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Martin F, Dube F, Karlsson Lindsjö O, Eydal M, Höglund J, Bergström TF, Tydén E. Transcriptional responses in Parascaris univalens after in vitro exposure to ivermectin, pyrantel citrate and thiabendazole. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:342. [PMID: 32646465 PMCID: PMC7346371 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parascaris univalens is a pathogenic parasite of foals and yearlings worldwide. In recent years, Parascaris spp. worms have developed resistance to several of the commonly used anthelmintics, though currently the mechanisms behind this development are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional responses in adult P. univalens worms after in vitro exposure to different concentrations of three anthelmintic drugs, focusing on drug targets and drug metabolising pathways. Methods Adult worms were collected from the intestines of two foals at slaughter. The foals were naturally infected and had never been treated with anthelmintics. Worms were incubated in cell culture media containing different concentrations of either ivermectin (10−9 M, 10−11 M, 10−13 M), pyrantel citrate (10−6 M, 10−8 M, 10−10 M), thiabendazole (10−5 M, 10−7 M, 10−9 M) or without anthelmintics (control) at 37 °C for 24 h. After incubation, the viability of the worms was assessed and RNA extracted from the anterior region of 36 worms and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system. Results All worms were alive at the end of the incubation but showed varying degrees of viability depending on the drug and concentration used. Differential expression (Padj < 0.05 and log2 fold change ≥ 1 or ≤ − 1) analysis showed similarities and differences in the transcriptional response after exposure to the different drug classes. Candidate genes upregulated or downregulated in drug exposed worms include members of the phase I metabolic pathway short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR), flavin containing monooxygenase superfamily (FMO) and cytochrome P450-family (CYP), as well as members of the membrane transporters major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and solute carrier superfamily (SLC). Generally, different targets of the anthelmintics used were found to be upregulated and downregulated in an unspecific pattern after drug exposure, apart from the GABA receptor subunit lgc-37, which was upregulated only in worms exposed to 10−9 M of ivermectin. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time the expression of lgc-37 and members of the FMO, SDR, MFS and SLC superfamilies have been described in P. univalens and future work should be focused on characterising these candidate genes to further explore their potential involvement in drug metabolism and anthelmintic resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Martin
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Faruk Dube
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson Lindsjö
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthías Eydal
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Johan Höglund
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas F Bergström
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tydén
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Buparlisib is a novel inhibitor of daunorubicin reduction mediated by aldo-keto reductase 1C3. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Roscovitine and purvalanol A effectively reverse anthracycline resistance mediated by the activity of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3): A promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Di Costanzo F, Sdrobolini A, Gasperoni S. Possibilità Di Palliazione Nel Carcinoma Pancreatico. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/030089169908501s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Costanzo
- Unità Operativa di Chemioterapia e Terapie Locoregionali dei Tumori, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna ed Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria, Terni, Italia
| | - Andrea Sdrobolini
- Unità Operativa di Chemioterapia e Terapie Locoregionali dei Tumori, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna ed Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria, Terni, Italia
| | - Sandra Gasperoni
- Unità Operativa di Chemioterapia e Terapie Locoregionali dei Tumori, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna ed Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria, Terni, Italia
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Hintzpeter J, Seliger JM, Hofman J, Martin HJ, Wsol V, Maser E. Inhibition of human anthracycline reductases by emodin - A possible remedy for anthracycline resistance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 293:21-9. [PMID: 26773812 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of anthracyclines, like daunorubicin and doxorubicin, is limited by two factors: dose-related cardiotoxicity and drug resistance. Both have been linked to reductive metabolism of the parent drug to their metabolites daunorubicinol and doxorubicinol, respectively. These metabolites show significantly less anti-neoplastic properties as their parent drugs and accumulate in cardiac tissue leading to chronic cardiotoxicity. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel and potent natural inhibitors for anthracycline reductases, which enhance the anticancer effect of anthracyclines by preventing the development of anthracycline resistance. Human enzymes responsible for the reductive metabolism of daunorubicin were tested for their sensitivity towards anthrachinones, in particular emodin and anthraflavic acid. Intense inhibition kinetic data for the most effective daunorubicin reductases, including IC50- and Ki-values, the mode of inhibition, as well as molecular docking, were compiled. Subsequently, a cytotoxicity profile and the ability of emodin to reverse daunorubicin resistance were determined using multiresistant A549 lung cancer and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Emodin potently inhibited the four main human daunorubicin reductases in vitro. Further, we could demonstrate that emodin is able to synergistically sensitize human cancer cells towards daunorubicin at clinically relevant concentrations. Therefore, emodin may yield the potential to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of anthracyclines by preventing anthracycline resistance via inhibition of the anthracycline reductases. In symphony with its known pharmacological properties, emodin might be a compound of particular interest in the management of anthracycline chemotherapy efficacy and their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hintzpeter
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan Moritz Seliger
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Joerg Martin
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Vladimir Wsol
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Anthracycline resistance mediated by reductive metabolism in cancer cells: The role of aldo-keto reductase 1C3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:238-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Skarka A, Škarydová L, Štambergová H, Wsól V. Anthracyclines and their metabolism in human liver microsomes and the participation of the new microsomal carbonyl reductase. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bártíková H, Krízová V, Stepnicková M, Lamka J, Kubícek V, Skálová L, Szotáková B. Activities of biotransformation enzymes and flubendazole metabolism in lambs (Ovis aries): effect of gender and flubendazole therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:362-73. [PMID: 20508292 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of flubendazole (FLU) therapy on in vitro FLU biotransformation and the activities of selected biotransformation enzymes were investigated in male and female lambs. Four experimental groups were used: control (untreated) ewes and rams and FLU-treated ewes and rams (orally, 15 mg/kg per day, for three consecutive days). Subcellular fractions were prepared from liver and intestinal mucosa 24 h after the final dosage was administered. Activities of cytochromes P450 (CYP), flavine monooxygenases (FMO), carbonyl reducing enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase were tested. Significant gender differences were observed for FMO-mediated activity (2-fold higher in ram lambs) and UGT activity (up to 30% higher in ewe lambs), but no gender differences were observed in FLU metabolism. FLU-treatment of lambs moderately changed the activities of some CYPs, FMO, and UGT in liver microsomes. In vitro FLU reduction was not altered in the liver, but was slightly higher in the small intestine of FLU pre-treated lambs. This correlated with the higher carbonyl reductase activities measured in the gut mucosa of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bártíková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Li C, Lu B, Garbaccio RM, Tasber ES, Fraley ME, Hartman GD, Ye J, Harrelson JC, Prueksaritanont T. Stereospecific reduction of a potent kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitor in human tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1526-33. [PMID: 20109439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Compound A, 1-{(3R,3aR)-3-[3-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-7-fluoro-3-phenyl-3a,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,4]benzoxazin-2-yl}ethanone, is a novel and potent inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin spindle protein. Metabolism studies with human hepatocytes showed that Compound A underwent significant ketone reduction to its biologically active metabolite M1. Here, we describe the studies that characterized the metabolic interconversion between Compound A and M1 in vitro in human tissues. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the ketone reduction was stereospecific for M1 with no diastereomer of M1 detected in incubations with human hepatocytes. Interestingly, such stereospecific ketone reduction was not observed with Compound B, the enantiomer of Compound A. No reductive products were observed when Compound B was incubated with human hepatocytes. Studies with human liver subcellular fractions showed that Compound A was reduced to M1 primarily by human liver cytosol with little contribution from human liver microsomes and mitochondria. NADPH was the preferred cofactor for the reduction reaction. Reverse oxidation of M1 back to Compound A was also observed, preferentially in human liver cytosol with NADP(+) as the cofactor. The interconversion between Compound A and M1 in human liver cytosol was inhibited significantly by flufenamic acid and phenolphthalein (potent inhibitors for aldo-keto reductase 1Cs, p<0.05), but not by menadione, a selective inhibitor for carbonyl reductase. In addition to the liver, S9 from human lung and kidney was also capable of catalyzing this interconversion. Collectively, the results implicated the aldo-keto reductase 1Cs as the most likely enzymes responsible for the metabolic interconversion of Compound A and its active metabolite M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunze Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Yamashita T, Fukushima T, Ueda T. Pharmacokinetic self-potentiation of idarubicin by induction of anthracycline carbonyl reducing enzymes. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:809-14. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190801947526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hoffmann F, Maser E. Carbonyl Reductases and Pluripotent Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases of the Short-chain Dehydrogenase/reductase Superfamily. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 39:87-144. [PMID: 17364882 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600969440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reduction of aldehydes, ketones, and quinones to their corresponding hydroxy derivatives plays an important role in the phase I metabolism of many endogenous (biogenic aldehydes, steroids, prostaglandins, reactive lipid peroxidation products) and xenobiotic (pharmacologic drugs, carcinogens, toxicants) compounds. Carbonyl-reducing enzymes are grouped into two large protein superfamilies: the aldo-keto reductases (AKR) and the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR). Whereas aldehyde reductase and aldose reductase are AKRs, several forms of carbonyl reductase belong to the SDRs. In addition, there exist a variety of pluripotent hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) of both superfamilies that specifically catalyze the oxidoreduction at different positions of the steroid nucleus and also catalyze, rather nonspecifically, the reductive metabolism of a great number of nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds. The present review summarizes recent findings on carbonyl reductases and pluripotent HSDs of the SDR protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hoffmann
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse, Kiel, 10, 24105, Germany
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Gavelová M, Hladíková J, Vildová L, Novotná R, Vondráček J, Krčmář P, Machala M, Skálová L. Reduction of doxorubicin and oracin and induction of carbonyl reductase in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 176:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Flavonoids as inhibitors of human carbonyl reductase 1. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 174:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Plebuch M, Soldan M, Hungerer C, Koch L, Maser E. Increased resistance of tumor cells to daunorubicin after transfection of cDNAs coding for anthracycline inactivating enzymes. Cancer Lett 2007; 255:49-56. [PMID: 17482758 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl reduction is a main but undesired metabolic pathway of the anti-cancer drug daunorubicin (DRC). The resulting alcohol metabolite daunorubicinol has a far less anti-tumor potency and, in addition, is responsible for the life-threatening cardiac toxicity that limits the clinical use of DRC. Elevated levels of carbonyl-reducing enzymes in cancer cells may therefore contribute to the development of DRC chemoresistance and affect the clinical outcome. In the present investigation, human pancreas carcinoma cells were transfected with three important DRC reductases, namely carbonyl reductase (CBR1), aldehyde reductase (AKR1A1) and aldose reductase (AKR1B1), and levels of resistance towards DCR determined. Overexpression of all three reductases lead to a higher DRC inactivation and to an elevation of chemoresistance (7-fold for CBR1, 4.5-fold for AKR1A1 and 3.7-fold for AKR1B1), when IC(50)-values were considered. Coadministration of DRC reductase inhibitors in DRC chemotherapy may be desirable since this would reduce the formation of the cardiotoxic alcohol metabolite and prevent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Plebuch
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Reszka KJ, Wagner BA, Teesch LM, Britigan BE, Spitz DR, Burns CP. Inactivation of Anthracyclines by Cellular Peroxidase. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6346-53. [PMID: 16024637 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer anthracyclines, doxorubicin and daunorubicin, are highly cytotoxic to both cancer and normal cells. In this work, we have investigated the capacity of cellular myeloperoxidase to inactivate these agents. We show that incubation of human leukemia HL-60 cells with the anthracyclines in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite causes irreversible oxidation of the drugs, suggesting an extensive modification of their chromophores. Methimazole, 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, or azide inhibits the reaction, suggesting that it is mediated by the cellular myeloperoxidase, an enzyme naturally present in large amounts in HL-60 cells. In contrast to the intact drugs, the oxidatively transformed anthracyclines were substantially less cytotoxic for HL-60 (assayed by apoptosis) and PC3 prostate cancer cells and H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts in vitro (assayed by clonogenic survival), indicating that the oxidative metabolism of these agents leads to their inactivation. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we identified two specific metabolic products of the anthracycline degradation, 3-methoxyphthalic acid and 3-methoxysalicylic acid. These two metabolic products were obtained as authentic compounds and were nontoxic to HL-60 leukemic cells and cardiac myocytes. These findings may have important implications for the cellular pharmacology of anthracyclines and for clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof J Reszka
- Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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Wsól V, Szotáková B, Skálová L, Maser E. The novel anticancer drug oracin: different stereospecificity and cooperativity for carbonyl reduction by purified human liver 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Toxicology 2004; 197:253-61. [PMID: 15033547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inherent or acquired resistance of tumor cells to anti-cancer drugs is a problem of major importance in chemotherapy. In addition to detailed research into the mechanisms of drug inactivation, attention has also been paid to the synthesis of new structures. Oracin is a promising cytostatic drug, which is presently in phase II of clinical trials. This investigation was designed to characterize the metabolic inactivation of oracin by carbonyl reduction to 11-dihydrooracin (DHO). We identified 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) as the principal enzyme being responsible for oracin carbonyl reduction in human liver microsomes. The purified 11beta-HSD 1 catalyses this reaction in a stereospecific manner. Formation of (-)-DHO surpasses that of (+)-DHO by a factor of around four. Moreover, 11beta-HSD 1 exhibits enzyme cooperativity for the formation of both enantiomers (Hill coefficients of 2.26 +/- 0.20 and 1.84 +/- 0.29 for (-)-DHO and (+)-DHO, respectively). Comparing the differences in the stereospecificity and Hill coefficients between the microsomes and purified 11beta-HSD 1 could anticipate contribution of another microsomal enzyme. In case of oracin, this enzyme cooperativity may become important with respect to maximal plasma concentrations, and, by inhibition of 11beta-HSD 1, to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy of this anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Möller A, Malerczyk C, Völker U, Stöppler H, Maser E. Monitoring daunorubicin-induced alterations in protein expression in pancreas carcinoma cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 2002; 2:697-705. [PMID: 12112851 DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200206)2:6<697::aid-prot697>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of the pancreas are characterized by a high intrinsic potency to develop chemoresistance towards cytotoxic drugs, which is the main cause of ineffective treatment. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance is known to be a multifactorial event in which several mechanisms act simultaneously. We investigated the response of pancreas tumor cells after exposure to the anthracycline daunorubicin (DRC), a well-known antitumor agent in chemotherapy, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). DRC is known to cause DNA damage and to affect tumor cell growth. Importantly, we aimed at investigating alterations in the protein expression pattern after first contact of the tumor cells with DRC, thus simulating a situation close to clinical chemotherapy and elucidating cell survival strategies following initial drug exposure. A concentration dependent up-regulation of a variety of proteins was observed, indicating that cell response to DRC involves multiple signaling events. Since the p53 tumor suppressor is essentially involved in the regulation of cell growth and controlled cell death (apoptosis) after cellular stress (like DNA damage), we investigated the role of p53 in DRC-resistant and -sensitive pancreas carcinoma cells by measuring p53 transcriptional transactivation activities. No differences in p53 activities were observed in response to DRC treatment in both pancreas cell lines, whereas mamma carcinoma cells (MCF-7), possessing wild-type p53, demonstrated the expected increase in p53 transcriptional transactivation activity. Hence, the tested pancreas carcinoma cells harbor a mutant, nonfunctional p53. We additionally analyzed the steady state protein levels of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21(CIP1), which is known to be involved in cell cycle control. Interestingly, p21(CIP1 )was induced by DRC in sensitive cells in a concentration dependent manner and was highest in resistant cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that the induction of proteins by DRC in pancreas carcinoma cells, as observed by 2-DE, occurs independently from p53 signaling events, but is probably associated with increased levels of p21(CIP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Möller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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Terada T, Sugihara Y, Nakamura K, Sato R, Inazu N, Maeda M. Cloning and bacterial expression of monomeric short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (carbonyl reductase) from CHO-K1 cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6849-57. [PMID: 11082196 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2000.01787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian carbonyl reductase (EC 1.1.1.184) is an enzyme that can catalyze the reduction of many carbonyl compounds, using NAD(P)H. We isolated a cDNA of carbonyl reductase (CHO-CR) from CHO-K1 cells which was 1208 bp long, including a poly(A) tail, and contained an 831-bp ORF. The deduced amino-acid sequence of 277 residues contained a typical motif for NADP+-binding (TGxxxGxG) and an SDR active site motif (S-Y-K). CHO-CR closely resembles mammalian carbonyl reductases with 71-73% identity. CHO-CR cDNA had the highest similarity to human CBR3 with 86% identity. Using the pET-28a expression vector, recombinant CHO-CR (rCHO-CR) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified with a Ni2+-affinity resin to homogeneity with a 35% yield. rCHO-CR had broad substrate specificity towards xenobiotic carbonyl compounds. RT-PCR of Chinese hamster tissues suggest that CHO-CR is highly expressed in kidney, testis, brain, heart, liver, uterus and ovary. Southern blotting analysis indicated the complexity of the Chinese hamster carbonyl reductase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan.
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Abstract
Carbonyl reductase (secondary-alcohol:NADP(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1. 1.184) belongs to the family of short chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR). Carbonyl reductases (CBRs) are NADPH-dependent, mostly monomeric, cytosolic enzymes with broad substrate specificity for many endogenous and xenobiotic carbonyl compounds. They catalyze the reduction of endogenous prostaglandins, steroids, and other aliphatic aldehydes and ketones. They also reduce a wide variety of xenobiotic quinones derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CBR reduces the anthracycline anticancer drugs, daunorubicin(dn) and doxorubicin (dox) to their C-13 hydroxy metabolites, changing the pharmacological properties of these drugs. Emerging data on CBRs over the last several years is generating new insights on the potential involvement of CBRs in a variety of cellular and molecular reactions associated with drug metabolism, detoxication, drug resistance, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Forrest
- Department of Biology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Iffert T, Soldan M, Moeller A, Maser E. Modulation of daunorubicin toxicity by liposomal encapsulation and use of specific inhibitors in vitro. Toxicology 2000; 144:189-95. [PMID: 10781887 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(99)00206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines serve as a valuable tool in chemotherapy, but their usefulness is often limited by the occurrence of resistance mechanisms in tumor cells. Resistance of tumor cells is a multifactorial event, where several mechanisms act concurrently, including drug efflux and enzymatic drug inactivation. Liposomal encapsulation of anthracyclines has been discussed as a successful regimen to overcome drug resistance. Our investigations were carried out on a daunorubicin (DRC) sensitive breast cancer cell line and two DRC resistant sublines generated thereof. In all three cell lines, the extent of DRC detoxification via carbonyl reduction to daunorubicinol (DRCOL) was determined. In addition, rutin, the most effective inhibitor of carbonyl reducing enzymes, was tested to affect DRCOL formation. DRC IC(50) values were determined in relation to several combinations of DRC administration, (a) liposomal encapsulated DRC, (b) addition of verapamil (inhibitor of drug efflux), (c) addition of rutin (inhibitor of DRC carbonyl reduction). We could show that DRC sensitive and resistant breast cancer cell lines are able to catalyze DRC detoxification via carbonyl reduction to DRCOL. Rutin was shown to inhibit this reaction, but could not serve as an enhancer of DRC toxicity in MTT tests. Verapamil was effective only in resistant cells due to the overexpression of P-glycoprotein 170. Liposomal encapsulation of DRC did not show the expected increase in DRC toxicity in the present tumor cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iffert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35033, Marburg, Germany
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Ax W, Soldan M, Koch L, Maser E. Development of daunorubicin resistance in tumour cells by induction of carbonyl reduction. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:293-300. [PMID: 10609558 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A resistant descendant of the human stomach carcinoma cell line EPG85-257 was selected in the presence of increasing concentrations of daunorubicin (DRC). To avoid the expression and activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), cells were cultured in the presence of verapamil. The resulting cells were used to evaluate an induced carbonyl reduction as a new determinant in DRC resistance. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) toxicity assay was performed to estimate sensitivity to DRC in both cell lines. IC50 values of DRC increased almost 8-fold in the resistant descendants compared to the parental cell line. P-gp transcripts were detectable in both cell lines at only very low levels, and no significant alterations between sensitive and resistant cells were observed. MRP mRNA expression was markedly higher compared to P-gp mRNA, but, as was the case with P-gp, MRP mRNA levels in sensitive and resistant cells showed no alteration. This was probably due to the effect of the presence of verapamil during cell selection. Another known drug resistance factor, the lung resistance-related protein (LRP), was not at all detectable. Interestingly, resistant cells possessed 6-fold higher levels of DRC carbonyl-reducing activity, leading to the less toxic 13-hydroxy metabolite daunorubicinol (DRCOL). The 6-fold higher DRCOL formation roughly parallels the 8-fold increase in DRC IC50 values during cell selection, and therefore may account for DRC resistance in these cells. The determination of specific carbonyl reducing enzymes, known to be involved in DRC detoxification, revealed that mRNA expression of carbonyl reductase (EC 1.1.1.184), aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21), and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 2 (EC 1.3.1.20) increased in the resistant descendant. In contrast, the phase II-conjugating enzyme activities of glutathione S-transferases were significantly lower in resistant than in sensitive cells, whereas those of glucuronosyl transferase were not detectable in either cell line. Apparently, conjugating enzymes are not involved in DRC resistance in human stomach carcinoma cells. These studies indicate that DRC resistance in human stomach carcinoma cells may appear as a result of an induction of metabolic DRC inactivation via carbonyl reduction to the less active 13-hydroxy metabolite DRCOL.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/biosynthesis
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Daunorubicin/analogs & derivatives
- Daunorubicin/metabolism
- Daunorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Oxidation-Reduction
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/biosynthesis
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ax
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Germany
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Pröpper D, Maser E. Carbonyl reduction of daunorubicin in rabbit liver and heart. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1997; 80:240-5. [PMID: 9181603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1997.tb01966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A major problem of anthracycline anticancer treatment are the cardiotoxic side effects associated with drug therapy. Increased attention has recently been focused on the 13-hydroxy anthracycline metabolites which are formed by carbonyl reduction of the parent drug as contributing to cardiotoxicity. By using daunorubicin as a reference molecule, our study was designed to quantitatively evaluate and compare the extent of anthracycline carbonyl reduction of liver and heart at the physiological important pH 7.4, and to identify the enzyme(s) involved under these conditions. The present kinetic data indicate that only one single enzyme system is active in cytosol of both tissues. According to its specific inhibition by quercitrin and the failure of a barbiturate to affect activity the enzyme responsible for daunorubicin carbonyl reduction in these fractions is carbonyl reductase (EC 1.1.1.184). Since the KM values differ significantly from each other, it is suggested that liver and heart express different isoforms of this enzyme. We failed to detect any specific daunorubicin carbonyl reductase activity in both microsomal fractions. Intrinsic clearance values revealed that liver has obviously 350-times the capacity of total 13-hydroxy metabolite formation compared to heart. This indicates that under a therapeutic regimen 13-hydroxy anthracyclines of hepatic origin would add to the metabolites that are produced by the heart itself. The prevention of these metabolites may represent a potential approach for enhancing the safety and efficacy of anthracycline chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pröpper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg/Lahn, Germany
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Soldan M, Maser E. Metabolic inactivation and efflux of daunorubicin as complementary mechanisms in tumor cell resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 414:537-44. [PMID: 9059660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5871-2_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Soldan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Germany
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