wall. Tissue MBP infiltration and deposition increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings suggest that eosinophil-derived cationic proteins may alter airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in vivo by an effect that is not limited to the bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Xue
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gary C. Sieck
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark E. Wylam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Animal models of asthma are a tool that allows studies to be conducted in the setting of an intact immune and respiratory system. These models have highlighted the importance of T-helper type 2 driven allergic responses in the progression of asthma and have been useful in the identification of potential drug targets for interventions involving allergic pathways. However, a number of drugs that have been shown to have some efficacy in animal models of asthma have shown little clinical benefit in human asthmatics. This may be due to a number of factors including the species of animal chosen and the methods used to induce an asthmatic phenotype in animals that do not normally develop a disease that could be characterized as asthma. The range of animal models available is vast, with the most popular models being rodents (inbred mice and rats) and guinea-pigs, which have the benefit of being easy to handle and being relatively cost effective compared with other models that are available. The recent advances in transgenic technology and the development of species-specific probes, particularly in mice, have allowed detailed mechanistic studies to be conducted. Despite these advances in technology, there are a number of issues with current animal models of asthma that must be recognized including the disparity in immunology and anatomy between these species and humans, the requirement for adjuvant during senitization in most models, the acute nature of the allergic response that is induced and the use of adult animals as the primary disease model. Some larger animal models using sheep and dogs have been developed that may address some of these issues but they also have different biology from humans in many ways and are extremely costly, with very few probes available for characterizing allergic responses in the airway in these species. As research in this area continues to expand, the relative merits and limitations of each model must be defined and understood in order to evaluate the information that is obtained from these models and to extrapolate these findings to humans so that effective drug therapies can be developed. Despite these issues, animal models have been, and will continue to be, vital in understanding the mechanisms that are involved in the development and progression of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Zosky
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia.
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Pauluhn J, Mohr U. Experimental approaches to evaluate respiratory allergy in animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:203-34. [PMID: 15816351 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is defined as a chronic disease of the entire lung and asthma attacks may either be immediate, delayed or dual in onset. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and its etiology is multifactorial. It involves the recruitment and activation of many inflammatory and structural cells, all of which release mediators that result in typical pathological changes of asthma. A wealth of clinical and experimental data suggests that allergic asthma is due to an aberrant lung immune response mediated through T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and associated cytokine-signaling pathways. The pathology of asthma is associated with reversible narrowing of airways, associated with prominent features that involve structural changes in the airway walls and extracellular matrix remodeling including abnormalities of bronchial smooth muscle, eosinophilic inflammation of the bronchial wall, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous glands. The primary objective of respiratory allergy tests is to determine whether a low-molecular-weight chemical (hapten) or high-molecular-weight compound (antigen) exhibits sensitizing properties to the respiratory tract. This may range from reactions occurring in the nose (allergic rhinitis), in the bronchial airways (i.e., allergic bronchitis, asthma) or alveoli (e.g., hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Current assays utilize several phases, viz. an induction phase, which includes multiple exposures to the test compound (sensitization) via the respiratory tract (e.g., by intranasal or intratracheal instillations), by inhalation exposures or by dermal contact, and a single or multiple challenge or elicitation phase. The challenge can either be with the chemical (hapten), the homologous protein conjugate of the hapten or the antigen. The choice depends both on the irritant potency and the physical form (vapor, aerosol) of the hapten. The appropriate selection of concentrations (dosages) both for the induction and elicitation of respiratory allergy appears to be paramount for the outcome of test. Endpoints to characterize positive response range from the induction of immunoglobulins, cytokine or lymphokine patterns in serum (or the lung) to (patho-)physiological reactions typifying asthma. None of the currently applied animal models duplicate all features of human asthma. Accordingly, the specific pros and cons of the selected animal model, including protocol variables, animal species and strain selected, must be interpreted cautiously in order to arrive at a meaningful extrapolation for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Institute of Toxicology, BA YER HealthCare, Wuppertal 42096, Germany.
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Masini E, Vannacci A, Giannini L, Befani O, Nistri S, Mateescu MA, Mannaioni PF, Mondovì B, Federico R. Effect of a plant histaminase on asthmalike reaction induced by inhaled antigen in sensitized guinea pig. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 502:253-64. [PMID: 15476752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of a copper amine oxidase (histaminase) purified from the pea seedling as a free or immobilized enzyme on asthmalike reactions to inhaled antigen in actively sensitized guinea pig in vivo. Male albino guinea pigs, sensitized with ovalbumin, were challenged with the antigen given by aerosol; free histaminase or CNBr-Sepharose immobilized histaminase was given intraperitoneally (20 microg, 3 or 24 h before antigen challenge) or by aerosol (4 microg, 30 min before or during ovalbumin aerosol). The following parameters were examined: latency time for the onset of respiratory abnormalities, cough severity score, and occurrence and duration of dyspnea. We also evaluated lung histopathology, mast cell degranulation, and lung myeloperoxidase and malonydialdehyde levels. Histaminase significantly reduced the severity of cough and the occurrence of dyspnea and delayed the onset of respiratory abnormalities. Both enzymes prevented bronchial constriction, pulmonary air space inflation, leukocyte infiltration (evaluated as myeloperoxidase activity), and lipoperoxidation of cell membranes (evaluated as malonyldialdehyde production). No relevant differences in pharmacological potency were noted between free or immobilized enzyme. This study provides evidence that histaminase counteracts acute allergic asthmalike reaction in actively sensitized guinea pigs, raising the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for allergic asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Masini
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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Suzuki Y, Masini E, Mazzocca C, Cuzzocrea S, Ciampa A, Suzuki H, Bani D. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase prevents allergen-induced asthma-like reaction in sensitized Guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:1241-8. [PMID: 15254147 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.072546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays an important role in tissue injury in conditions associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Because asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, we designed the present experimental study to evaluate the effects of PARP inhibition on allergen-induced asthma-like reaction in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. Cough and dyspnea in response to ovalbumin aerosol were absent in naive guinea pigs, whereas they became severe in the sensitized animals. In the latter ones, ovalbumin aerosol also induced a rapid increase in PARP activity, bronchiolar constriction, pulmonary air space inflation, mast cell degranulation, poly(ADP-ribose) and nitrotyrosine immunostaining, myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde in lung tissue, as well as a rise in the amounts of nitrites and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Pretreatment with the PARP inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide (10 mg/kg b.wt.) or 5-aminoisoquinolinone (0.5 mg/kg b.wt.) given i.p. 3 h before ovalbumin challenge significantly reduced the severity of cough and the occurrence of dyspnea and delayed the onset of respiratory abnormalities. Both PARP inhibitors were also able to prevent the above morphological and biochemical changes of lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid induced by ovalbumin challenge. Conversely, p-aminobenzoic acid, the inactive analog of 3-aminobenzamide, had no effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Forensic Medicine, Section of Histology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy
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Morokata T, Ishikawa J, Ida K, Yamada T. C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia than BALB/c mice, irrespective of systemic T helper 1/T helper 2 responses. Immunology 1999; 98:345-51. [PMID: 10583592 PMCID: PMC2326936 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response differences between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice following ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and a single challenge were investigated. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG1 levels were higher in C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice. In contrast, IgG2a levels in C57BL/6 mice were lower than in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the number of eosinophils infiltrating into lungs in C57BL/6 mice was significantly higher than in BALB/c mice after OVA challenge. The levels of the T helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, generated in challenged C57BL/6 lung tissue, were also higher than in BALB/c lung tissue. The participation of IL-4 and IL-5 in the induction of eosinophil infiltration into the lungs was confirmed in both strains of mice by injection of anti-IL-4 and anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, following OVA stimulation, in vitro IL-4 and IL-5 production in splenocyte cultures from C57BL/6 mice was lower than in splenocyte cultures from BALB/c mice. These results indicate that C57BL/6 mice induce Th2-type responses in the lungs, while BALB/c mice induce T helper 1 (Th1)-type responses in the lungs, despite considerable production of IL-4 and IL-5 from splenocytes. Therefore, local immune responses are more important in the induction of allergic inflammation in the lungs and are different from systemic immune responses, which are thought to depend on genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Morokata
- Inflammation Research Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
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Pauluhn J, Dearman R, Doe J, Hext P, Landry TD. Respiratory hypersensitivity to diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate in guinea pigs: comparison with trimellitic anhydride. Inhal Toxicol 1999; 11:187-214. [PMID: 10380166 DOI: 10.1080/089583799197140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Published evidence demonstrates successful induction and elicitation of respiratory hypersensitivity in guinea pigs by the known human respiratory allergens trimellitic anhydride (TMA) and diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI). From these data it is apparent that TMA-related respiratory hyperresponsiveness can be elicited readily in guinea pigs upon inhalation challenge with the free chemical. Despite the interlaboratory variability in methodological procedures used for the sensitization as well as elicitation of response and the wide range of concentrations of TMA employed for challenge exposures (6-57 mg/m(3) air), TMA had been unequivocally identified as a benchmark respiratory sensitizer by measurements of the respiratory rate during challenge. The protocols were duplicated to examine the respiratory sensitizer MDI. In intradermally sensitized guinea pigs, changes in immediate-onset-like respiratory response were observed when MDI challenge concentrations exceeded approximately 30 mg MDI/m(3) air. Collective experimental evidence suggests that the respiratory responses observed upon challenge with TMA were markedly more pronounced and easier to identify than those recorded following challenge with MDI or MDI conjugate. In contrast to TMA, irritant concentrations of MDI had to be used to elicit any respiratory response and the differentiation of irritant and allergic responsiveness became increasingly difficult. Despite the absence of unequivocal changes in breathing patterns upon MDI challenge, MDI-sensitized animals displayed elevated anti-MDI immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies, and a significant influx of eosinophilic granulocytes in the bronchial wall and lung-associated lymph nodes. Therefore, it is believed that the robustness of this animal model to identify low-molecular-weight agents as respiratory sensitizer is increased when several endpoints are considered. These are (1) positive respiratory response upon challenge with the hapten, and if negative, also challenge with the conjugate of the hapten; (2) an influx of eosinophilic granulocytes; and (3) increased specific IgG1 response. Furthermore, it appears that particles in the range of approximately 2-6 microm evoke more consistent respiratory response upon challenge exposure than particles in the 1-2 microm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pauluhn
- Institute of Toxicology, BAYER AG, Building no. 514, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Lapa e Silva JR, Ruffié C, Lefort J, Nahori MA, Vargaftig BB, Pretolani M. Prevention of antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and airway inflammation in sensitized guinea-pigs by tacrolimus. Mediators Inflamm 1999; 8:17-23. [PMID: 10704085 PMCID: PMC1781777 DOI: 10.1080/09629359990676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of the immunosuppressive agent, tacrolimus (FK506), on antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity to acetylcholine and leukocyte infiltration into the airways of ovalbumin-challenged guinea-pigs. Subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg/kg of FK506, 1 h before and 5 h after intra-nasal antigen challenge prevented bronchial hyperreactivity to aerosolized acetylcholine, eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and bronchial tissue and the invasion of the bronchial wall by CD4+ T-lymphocytes. FK506 also suppressed ovalbumin-induced increase in the number of leukocytes adhering to the pulmonary vascular endothelium and expressing alpha4-integrins. Inhibition by FK506 of antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity in sensitized guinea-pigs may thus relate to its ability to prevent the emergence of important inflammatory components of airway inflammation, such as eosinophil accumulation, as well as CD4+ T-lymphocyte infiltration into the bronchial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lapa e Silva
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Turner PJ, Foreman JC. Hyperresponsiveness in the human nasal airway: new targets for the treatment of allergic airway disease. Mediators Inflamm 1999; 8:133-46. [PMID: 10704051 PMCID: PMC1781794 DOI: 10.1080/09629359990469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a condition which affects over 15% of the population in the United Kingdom. The pathological process involves two stages: nasal inflammation, and the development of nasal airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to allergen and a number of other stimuli. This results in the amplification of any subsequent allergic reaction, contributing to the chronic allergic state. A number of different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the underlying mechanism of AHR, including a role for eosinophil-derived proteins, free radicals and neuropeptides. While there may be a number of independent pathways which can result in AHR, evidence obtained from both animal models and in vivo experiments in humans indicate that some mediators may interact with one another, resulting in AHR. Further research into these interactions may open new avenues for the pharmacological treatment of chronic allergic rhinitis, and possibly other allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London, UK
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16
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Griffiths-Johnson DA, Collins PD, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. Animal models of asthma: role of chemokines. Methods Enzymol 1997; 288:241-66. [PMID: 9356998 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)88018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In studies of disease processes, increasing knowledge leads to an increased awareness of the complexity of the underlying mechanisms. The intense research activity in the chemokine field has made this acutely manifest. Numerous chemokines have been discovered through the use of (1) bioassay of in vitro cell culture supernatants and in vivo exudates from animal models of inflammation and (2) molecular biology techniques. Any one chemokine can often be produced by a number of different cell types and exert its effects on different target cells. This has been interpreted by some as implying a high degree of redundancy. Although this is understandable, in disease processes parallel and sequential mechanisms are possible, and potentially important therapeutic targets have emerged. There is compelling evidence from animal and clinical studies that eosinophils are important effector cells in asthma, but this relationship is as yet unproven in the human disease. Two possible targets to prevent eosinophil recruitment to the lung are IL-5 and its receptor, which are important in several aspects of eosinophil biology, and eotaxin and its receptor, CCR3. The eotaxin receptor is particularly attractive as a target as it is expressed in high numbers on eosinophils, but not other leukocytes, and appears to be the major detector of the eosinophil for eotaxin and other chemokines such as MCP-4. Eotaxin and CCR3 knockout mice are being developed, and animal models will continue to be invaluable when antagonists are available. In the shape of receptor antagonists, the chemokine field may yet provide the final proof of concept for the long-established eosinophil theory of asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Griffiths-Johnson
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Imperial College School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Vargaftig BB. Modifications of experimental bronchopulmonary hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:S97-102. [PMID: 9351587 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.12-tac-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a hallmark of asthma and other inflammatory diseases of the airways. Animal models of BHR are available in which systemic or local immunizations, followed by acute allergenic provocations into the airways, augment responses to intravenous or intratracheal nonspecific bronchoconstrictor agents. Guinea-pig models are easy to manipulate but have serious handicaps: lack of proper genetics, lack of biomolecular tools, and frequent excess of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Murine models have proper genetics and molecular tools, and they have the further advantage of being widely used for the study of other pathologies. In many of these studies, interleukin (IL)-5 appears as a major cytokine, produced by Th2 lymphocytes. Interleukin-5 promotes eosinophil differentiation and maturation, recruitment to the airways, and possibly activation. The presence of eosinophils in the airways and in the BALF may be necessary but is not sufficient to support BHR, since intense eosinophilia may be present in its absence. Bronchopulmonary hyperresponsiveness is also induced by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS); in that case, eosinophils are not involved, and the role of neutrophils and of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, even though likely, has not been proven. Comparison of BHR induced by allergen (Th2- and largely eosinophil-dependent) and by LPS (probably macrophage-dependent) should allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms of BHR and for the development of important remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Vargaftig
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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18
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de Siqueira AL, Russo M, Steil AA, Facincone S, Mariano M, Jancar S. A new murine model of pulmonary eosinophilic hypersensitivity: contribution to experimental asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100:383-8. [PMID: 9314352 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently described a model of hypersensitivity reaction in the mouse paw, which induces a typical late-phase reaction with a marked eosinophilic infiltrate. OBJECTIVE In the search for a murine model of asthma, this model was adapted to the lungs and compared with other models of pulmonary hypersensitivity. METHODS A fragment of heat-coagulated hen's egg white was implanted subcutaneously, and 14 days later, the mice were challenged intratracheally with aggregated ovalbumin. Comparison was made with a group that received subcutaneous injection of soluble ovalbumin in alumen, challenged as described above and with four additional protocols of immunization and challenge. RESULTS Forty-eight hours after challenge, the percentage of eosinophils was higher in the egg white implant group (35%) than in the group immunized with ovalbumin in alumen (10.4%). The eosinophil peroxidase activity in lung homogenates of the first group was also significantly higher (529 ng/ml) than that of the second group (43 ng/ml). These results were reproduced in five different mouse strains. Compared with five different models of lung hypersensitivity, the egg white implant model was unique in terms of persistence of the pulmonary eosinophilia. Histopathologic analysis of the lungs of mice immunized with egg white implant showed peribronchial, perivascular, and intraepithelial eosinophil infiltration; morphologic characteristics of bronchoconstriction; and patchy epithelial shedding. At 21 days, in addition to persistence of eosinophil infiltrate, enlarged alveoli, reflecting air trapping, were observed. CONCLUSION On the basis of the characteristics of the model described here, we propose it as a suitable murine model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L de Siqueira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Bani D, Ballati L, Masini E, Bigazzi M, Sacchi TB. Relaxin counteracts asthma-like reaction induced by inhaled antigen in sensitized guinea pigs. Endocrinology 1997; 138:1909-15. [PMID: 9112386 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.5.5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, the peptide hormone relaxin (RLX) was found to inhibit mast cell secretion and platelet activation. It has been established that the release of mediators from these cells plays a central pathogenic role in allergic asthma. This prompted us to ascertain whether RLX may counteract the respiratory and histopathological abnormalities of the asthma-like reaction to inhaled antigen in sensitized guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were sensitized with ovalbumin and challenged with the same antigen given by aerosol. Some animals received RLX (30 microg/kg BW, twice daily for 4 days) before antigen challenge. Other animals received inactivated RLX in place of authentic RLX. Respiratory abnormalities, such as cough and dyspnea, were analyzed as were light and electron microscopic features of lung specimens. RLX was shown to reduce the severity of respiratory abnormalities, as well as histological alterations, mast cell degranulation, and leukocyte infiltration in sensitized guinea pigs exposed to ovalbumin aerosol. RLX was also found to promote dilation of alveolar blood capillaries and to reduce the thickness of the air-blood barrier. This study provides evidence for an antiasthmatic property of RLX and raises the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for allergic asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Italy
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20
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Scherrer D, Lach E, Landry Y, Gies JP. Glucocorticoid modulation of muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig lung. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997; 11:111-6. [PMID: 9107555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1997.tb00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the in vivo treatment of guinea pigs with methylprednisolone, 10 mg/kg daily, on lung muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors. Receptor densities were assessed by saturation experiments of tritiated N-methylscopolamine and dihydroalprenolol binding to lung membranes. After 3 h of treatment, methylprednisolone induced a decrease of 19.2% (P < 0.05) of muscarinic receptors but was without effect on beta-adrenergic receptor density. After 24 h, an increase of 39.7% (P < 0.01) and 16.9% (P < 0.05) was observed for muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors, respectively. For muscarinic receptors, this increase reached 53.4% (P < 0.01) within 48 h and stayed at this level until 96 h. The increase of beta-adrenergic receptors was maximal (24.9%) after 72 h and returned to the control value after 96 h. The dissociation constant (Kd) values of both ligands were not affected by the glucocorticoid treatment. Functional studies showed that the 96 h treatment did not affect the contractile response of guinea pig lung parenchymal strips to carbachol since the 50% concentration value (EC50) and the maximal contraction value (Emax) were not significatively different from control values. These data show that glucocorticoids control the expression of both muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig lung but with different time courses and to a larger extent for muscarinic receptors. The glucocorticoid treatment did not modify the contractile response of lung strips to carbachol, confirming the absence of effect on the affinity of muscarinic receptors and suggesting that the receptor reserve exceed the increase of their density by the steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scherrer
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunopharmacologie, INSERM U425, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur Strasburg, Illkirch, France
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21
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Pretolani M, Vargaftig BB. Role of eosinophil mobilization and activation in experimental airway inflammation and bronchopulmonary hyperreactivity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 796:72-81. [PMID: 8906213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pretolani
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, Unité Associée Institut Pasteur/INSERM n degree 285 Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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22
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Lefort J, Nahori MA, Ruffie C, Vargaftig BB, Pretolani M. In vivo neutralization of eosinophil-derived major basic protein inhibits antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity in sensitized guinea pigs. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1117-21. [PMID: 8613536 PMCID: PMC507160 DOI: 10.1172/jci118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effect of purified rabbit antiguinea pig eosinophil-derived major basic protein (MBP) Ig on antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled acetylcholine in aerosol-sensitized guinea pigs. Ovalbumin inhalation by sensitized guinea pigs induced a rise in the numbers of eosinophils and in the levels of MBP in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which peaked at 24 h and resolved at 72 h. Antigen-challenged animals exhibited bronchial hyperreactivity to inhale acetylcholine at 72 h, but not at 6 or 24 h. The intranasal administration of 200 microliter of purified rabbit anti-guinea pig MBP Ig, at 2.5 mg/ml, but not of the control preimmune rabbit Ig, 1 h before and 5 h after ovalbumin inhalation suppressed bronchial hyperreactivity to acetylcholine at 72 h without affecting the number of eosinophils accumulating in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings indicate that antigen challenge in sensitized guinea pigs is followed by early eosinophil infiltration and activation within the airways and by late bronchial hyperreactivity. Neutralization of endogenously secreted MBP by a specific antiserum prevented antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity, suggesting that eosinophil degranulation plays an important role in the alterations of bronchopulmonary function in the guinea pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lefort
- Unite de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris, France
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23
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Einarsson O, Geba GP, Zhu Z, Landry M, Elias JA. Interleukin-11: stimulation in vivo and in vitro by respiratory viruses and induction of airways hyperresponsiveness. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:915-24. [PMID: 8613544 PMCID: PMC507136 DOI: 10.1172/jci118514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the role of IL-11 in viral airways dysfunction, we determined whether infectious agents that exacerbate asthma stimulate stromal cell IL-11 production, determined whether IL-11 could be detected at sites of viral infection and evaluated the effects of IL-11 on airway physiology. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), and rhinovirus (RV) 14 were potent stimulators while cytomegalovirus and adenovirus only weakly stimulated and herpes simplex virus type 2 and bacteria did not stimulate IL-11 elaboration. IL-11 was not detected or barely detected in nasal aspirates from children without, but was detected in aspirates from children with viral upper respiratory tract infections. The levels of IL-11 were highest in patients with clinically detectable wheezing. IL-11 also caused nonspecific airways hyperresponsiveness in BALB/c mice. These studies demonstrate that three major causes of viral-induced asthma, RSV, RV, and PIV, in contrast to other viruses and bacteria, share the ability to induce stromal cell IL-11 production. They also demonstrate that IL-11 can be detected in vivo during viral respiratory infections, that the presence of IL-11 correlates with clinical bronchospasm and that IL-11 is a potent inducer of airways hyperresponsiveness. IL-11 may be an important mediator in viral airways disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Einarsson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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24
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Vial D, Señorale-Pose M, Havet N, Molio L, Vargaftig BB, Touqui L. Expression of the type-II phospholipase A2 in alveolar macrophages. Down-regulation by an inflammatory signal. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:17327-32. [PMID: 7615534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.29.17327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AM) synthesize a secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) during in vitro incubation. Here, we report the molecular cloning of this enzyme and show that it has structural features closely related to all known mammalian type-II PLA2. The mRNA and PLA2 activity were undetectable in freshly collected AM, but their levels increased dramatically to reach maximal values after 16 h of culture. Thereafter, the PLA2 activity remained constant with a parallel secretion in the medium, in contrast to mRNA level which returned to near basal values after 32 h. Incubation of AM for 16 h with the inflammatory secretagogue peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) markedly reduced the PLA2 activity and mRNA levels. This inhibition was prevented by preexposure of AM to pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of G-protein. In contrast, when AM were first cultured for 16 h and then incubated with fMLP, no significant change was observed in their PLA2 activity. In conditions where the type-II PLA2 was completely abrogated by fMLP, the latter did not alter the lipopolysaccharide-induced accumulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA or the release of arachidonic acid induced by the subsequent addition of the calcium ionophore A23187. These studies show that the inflammatory peptide fMLP down-regulates the expression of the type-II PLA2 by AM through a process mediated by G-protein. A possible negative control of the type-II PLA2 expression during AM activation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vial
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, INSERM U285, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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25
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Einarsson O, Geba GP, Zhou Z, Landry ML, Panettieri RA, Tristram D, Welliver R, Metinko A, Elias JA. Interleukin-11 in respiratory inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 762:89-100; discussion 100-1. [PMID: 7668577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Einarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8057, USA
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de Lima WT, Kwasniewski FH, Sirois P, Jancar S. Studies on the mechanism of PAF-induced vasopermeability in rat lungs. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 52:245-9. [PMID: 7784472 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) instilled into rat airways on vascular permeability assessed in isolated lung tissues by Evans blue (EB)-labelled plasma protein extravasation. It was found that intratracheal instillation of PAF induces a dose-dependent increase of EB extravasation in the bronchi (upper and inner) but not in the lung parenchyma. The contribution of eicosanoids to PAF-induced increase of vascular permeability was investigated by treating the animals with selected inhibitors prior to PAF administration. Mepacrine (5 mg/kg), L-663,536 (10 mg/kg), indomethacin (4 mg/kg) and dazoxiben (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced EB extravasation in the bronchi. The PAF antagonists BN-52021 (5 mg/kg), WEB-2086 (1 mg/kg), WEB-2170 (5 mg/kg) and PCA-4248 (3 mg/kg) were all effective in reducing the extravasation. These results suggest that PAF-induced increase of vascular permeability in rat bronchi is mediated by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T de Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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